Earth Space Science Review

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spectral class of our sun

G2

age of igneous and metamorphic rocks

absolute age

black objects

absorb all colors

how igneous rocks form

cooling of magma

evidence of big bang

cosmic background radiation and Hubble's law

magnetic field source

created from the opposite spinning of the inner and outer core

Alfred Wegener

credited with the theory of continental drift

Harry Hess

credited with the theory of plate tectonics

thinnest layer of earth

crust

length of a stars life

depends on its mass

brightness of stars

depends on size and temperature

trench

depression formed at a subduction zone

radioactive dating

determines absolute age

mid atlantic ridge

divergent boundary in the middle of the Atlantic Ocean

when light elements were created

during the big bang

oceanic crust

earths crust located under the ocean

continental crust

earths crust made of land

absolute age

exact age of something

stages of all stars dying

expand, explode, collapse

direction of universe

expanding outward

mountain range

form at continental-continental convergent boundaries

volcanic arc

formed at an ocean-continental convergent boundary

rift valley

formed when two plates pull apart and land falls downard

nuclear fusion

fusing of light atoms into heavy new atoms, releases energy

waves used in medicine

gamma and xray

highest energy wave

gamma wave

shortest waves

gamma waves

stages of small star dying

giant, planetary nebula, white dwarf

force that holds stars together

gravity

how metamorphic rocks form

heat and pressure

infrared waves

heat waves

relationship between magnitude and spectral class

hotter stars are brighter

apparent brightness

how bright objects seem from here on Earth

absolute brightness

how bright objects would be if they were all the same distance from Earth

Wegener's flaws

how the continents moved

size of first stars

huge stars

element that most stars are made of

hydrogen

composition of the sun

hydrogen and helium

first elements formed

hydrogen and helium

fusion reaction in stars

hydrogen fused into helium

extrusion

igneous rock covers a body of existing rock

intrusion

igneous rock pushes into a body of existing rock

rocks found at the Mid Ocean Ridge

igneous rocks

law of superposition

in a body of sedimentary rocks, the oldest rocks are on the bottom

law or original horizontality

in a body of sedimentary rocks, the rocks formed lying horizontally

global warming

increase of average atmospheric temperature

earths pressure

increases with depth

earths temperature

increases with depth

recent atmospheric CO2 pattern

increasing CO2 levels

geothermal energy

intense heat from Earths interior

causes of unconformity

intrusion or weathering

mantle elements

iron and magnesium

inner core elements

iron and nickel

outer core elements

iron and nickel

plates

large pieces of earths crust that move due to convection currents

pangea

large supercontinent that existed 250 million years ago

fossil

living thing preserved in sediment

radio waves

longest waves

another term for brightness

magnitude

stage of life the sun is in

main sequence

thickest layer of earth

mantle

use of doppler effect

measure movement of stars

source of stars energy

nuclear fusion

objects with graeter parallax

objects that are closer

more dense crust

ocean crust

3 fossil fuels

oil, coal, natural gas

crust

outer layer of the Earth

crust elements

oxygen and silicon

cementation

particles of rock are cemented together

another name for oil

petroleum

state of matter of stars

plasma

Earths magnetic field

protects Earth from solar winds

outer core

very dense liquid spinning layer of the Earth

inner core

very dense solid spinning layer of the Earth

blueshift

waves have lower frequency as an object moves closer

how sedimentary rocks form

weather, erosion, deposition, cementation

black hole

when big stars collapse as they die

supergiant

when big stars expand as they die

supernova

when big stars explode as they die

parallax

when objects appear to move because they are viewed from different locations

unconformity

when older rocks are in direct contact with much younger rocks

white dwarf

when small stars collapse as they die

red giant

when small stars expand as they die

planetary nebula

when small stars explode as they die

sea floor spreading

when two oceanic plates pull apart, magma rises and new crust is formed

convergent boundary

when two plates come together

transform boundary

when two plates grind past each other

divergent boundary

when two plates pull apart

hot spot

where magma continually pushes through the crust

all colors reflected

white

color of Sun

yellow

age of fault

younger than the rock around it

age of intrusion

younger than the rock around it

age of sun

4.6 billion years

first land animals appear

400 million years ago

rate of plate movement

5 cm/year

time it takes for fossil fuels to form

500 million years

half life of Carbon 14

5730 years

dinosaurs go extinct

65 million years ago

types of electromagnetic radiation

RMIVUXG

colors of visible light

ROY G BIV

color you see

color that is reflected

how fossil fuels form

compaction of living organisms

frequency units

# of waves/time

major glaciers cover North America

1.5 million years ago

end of last ice age in New England

13,000 years ago

age of universe

14.7 billion years

Pangea breaks apart

200 million years ago

age of oldest fossils

3.5 billion years old

highest atmospheric CO2 in past 400,000 years

300 ppm

current atmospheric CO2 level

380 ppm

age of oldest rocks

4 billion years old

spectral class letters

OBAFGKM

fault

a break in the earths crust that moves rocks

island arc

a chain of volcanic islands formed at an ocean-ocean convergent boundary

index fossil

a fossil that occured for a short time in history

nonrenewable resource

a resource with a limited quanity

age of rocks at the Mid Ocean Ridge

age increases with distance

relative age

age of two or more things compared to each other

white light

all 7 colors combined

waves produced by stars

all waves

metamorphic rock

an existing rock that was exposed to heat or pressure

renewable resource

an unlimited resource

lithosphere

another name for the crust

aesthenosphere

another name for them mantle

Earths most vulnerable sphere

atmosphere

levels of CO2 directly effect

atmospheric temperature

protostar

baby star

all colors absorbed

black

hottest color star

blue star

radioactive decay

break down of radioactive elements into stable elements

elements necessary for life

carbon, oxygen, nitrogen

ultraviolet waves

cause skin cancer and eye damage

doppler effect

change in frequency as an object moves

convection currents

circular movement of a substance due to changes in temperature and density

high risk cities

cities where earthquakes and volcanoes are likely to happen

low risk cities

cities where earthquakes and volcanoes are not likely to happen

HR Diagram

classifies stars by temperature and absolute brightness

nebula

cloud of gas and dust where stars are born

crust minerals

quartz and feldspar

lowest energy wave

radio wave

waves used in TVs

radio waves

coldest color star

red star

white objects

reflect all colors

most common large telescopes

reflecting telescopes

star color

related to star temperature

star color

related to star's temperature

age of sedimentary rocks

relative age

sedimentary rock

rock formed from tiny pieces of other rocks or shells that have been compacted together

igneous rock

rock made of cooled lava

weathering and erosion

rocks breaking down by wind and water

Wegener' evidence

rocks, climate, fossils

evidence for plate tectonics

rocks, fossils, climate, puzzle fit, glaciers, sea floor spreading

deposition

sediment being deposited after being moved

rock where fossils are found

sedimentary rock

x waves

see through skin

redshift

shift of light to a longer wavelength as it moves away

life of stars

small stars burn slower and longer

size of our sun

small/medium star

3 renewable energy sources

solar, hydro, wind

another term for temperature of stars

spectral class

micro waves

speed up atoms, detect weather

main sequence stars

stars that are in the main part of their lifecyle

stages of large star dying

supergiant, supernova, black hole

where heavy elements are created

supernova

wavelength

the distance between the crests of sucessive waves

Hubble's Law

the farther away a galaxy is, the faster it is moving away from us

subduction zone

the more dense plate us pulled into the mantle under the less dense plate

frequency

the number of waves that pass a point in an amount of time

cosmic background radiation

the radiation leftover from the big bang

big bang theory

theory of how the universe formed

Theory of Plate Tectonics

theory that the plates that move due to convection currents

mantle

thickest layer of the Earth, part liquid part solid where convection currents are found

half life

time it takes for half of the atoms to break down into a new element

using parallax

used to calculate the distance to stars

refracting telescope

uses convex lenses

reflecting telescope

uses mirrors


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