Earth Space Science Review
spectral class of our sun
G2
age of igneous and metamorphic rocks
absolute age
black objects
absorb all colors
how igneous rocks form
cooling of magma
evidence of big bang
cosmic background radiation and Hubble's law
magnetic field source
created from the opposite spinning of the inner and outer core
Alfred Wegener
credited with the theory of continental drift
Harry Hess
credited with the theory of plate tectonics
thinnest layer of earth
crust
length of a stars life
depends on its mass
brightness of stars
depends on size and temperature
trench
depression formed at a subduction zone
radioactive dating
determines absolute age
mid atlantic ridge
divergent boundary in the middle of the Atlantic Ocean
when light elements were created
during the big bang
oceanic crust
earths crust located under the ocean
continental crust
earths crust made of land
absolute age
exact age of something
stages of all stars dying
expand, explode, collapse
direction of universe
expanding outward
mountain range
form at continental-continental convergent boundaries
volcanic arc
formed at an ocean-continental convergent boundary
rift valley
formed when two plates pull apart and land falls downard
nuclear fusion
fusing of light atoms into heavy new atoms, releases energy
waves used in medicine
gamma and xray
highest energy wave
gamma wave
shortest waves
gamma waves
stages of small star dying
giant, planetary nebula, white dwarf
force that holds stars together
gravity
how metamorphic rocks form
heat and pressure
infrared waves
heat waves
relationship between magnitude and spectral class
hotter stars are brighter
apparent brightness
how bright objects seem from here on Earth
absolute brightness
how bright objects would be if they were all the same distance from Earth
Wegener's flaws
how the continents moved
size of first stars
huge stars
element that most stars are made of
hydrogen
composition of the sun
hydrogen and helium
first elements formed
hydrogen and helium
fusion reaction in stars
hydrogen fused into helium
extrusion
igneous rock covers a body of existing rock
intrusion
igneous rock pushes into a body of existing rock
rocks found at the Mid Ocean Ridge
igneous rocks
law of superposition
in a body of sedimentary rocks, the oldest rocks are on the bottom
law or original horizontality
in a body of sedimentary rocks, the rocks formed lying horizontally
global warming
increase of average atmospheric temperature
earths pressure
increases with depth
earths temperature
increases with depth
recent atmospheric CO2 pattern
increasing CO2 levels
geothermal energy
intense heat from Earths interior
causes of unconformity
intrusion or weathering
mantle elements
iron and magnesium
inner core elements
iron and nickel
outer core elements
iron and nickel
plates
large pieces of earths crust that move due to convection currents
pangea
large supercontinent that existed 250 million years ago
fossil
living thing preserved in sediment
radio waves
longest waves
another term for brightness
magnitude
stage of life the sun is in
main sequence
thickest layer of earth
mantle
use of doppler effect
measure movement of stars
source of stars energy
nuclear fusion
objects with graeter parallax
objects that are closer
more dense crust
ocean crust
3 fossil fuels
oil, coal, natural gas
crust
outer layer of the Earth
crust elements
oxygen and silicon
cementation
particles of rock are cemented together
another name for oil
petroleum
state of matter of stars
plasma
Earths magnetic field
protects Earth from solar winds
outer core
very dense liquid spinning layer of the Earth
inner core
very dense solid spinning layer of the Earth
blueshift
waves have lower frequency as an object moves closer
how sedimentary rocks form
weather, erosion, deposition, cementation
black hole
when big stars collapse as they die
supergiant
when big stars expand as they die
supernova
when big stars explode as they die
parallax
when objects appear to move because they are viewed from different locations
unconformity
when older rocks are in direct contact with much younger rocks
white dwarf
when small stars collapse as they die
red giant
when small stars expand as they die
planetary nebula
when small stars explode as they die
sea floor spreading
when two oceanic plates pull apart, magma rises and new crust is formed
convergent boundary
when two plates come together
transform boundary
when two plates grind past each other
divergent boundary
when two plates pull apart
hot spot
where magma continually pushes through the crust
all colors reflected
white
color of Sun
yellow
age of fault
younger than the rock around it
age of intrusion
younger than the rock around it
age of sun
4.6 billion years
first land animals appear
400 million years ago
rate of plate movement
5 cm/year
time it takes for fossil fuels to form
500 million years
half life of Carbon 14
5730 years
dinosaurs go extinct
65 million years ago
types of electromagnetic radiation
RMIVUXG
colors of visible light
ROY G BIV
color you see
color that is reflected
how fossil fuels form
compaction of living organisms
frequency units
# of waves/time
major glaciers cover North America
1.5 million years ago
end of last ice age in New England
13,000 years ago
age of universe
14.7 billion years
Pangea breaks apart
200 million years ago
age of oldest fossils
3.5 billion years old
highest atmospheric CO2 in past 400,000 years
300 ppm
current atmospheric CO2 level
380 ppm
age of oldest rocks
4 billion years old
spectral class letters
OBAFGKM
fault
a break in the earths crust that moves rocks
island arc
a chain of volcanic islands formed at an ocean-ocean convergent boundary
index fossil
a fossil that occured for a short time in history
nonrenewable resource
a resource with a limited quanity
age of rocks at the Mid Ocean Ridge
age increases with distance
relative age
age of two or more things compared to each other
white light
all 7 colors combined
waves produced by stars
all waves
metamorphic rock
an existing rock that was exposed to heat or pressure
renewable resource
an unlimited resource
lithosphere
another name for the crust
aesthenosphere
another name for them mantle
Earths most vulnerable sphere
atmosphere
levels of CO2 directly effect
atmospheric temperature
protostar
baby star
all colors absorbed
black
hottest color star
blue star
radioactive decay
break down of radioactive elements into stable elements
elements necessary for life
carbon, oxygen, nitrogen
ultraviolet waves
cause skin cancer and eye damage
doppler effect
change in frequency as an object moves
convection currents
circular movement of a substance due to changes in temperature and density
high risk cities
cities where earthquakes and volcanoes are likely to happen
low risk cities
cities where earthquakes and volcanoes are not likely to happen
HR Diagram
classifies stars by temperature and absolute brightness
nebula
cloud of gas and dust where stars are born
crust minerals
quartz and feldspar
lowest energy wave
radio wave
waves used in TVs
radio waves
coldest color star
red star
white objects
reflect all colors
most common large telescopes
reflecting telescopes
star color
related to star temperature
star color
related to star's temperature
age of sedimentary rocks
relative age
sedimentary rock
rock formed from tiny pieces of other rocks or shells that have been compacted together
igneous rock
rock made of cooled lava
weathering and erosion
rocks breaking down by wind and water
Wegener' evidence
rocks, climate, fossils
evidence for plate tectonics
rocks, fossils, climate, puzzle fit, glaciers, sea floor spreading
deposition
sediment being deposited after being moved
rock where fossils are found
sedimentary rock
x waves
see through skin
redshift
shift of light to a longer wavelength as it moves away
life of stars
small stars burn slower and longer
size of our sun
small/medium star
3 renewable energy sources
solar, hydro, wind
another term for temperature of stars
spectral class
micro waves
speed up atoms, detect weather
main sequence stars
stars that are in the main part of their lifecyle
stages of large star dying
supergiant, supernova, black hole
where heavy elements are created
supernova
wavelength
the distance between the crests of sucessive waves
Hubble's Law
the farther away a galaxy is, the faster it is moving away from us
subduction zone
the more dense plate us pulled into the mantle under the less dense plate
frequency
the number of waves that pass a point in an amount of time
cosmic background radiation
the radiation leftover from the big bang
big bang theory
theory of how the universe formed
Theory of Plate Tectonics
theory that the plates that move due to convection currents
mantle
thickest layer of the Earth, part liquid part solid where convection currents are found
half life
time it takes for half of the atoms to break down into a new element
using parallax
used to calculate the distance to stars
refracting telescope
uses convex lenses
reflecting telescope
uses mirrors
