EAPS 100

Rocks and minerals_____

1) A rock can contain more than one mineral. 2) A mineral is composed of chemical elements. 3) A single rock can include more than one mineral.

Order the events so that they are in the correct order, from oldest at the bottom (6) to youngest at the top (1). -Erosion along the unconformity prior to burial. -Deposition of Paleozoic sandstone. -Solidification of magma into granite. -Uplift of the granite, accompanied by erosion of any overlying rocks. -Erosion that formed the Grand Canyon and exposed the sequence of rocks. -Melting of continental crust to form granite magma.

1) Erosion along the unconformity prior to burial. 2) Deposition of Paleozoic sandstone. 3) Erosion that formed the Grand Canyon and exposed the sequence of rocks. 4) Uplift of the granite, accompanied by erosion of any overlying rocks. 5) Solidification of magma into granite. 6) Melting of continental crust to form granite magma.

What are some characteristics of actively erupting volcanoes?

1) Glowing orange lava flowing downhill. 2) Fragments of molten rock blasting into the air. 3) Billowing clouds of ash rising into the air.

Which of the following are ways that the atmosphere interacts with Earth's surface?

1) Liquid water on the surface can evaporate, becoming water vapor in the atmosphere. 2) The atmosphere includes a low percentage of water vapor, most of which comes from the oceans. 3) Earth's atmosphere blocks most of the Sun's harmful ultraviolet radiation. 4) Some energy that strikes the earth is converted into infrared energy.

Order the name of each mineral into its correct order according to Mohs Hardness Scale, arranged from the softest mineral (#1) to the hardest mineral (#10). Calcite, Corundum, K-feldspar, Gypsum, Fluorite, Quartz, Talc, Topaz, Apatite, Diamond

1) Talc 2) Gypsum 3) Calcite 4) Fluorite 5) Apatite 6) K-feldspar 7) Quartz 8) Topaz 9) Corundum 10) Diamond

What types of life developed during the Paleozoic?

1) corals, crinoids, and other creatures with shells 2) trilobites 3) fish and amphibians 4) plants and insects

Which of the following are the common metamorphic process?

1) deforming objects into new shapes 2) rotation of minerals into a common orientation 3) remobilization of chemical constituents into light and dark bands 4) dissolving some parts of the rock and carrying the material away

What lived during the Mesozoic era?

1) dinosaurs that had a bird-like hip 2) dinosaurs with a hip structure similar to lizards 3) large flying reptiles 4) large marine reptiles

What processes produce sedimentary clasts?

1) fracturing of bedrock that results in angular pieces 2) breaking of round cobbles as they are transported 3) scouring and abrasion of bedrock along rivers 4) decomposition of granite into quartz grains and clay

What tests can we quickly and easily perform (even in the field) to help us identify a mineral?

1) hardness 2) effervescence 3) streak 4) magnetism

What is a common use of a mineral?

1) hematite and magnetite are used for iron and steel 2) halite is used as salt 3) phosphorous is used in fertilizer 4) feldspar is used in ceramics

To what does the term evolution refer?

1) observed changes in the fossil record 2) to one or more theories that help explain observed changes 3) as a general term to describe how something, such as a landscape, has changed over time

What are the ways to form layers in a sedimentary rock?

1) occurrence of a discrete event like a flood 2) a change in the strength of the current 3) a change in the supply of sediment 4) a change in climate of the region

What are some important factors in driving plate tectonics?

1) slab pull. 2) ridge push. 3) upwelling mantle, such as in hot spots.

Quantitative data may include

1) specific temperature data. 2) size measurements of sediments. 3) chemistry of water in a stream. 4) age of a rock.

Identify the factor(s) that strongly influence the size, shape, and/or sorting of sedimentary clasts.

1) steepness of slope 2) sediment supply 3) strength of current 4) agents of transport

What can we learn by determining isotopic ages?

1) the age of a volcanic eruption 2) the age when a rock is uplifted toward the surface 3) the age of material from which clasts in a sedimentary rock were derived 4) the cooling history by using different types of isotopic ages

Some scientists think that Yellowstone could cause a future disaster because

1) the area is part of a caldera. 2) scientists think that magma is still present at depth. 3) past eruptions from Yellowstone carried ash over a huge area of western North America. 4) land near Yellowstone is uplifting in some places and subsiding in others.

What marks the boundary between the Mesozoic and the Cenozoic (called the K-P boundary)?

1) the extinction of the dinosaurs 2) the start of a rise to dominance of mammals 3) a meteorite impact in Mexico

What determines whether a rock is an ore?

1) the grade of the ore 2) the type of ore, such as oxide versus sulfide types 3) size and depth of the mineral deposit 4) the location of the deposit

What data were used to develop the hypothesis of continental drift?

1) the shape of the continents 2) the distribution of fossils 3) the distribution of glacial deposits and directions of glacial scratch marks

If you wanted to locate hot spots on Earth, what is a good place to look?

1) the volcanically active end of a linear island chain 2) clusters of volcanically active islands 3) Hawaii and the Galapagos

Important characteristics to observe in rocks include_____

1) types of minerals present. 2) sizes and shapes of crystals. 3) presence or absence of layers.

Earth science can help us learn about Earth's past by studying

1) why continents and oceans are different. 2) why a landscape looks the way it does. 3) how life in the past was different than today. 4) how global climate has changed since the ice ages.

How do silica tetrahedra bond in silicate minerals?

1) with each other by sharing an oxygen 2) with other elements, such as potassium 3) in single or double chains 4) in sheets

If a rock started with 1,000 atoms of a parent but now contains 250 atoms, how many half lives have passed?

2 half lives

If a magnetic stripe is 120 km wide and formed over 4 m.y., what would the rate of seafloor spreading be?

30 km/m.y.

What event triggered the main eruption of Mount St. Helens in May 1980?

A landslide removed rocks and released pressure on the magma.

Minerals have an ordered internal atomic arrangement. What does this mean?

Atoms in a mineral are arranged in an ordered geometric pattern.

volcanic domes

What are the rounded hills inside the Valles Caldera?

tetrahedron

What arrangement of atoms does this diagram illustrate?

Sometimes Earth's magnetic field points north and sometimes it points south.

What causes magnetic stripes on the seafloor, such as those shown here?

eruption column

What type of eruption is shown in the photograph?

lava dome

What type of eruption is shown in the photograph?

lava flow

What type of eruption is shown in the photograph?

lava fountain

What type of eruption is shown in the photograph?

unconformity

What type of feature is shown in this photograph of Siccar Point, Scotland?

shaded-relief map

What type of map is shown here?

topographic map with contours

What type of map is shown here?

contact metamorphism

What type of metamorphism would occur in this setting?

clastic rock

What type of rock is shown in this photograph?

basaltic lava flow

What type of volcanic eruption is shown in this photograph?

Why is ice less dense than water?

When water freezes, the molecules arrange into a crystal form in which they are farther apart than in liquid water.

What factors are the most critical in determining whether a fossil is preserved?

Whether the creature had hard parts and how fast it was buried.

Which of the following rocks cannot be metamorphosed? A) shale B) sandstone C) limestone D) granite E) All of these can be metamorphosed.

E) All of these can be metamorphosed.

Which of the following igneous rocks would be formed by the fastest cooling? A) very coarse granite pegmatite B) coarse granite C) medium-grained granite D) fine-grained granite E) volcanic glass

E) volcanic glass

This figure shows dunes (setting) that would mostly have nearly all sand (sedimentary material) and would produce sandstone (sedimentary rock type).

For the sedimentary environment shown, what is the setting, sedimentary material, and sedimentary rock type?

What typically happens to the size, shape, and sorting of clasts as they are transported from steep mountains toward more gentle settings?

The clasts become more rounded.

How does viscosity affects gases in magma?

Viscous magma prevents gas from escaping easily.

Magnetite and hematite occur together in layered sedimentary rocks called

banded iron formations.

Shield volcanoes are composed primarily of

basalt lava flows.

A single volcano may produce

both explosive and nonexplosive eruptions.

The lithosphere consists of

both types of crust and the uppermost mantle.

Which mineral would be the main component in the cement slab in your house?

calcite

How fast do plates move relative to one another?

centimeters per year

A snowball that rolls down a hill, gradually gaining more and more mass and rolling faster and faster as it continues, would be an example of a(n)

closed system.

The main cause of caldera collapse is

collapse of the roof of a magma chamber as magma erupts.

The most dangerous type of volcano is a

composite volcano.

Most oceanic islands and seamounts are

constructed by volcanic eruptions that first occur under water.

For a rock to be considered an ore, it must

contain enough of a commodity to be mined at a profit.

Which of the following plate boundaries is least likely to produce composite volcanoes?

continent-continent convergent boundary with a high mountain range (Himalayas)

In which of the following types of bonding do atoms share one or more electrons?

covalent

A pebble's particle size _____ due to the effect of transportation

decreases.

In the rock cycle, sediment is stripped away and transported by the process of _____ after the process of _______ has taken place.

erosion; weathering

When basaltic lava reach the ocean they

form pillow basalts.

The geologic timescale details and divides geologic time based upon

fossil data.

Ash layers from the three most recent caldera-forming eruptions at Yellowstone (2.1, 1.3, and 0.64 million years ago) stretch

from Canada to Mexico.

What specific type of map represents the distribution of rock units and geologic features exposed on the surface?

geologic map

The Moon and Sun cause the tides in Earth's oceans because of

gravity.

Which mineral would you use to make wallboard for the interior walls of your house?

gypsum

The Earth's orbit around the Sun is almost circular. Therefore, Earth receives about the same amount of year-round

heat and light.

Rock that has formed from cooling magma or lava is

igneous rock.

An accretionary prism of sediments and oceanic crust is formed

in an oceanic trench created by the subduction of one oceanic plate beneath another plate.

The difference between open and closed systems is that

open systems can acquire matter and energy, but closed systems cannot

The two main processes by which sediment is produced are

physical and chemical weathering.

What three kinds of particles are the main building blocks of an atom?

proton, neutron, electron

A hypothesis that explains how new organisms or new characteristics can appear suddenly in the fossil record is called

punctuated equilibrium.

What mineral could be used to make glass windows?

quartz

The most important class of rock-forming minerals on Earth is

silicates.

At mid-ocean ridges, as two plates diverge,

solid mantle in the asthenosphere rises toward the surface and begins to melt due to decompression.

Mid-ocean ridges are higher than surrounding oceanic crust primarily because

the lithosphere is thinner and hotter.

The higher the gas pressure builds in a magma,

the more explosive an eruption it is likely to produce.

What largely determines an atom's atomic weight?

the number of protons and neutrons

Tectonics is the study of

the origin and arrangement of the broad structural features of Earth's surface.

Hot spots form linear island chains because

the plate moves relative to the underlying hot spot.

A volcanic breccia texture indicates that

the rock broke apart as it flowed.

A finely crystalline or glassy igneous texture indicates that

the rock cooled quickly.

The cycling of chemical substances throughout the biosphere is accomplished through

the work of living things and physical and chemical processes.

A vesicular igneous texture indicates that

there was a lot of gas in the magma.

The main reason why the hypothesis of continental drift was not widely accepted was

there was no mechanism to move continents through the oceanic crust.

The natural sediments that hold clasts together precipitate in the empty pore spaces after compaction. Those precipitates come from

water containing dissolved materials.

Which of the following does NOT help define foliation in metamorphic rocks? A) a dominant orientation of crystals, such as mica B) light- and dark-colored bands C) flattened shapes of deformed objects, such as pebbles D) crystals that grow in a random orientation

D) crystals that grow in a random orientation

Which of the following is NOT accurately dated at between 4 and 4.6 billion years old? A) the oldest dates on mineral grains on Earth B) age of the oldest meteorites C) age of moon rocks returned to Earth and dated D) isotopic ages on Earth's oldest known fossil shell

D) isotopic ages on Earth's oldest known fossil shell

Which of the following is NOT involved in turning some sediment into sedimentary rock? A) burial B) compaction C) cementation D) metamorphism E) All of these are involved.

D) metamorphism

Which of the following statements is true? A) Earthquakes are more widespread than volcanoes or high mountains. B) High mountains are more widespread than volcanoes or earthquakes. C) Volcanoes are more widespread than earthquakes or high mountains.

A) Earthquakes are more widespread than volcanoes or high mountains.

Which of the following is a mineral? A) Ice B) crystals grown in a laboratory C) volcanic glass D) material with crystals of different chemical compounds E) None of these choices are correct.

A) Ice

Which of the following is an example of quantitative data? A) North America is moving across Earth's surface several centimeters per year. B) The river has flooded a low-lying area. C) The volcano is releasing much steam. D) Volcanoes are dangerous. E) When held, one rock feels heavier than another rock.

A) North America is moving across Earth's surface several centimeters per year.

Which of the following is NOT a major controlling factor on volcanic eruption style? A) age of volcano B) chemistry of the magma C) magma volatile content

A) age of volcano

Which of the following igneous rocks would be formed by the slowest cooling? A) coarse granite B) medium-grained granite C) fine-grained granite D) volcanic glass E) There is not enough information to tell.

A) coarse granite

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of rocks with clastic textures? A) composed of interlocking minerals B) composed of broken fragments of older eroded rocks C) commonly formed in low temperature environments

A) composed of interlocking minerals

Which of the following is NOT a required criterion for a substance to be classified as a mineral? A) human-made B) naturally occurring C) crystalline solid D) inorganic

A) human-made

Sedimentary rocks are comprised of material that comes primarily from A) other locations. B) the ground below. C) the same place the rock forms.

A) other locations.

Which of the following materials is NOT produced by erupting volcanoes? A) sandstone B) basaltic lava C) obsidian/glass D) ash

A) sandstone

Which of the following statements is true about the transfer of energy, matter, or momentum in the atmosphere? A) Momentum is usually transferred from the surface upward. B) Energy transfer occurs when water changes state between solid, liquid, or gas. C) Matter is transferred so effectively that the spatial distribution of matter in the atmosphere is uniform. D) No transfer of energy, matter, or momentum can occur in the polar part of the atmosphere.

B) Energy transfer occurs when water changes state between solid, liquid, or gas.

Which of the following is NOT a typical hazard posed to human-made structures by lava flows? A) burning B) high winds C) crushing D) burying

B) high winds

Which of the following is NOT a typical environment in which a sedimentary rock forms? A) beside glaciers B) river channels C) heating next to a magma D) deep seafloor E) shoreline of a lake

C) heating next to a magma

Which of the following would be evidence that a volcano has NOT been active for a long period of time? A) a layer of ash blanketing hillslopes B) relatively unweathered lava flows C) well-developed soils on volcanic rocks

C) well-developed soils on volcanic rocks

In which time period were mammals the dominant type of life?

Cenozoic

What is a diagnostic characteristic of a mineral used to make a cement slab in your house?

It reacts with dilute hydrochloric acid.

In which time period were dinosaurs the dominant creatures?

Mesozoic

What occurs at mid-ocean ridges?

Oceanic crust is created.

Seafloor is added to both sides during seafloor spreading.

On this map of the south Atlantic, why is the mid-ocean ridge in the center of the ocean?

The largest concentration of composite volcanoes on Earth is located along the

Pacific Ring of Fire.

In which time period did coral, clams, fish, plants, and insects become abundant?

Paleozoic

What is the earliest (oldest) chapter of geologic time?

Precambrian

Which chapter in geologic time occurred before there were abundant animals with hard parts?

Precambrian

How does the process of plate tectonics circulates materials between the asthenosphere and the lithosphere?

Some asthenosphere becomes lithosphere at mid-ocean spreading centers and reenters the asthenosphere at subduction zones.

on land.

The fossil ferns in this photograph probably indicate that the rock was deposited

1) is older than the modern river channel. 2) formed sometime in the past. 3) predates erosion down to the present level.

The highest surface on this figure is a river terrace. This terrace

What steps are involved in having a hypothesis become an established theory?

The hypothesis is consistent with new data and investigations used to test its predictions.

sandstone.

The rock shown here, with sediment just visible to the naked eye, is a

What happens to the majority of sediment being carried by moving water as it enters a standing body (little or no motion) of water?

The sediment gradually settles to the bottom.

6.

This diagram shows magnetic stripes on either side of the mid-ocean ridge. The number of different ages of stripes represented in this diagram is

ocean-continent convergent boundary

This figure depicts what type of boundary?

1.

This figure shows ages of seafloor. The oldest ocean floor is at site numbered

A

This figure shows the main subdivisions of the geologic timescale. Which of these is the Cenozoic?

B

This figure shows the main subdivisions of the geologic timescale. Which of these is the Mesozoic?

C

This figure shows the main subdivisions of the geologic timescale. Which of these is the Paleozoic?

D

This figure shows the main subdivisions of the geologic timescale. Which of these is the Precambrian?

The conglomerate is younger because it contains clasts of the dark basalt.

This photograph shows an upper light-colored conglomerate and a lower dark basalt. Which of the following statements is true?

1

Which numbered layer in this photograph represents the oldest layer?

A and B

Which of the following sites has volcanoes related to subduction? A is on an island arc, B is in the Andes, C is near Hawaii, D is along a mid-ocean ridge.

C) contaminated groundwater

Which potential geologic hazard is NOT represented by a feature on this figure? A) an earthquake B) a volcano C) contaminated groundwater D) a landslide E) flood-prone areas

continental collision

Why does the Tibetan Plateau, shown in this figure, have a high elevation?

What is a possible cause of the extinction event called the GreatDying?

a great outpouring of lava at the end of the Paleozoic

A volcanic eruption occurring beneath an ice sheet is likely to cause

a hazardous flood.

A triple junction is

a place where three plate boundaries meet.

What was the Cambrian explosion?

a time when many different types of creatures appeared on Earth

Upon what basis were the upper and lower boundaries of the Mesozoic Era defined?

abrupt changes in the types of fossils, representing mass extinctions

What factor would help ensure survival of one species over another?

adaptable to environmental change

The first organisms on Earth included

algae.

Composite volcanoes are so called because they

are composed of lava flows, pyroclastic material, and mudflows.

How does the addition of water cause melting?

it changes the location of the liquid-solid boundary

If rock is exposed to enough heat after metamorphism it will eventually

melt into magma.

Heat, pressure, and deformation are processes that can create

metamorphic rocks.

What were some of the earliest forms of life on Earth?

microscopic creatures that built mound-shaped structures called stromatolites

Broad symmetrical ridges that cross ocean basins are called

mid-ocean ridges.

Tuff and volcanic breccia are both composed of a variety of igneous fragments. Their classification as either felsic, intermediate, or mafic therefore depends on the particular

mineral content of each individual unit.

What tectonic setting is interpreted to be the cause of volcanism at Yellowstone?

movement of North America over a mantle plume

The Earth's magnetic field is generated by

movement of iron and electrical currents within Earth's outer core.

Rates in the Earth system

span the range from very rapid to very slow.

Which fossils provide information as to the mode of formation of an oxygen-rich atmosphere by about 2 billion years ago?

stromatolites

Continental ice sheets were more common 28,000 years ago than they are today because

the Earth was cooler then than now.

The largest object in the solar system is

the Sun.

Early Earth would have been inhospitable to many life forms of today because

the atmosphere lacked oxygen.

How did an oxygen-rich atmosphere develop from a carbon dioxide-rich atmosphere?

through photosynthesis by cyanobacteria

What defines the boundaries between each of the three eras in the geologic timescale?

two great mass extinctions