Earth and Space Science Midterm 1 and 2
Carbon has
15 different isotopes
Which agent of metamorphism can cause the overall composition of the rock to change?
A hydrothermal solution
What is the difference between a hypothesis and a theory?
A hypothesis is an explanation made by scientists in order to explain data. A theory is well tested and accepted by the scientific community for best explaining certain facts. A hypothesis can become a theory after surviving extensive testing.
What is a topographic map
A map that represents earth's three dimensional surface in two dimensions
What is a geologic map
A map that shows the type and age of exposed rocks
Explain hydrothermal solutions
A very hot mixture of water and dissolved substances between 100 degrees C and 300 degrees C. When these solutions come in contact with existing minerals, chemical reactions take place to form new minerals. When these solutions cool, some of the elements in them combine to form minerals like quartz and pyrite.
What are significant threats to the environment
Air pollution, acid rain, ozone depletion, and global warming
The number of protons in the nucleus of an atom is called the
Atomic number
What is the mineral name for emerald
Beryl
Which nonmetal occurs as a liquid
Bromine Br
List three ways in which humans change earth as a system
Burning gasoline and coal Building breakwaters along a shoreline Disposing of our wastes
Which isotope is used to determine the age of once living things
Carbon 14
List two laws passed to prevent or decrease water pollution.
Clea Water Act and the Safe Drinking Water Act
Properties of minerals allow us to identify the,. Name the eight physical properties of minerals
Color, streak, luster, crystal form, hardness, cleavage, fracture, density
Minerals are classified according to groups based on their
Composition
Carbonates
Contain carbon, oxygen, and one or more other metallic elements that are used in building and construction. Examples are calcite and dolomite
What mineral has the highest density
Copper
What is the mineral name for ruby
Corundum
What is a covalent bond and properties
Covalent bonds form when atoms share electrons. They have low melting and boiling points and are poor conductors of electric, even when melted
The Mercator
Created to help sailors navigate around the Earth. The lines of longitude are parallel making the grid rectangular and showing directions accurately
Four ways minerals form
Crystallization from magma Precipitation Pressure and temperature Hydrothermal solutions
Density. Density of a mineral that has a mass of 40g and a volume of 20 cm3
Density is a property of all matter that is the ration of an objects mass to its volume. 2 g/cm 3
Difference between constructive forces?
Destructive forces like weathering and erosion work to wear away high points and flatten out the surface. Constructive forces like mountain building and volcanism build up the surface by raising the land and depositing new material in the form of lava.
What minerals density is closet to muscovite mica
Dolomite
_____is the name for the group of sciences that deals with Earth and its neighbors in space
Earth Sciences
The rock cycle is driven internally by heat from____and externally by energy from the sun.
Earth's interior
Substance that cannot be broken down into simpler substances by chemical or physical means
Element
What is a metalloid
Element with properties that are somewhat similar to metals and nonmetals
The part of the atom with the negative charge is the
Energy level
Mohos scale is used to determine what property of minerals?
Hardness
What does the characteristic inorganic mean
Inorganic means that they are crystalline structures found in nature but they do not consist or or derives from living matter
Atoms usually combine to form chemical bonds in three different ways. There are three types of chemical bonds
Ionic Covalent Metallic
What is an ionic bond and properties
Ionic bonds form between positive and negative ions. Ionic compounds are rigid solids with High melting and boiling points. They are poor conductors of electricity in their solid state
Atoms with the same number of protons but different numbers of neutrons are ___ of an element
Isotopes
In "Earth's Place in the Universe" on textbook page 6, why is it said that "all life on Earth is related to the stars"?
It said that "all life on Earth is related to the stars" because the atoms in our bodies and the atoms that make up everything on Earth, owe their origin to a supernova event that occurred billions of years ago, trillions of kilometers away.
Gnomonic projections
Made by placing a piece of paper o a globe so that it touches a single point on a globe's surface. Distances and directions are distorted but they are useful to sailors and navigators because they accurately show the shortest distance between two points
Which metal exists as a liquid
Mercury Hg
What is a metallic bond and properties
Metallic bonds form when electrons are shared by metal ions. They are malleable ductile and excellent conductors of electricity
Most of the elements are
Metals
Halides
Mineral that only contain a halogen ion plus one or more other elements. Examples are fluorite and table salt and can form when salt water evaporates
Oxides
Minerals that contain oxygen and one or more other elements, usually metals. Examples include rutile, corundum, and hematite. Oxides form when magma cools, temperature or pressure changes, or why they are exposed to liquid water
Sulfates/sulfides
Minerals that contain sulfur like anhydrite, gypsum, galena, sphalerite, and pyrite. Sulfates from when mineral rich waters evaporate while sulfides form from thermal solutions
Native elements
Minerals that only contain one element or type of atom such as gold, silver, copper, sulfur, and carbon. Some native elements form from hydrothermal solutions
The smallest particle of a covalent compound that shows the properties of the compound is a
Molecule
Mineral
Naturally occurring inorganic solid with an order,y crystalline structure and a definite chemical composition
Which five characteristics characteristics are necessary for a substance to be considered a mineral
Naturally occurring, solid substance, orderly crystalline structure, definite chemical composition, generally considered inorganic
What part of an isotopes nucleus varies
Neutrons
What do the white lettered elements represent
Not found in nature
The central part of an atom is the
Nucleus
The part of the atom with the positive charge is the
Nucleus
A useful metallic mineral that can be mined at a profit is called an___.
Ore
List the eight most abundant elements in earths surface and their chemical symbols
Oxygen O Silicon Si Aluminum Al Iron Fe Calcium Ca Sodium Na Potassium K Magnesium Mg
Which tow elements comprise about 75 percent of the earths crust
Oxygen and silicon
What minerals density is closest to quartz
Plagioclase feldspar
Name the three types of particles found in an atom
Protons Neutrons Electrons
The nucleus contains
Protons and neutrons
Explain how these types of particles differ.
Protons are dense and have a positive charge and are located inside the nucleus with the neutrons but the equally dense neutrons have no charge. Electrons have little mass a negative charge and surround an atoms nucleus.
Describe the difference between renewable resources and nonrenewable resources. Provide examples.
Renewable resources can be replenished over a fairly short amount of time, such as months, years, or decades. Examples include the plants ans animals we use for fiod, natural fibers we use for clothing, and trees we use for lumber ans paper. Energy frim frlowing water, wind, and the sun are also renewable. Nonrenewable resources take millions of years to form and accumulate and when they run out, there will not be any more. Examples include fossil fuels, such as coal, oil, and natural gas. Metals such as iron, copper, uranium, and gold are also nonrenewable.
The process of gathering facts through observations and formulating hypotheses and theories is a description of the
Scientific method
Robison projections
Shows most distances sized and shapes accurately except around the edges. Used to show the whole globe as a slat image
The biggest of the mineral group is the
Silicates
List the six common mineral groups
Silicates, carbonates, oxide, sulfatos and sulfides, halides, native elements
Silicates
Silicon and oxygen combine to form a structure called silicon-oxygen tetrahedron which provides the framework of every silicate mineral. Examples include pure quartz, olivine, augite, and mica. Most silicates crystallize from magma as it cools
What is the basic silicate structure
Silicon-oxygen tetrahedron
What gives minerals different colors
Small amounts of different elements
Why do some minerals show cleavage (break evenly) and other minerals fracture (break unevenly)
Some minerals show cleavage because they have a weak bonds in one direction while other minerals fracture because they have strong bonds in every direction
What factor determines whether a mineral will show its crystal form
Space and crowding
List and describe the two characteristics used to classify igneous rocks.
Texture- the size, shape, and arrangement of the rock's interlocking mineral crystals Composition- mineral makeup of the rock, based onproportions of dark and light minerals in the rock
What determines the properties of a mineral
The elements that compose the mineral (its composition) and its structure (how it's atoms are arranged)
What is the lithosphere?
The lithosphere is a rigid outer layer made up of the crust and uppermost mantle.
Explain how geologists use the mobs hardness scale
The mohs hardness scale consists of 10 minerals arranged from 10(hardest) to 1(softest) and any mineral or object of unknownhardness can be rubbed against these to determine its hardness
Atomic number
The number of protons in the nucleus of an atom
Earth's formation is based on the ____nebular____ hypothesis. Using figure 3 on textbook page 4, summarize this hypothesis. Be sure to mention the elements that made up the solar nebula. Also be sure to describe the formation of the planets.
The solar system began as a cloud of dust and gases mostly made up of hydrogen and helium. This cloud, or nebula, started to rotate and collapse towards its center where heat was generated which formed the sun. Cooling of the nebula caused rocky and metallic materials to form tiny solid particles and repeated collisions of these particles resulted in the formation of asteroid-sized bodies. The asteroids combined to form the four inner planets-Mercury, Venus, Earth, and Mars. The lighter materials and gases combined farther away from the center to four the four outer planets-Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, and Neptune.
What two energy sources power earth as a system
The sun and earths interior
Mass number
The total mass of the atom (protons plus neutrons) expressed in atomic mass units
When Earth was forming, layers made up of different materials formed. Why did these layers form?
These layers formed because decaying radioactive elements combined with heat produces melting of Earth's interior. This allowed denser elements such as iron and nickel to sink to Earth's center because of gravity. The less dense and rocky components floated towards the surface. This sinking and floating caused Earth's interior to not be made of uniform materials, instead consisting of layers of materials with different properties.
Why are the elements in group 8A (18) stable
They have the maximum number of the valence electrons their outer shell can hold so they rarely react with other elements
Why are topographic maps different from other maps?
Topographic maps show elevation using contour lines while the other maps do not.
Example of water moves hydrosphere.
Water moves through the hydrosphere by evaporating from the oceans to the atmosphere, falling back to Earth as rain, and running back to the ocean.
Conic projections
Wrapping a cone of paper around a globe at a particular line of latitude. Almost no distortion in areas away from this latitude and these maps are used to make road and weather maps
Maps are tools used to represent the three-dimensional earth. The four types of map projections mentioned in the textbook are:
a. Mercator Projection b. Robinson Projection c. Conic Projection d. Gnomonic Projection
Name the three layers of the geosphere.
a. core b. mantle c. crust
Name the two types of forces that affect Earth's surface.Name the two types of forces that affect Earth's surface.
a. destructive forces b. constructive forces
List the four major disciplines of Earth science.
a. geology b. oceanology c. meteorology d. astronomy
Name the three major spheres of the physical environment of Earth.
a. hydrosphere b. atmosphere c. geosphere
What are the two main subdivisions of geology?
a. physical geology b. historical geology
All elements are made of
atoms
Which sphere interacts with all three of the physical spheres
biosphere
The line of latitude around the middle of the globe, at 0 degrees, is called the ________. The line of longitude at 0 degrees is called the _____.
equator, prime meridian
The liquid portion of Earth is the ________, the gaseous layer of Earth is the ________, and the solid portion of Earth is the _______.
hydrosphere, atmosphere, geosphere
The hypothesis that explains the formation of Earth is the ______ hypothesis.
nebular
What theory explains how earthquakes and volcanic eruptions occur?
plate tectonics
Through their actions, humans affect how the system works by the use of resources and changes in population. Two major resource categories are
renewable and nonrenewable
Today scientists use ________ and ________ to send and receive data.
satellites, computers
Advances have been made in locating points on Earth. Two coordinates, ___latitude___ and ___longitude_, are used to pinpoint locations.
similar to plotting points
Earth is a system of interacting parts that form a complex whole. This system is powered by the ________ and _______.
sun, Earth's interior
geology
the science that examines Earth, its form and composition, and the changes it has undergone and is undergoing. It is divided into physical geology and historical geology.
meterology
the scientific study of the atmosphere phenomena; the study of weather and climate
oceanography
the scientific study of the composition and movements of seawater, coastal processed, seafloor topography, and marine life
astronomy
the scientific study of the universe; It includes the observation and interpretation of celestial bodies and phenomena.
