Earthquakes and Volcanoes

Why do earthquakes often cause damaging fires? a. Magma from deep underground escapes through faults. b. Tsunamis from earthquakes generate enough heat to start fires. c. Lightning strikes are common during earthquakes. d. Earthquake vibrations can break gas lines, water lines, and electrical lines.

d. Earthquake vibrations can break gas lines, water lines, and electrical lines.

Which provides the best evidence for the theory that faults and volcanoes are results of tectonic plate interactions? a. Faults on tectonic plates are in constant motion, but volcanoes may not erupt for many years. b. Faults and volcanoes existed long before there were tectonic plates. c. Tectonic plates that have many faults do not usually have volcanoes. d. Faults and volcanoes are often found at tectonic plate boundaries.

d. Faults and volcanoes are often found at tectonic plate boundaries.

The 2 main types of lava are... a. Felsic / Mafic b. Magma / Manga c. Felsic / Wuzsick

a. Felsic / Mafic

The diagram shows a topographic map of the big island of Hawaii. Which volcanic mountain is the highest? a. Mauna Loa b. Mauna Kea c. Hualalai d. Kilauea

a. Mauna Loa

Which seismic waves travel most rapidly? a. P-waves b. S-waves c. Surface waves d. Tsunamis

a. P-waves

Why are seismic waves of an earthquake more strongly felt at the epicenter of an earthquake? a. The epicenter is directly above the focus, the place inside the Earth where the earthquake starts. b. Most faults converge at the epicenter. c. Millions of small movements of the crust occur here. d. Crustal plates rise and fall with the ocean tides.

a. The epicenter is directly above the focus, the place inside the Earth where the earthquake starts.

Near which geologic structure are the youngest rocks on Earth found? a. active volcano b. kettle hole c. normal fault d. glacial striation

a. active volcano

Over time, non-volcanic mountains can form due to the interaction of plate boundaries. Which interaction is most likely associated with the formation of non-volcanic mountains? a. continental plates colliding with continental plates b. oceanic plates separating from oceanic plates c. oceanic plates colliding with oceanic plates d. continental plates separating from continental plates

a. continental plates colliding with continental plates

Earthquake Waves An earthquake occurs when pieces of Earth's crust move, producing waves of energy called seismic waves. Two types of seismic waves that travel through Earth's interior are called P-waves and S-waves. P-waves can travel through solids and liquids, but S-waves can only travel through solids. Identify one Earth layer in which earthquakes may occur. a. crust b. mantle c. inner core d. outer core

a. crust

The inference that Earth's interior has an outer core and an inner core is based on studies of a. earthquake wave data b. glacier core samples c. recent fossil discoveries d. celestial observations

a. earthquake wave data

All of the following would contribute to viscous (thick) lava EXCEPT ___ a. increased temperature b. increased amounts of dissolved gases c. increased amounts of silica d. decreased temperature

a. increased temperature

Where are earthquakes most likely to occur? a. where Earth's tectonic plates are moving together b. where magma cools slowly beneath Earth's surface c. where Earth's lithosphere is in constant slow motion d. where Earth's seafloor is spreading into deep ocean trenches

a. where Earth's tectonic plates are moving together

Volcanic Eruption In 1783, a volcano in Iceland erupted with enormous force, pouring out large amounts of lava and volcanic ash. After the eruption, a cloud of suspended ash particles shadowed western Europe for months, resulting in unusually cold weather that summer. The diagram below represents a side view of a volcanic eruption similar to the one that occurred in 1783.The arrow on the diagram represents the direction that the ash cloud spread after the volcanic eruption occurred. Identify one factor that caused the ash cloud to spread in the direction indicated by the arrow in the diagram. a. wind direction b. density of the ash c. rainfall

a. wind direction

How long after receiving the first P-wave from an earthquake centered 4000 kilometers away does a seismic station receive its first S-wave from the same earthquake? a. 1 minute b. 5 minutes 35 seconds c. 7 minutes d. 12 minutes 40 seconds

b. 5 minutes 35 seconds

Where is the point at which the first movement occurs during an earthquake? a. Epicenter b. Focus c. Fault d. Plate

b. Focus

The scale that measures the magnitude of an earthquake. a. Mercalli b. Richter c. Fujita d. Bathroom

b. Richter

What scale measures the intensity of (damage from) an earthquake? a. Richter Scale b. Enhanced Fujita Scale c. Moment Magnitude Scale d. Mercalli Scale

d. Mercalli Scale

Earthquake Waves An earthquake occurs when pieces of Earth's crust move, producing waves of energy called seismic waves. Two types of seismic waves that travel through Earth's interior are called P-waves and S-waves. P-waves can travel through solids and liquids, but S-waves can only travel through solids. How does the properties of P-waves and S-waves have been used to determine that Earth's outer core is liquid a. S-waves travel through liquid b. S-waves can only travel through solids and P-waves can travel through solids and liquids. c. P- waves can not travel through solids

b. S-waves can only travel through solids and P-waves can travel through solids and liquids.

Where are most volcanoes located? a. at divergent boundaries, transform boundaries, and hot spots b. at convergent boundaries, divergent boundaries, and hot spots c. at convergent boundaries, hot spots, and transform boundaries d. at divergent boundaries, convergent boundaries, and transform boundaries

b. at convergent boundaries, divergent boundaries, and hot spots

What would be most effective in minimizing the potential damage caused by an earthquake? a. installing sirens in areas prone to earthquakes b. building structures that withstand ground vibrations c. increasing the amount of concrete during road building d. requiring the recycling of metal and wood products

b. building structures that withstand ground vibrations

Which type of volcano is made up of mostly silica-rich (thick) magma? Explosive eruptions... a. shield cone b. composite cone c. none of the volcanoes have silica-rich magma

b. composite cone

How did the ash cloud caused the unusually cold summer in Western Europe in 1783. a. it rained too much b. sunlight could not pass through the ash filled sky c. it wasn't cold

b. sunlight could not pass through the ash filled sky

The name given to all rock material produced in volcanic eruptions is a. lahar b. tephra c. ash d. lapilli

b. tephra

Why are seismic waves of an earthquake more strongly felt at the epicenter of an earthquake? a. Because millions of small movements of crust occur there b. Because most faults converge at the epicenter c. Because the epicenter is directly above the focus, the place inside the earth where the earthquake starts d. Because crustal plates rise and fall with the ocean tide

c. Because the epicenter is directly above the focus, the place inside the earth where the earthquake starts

Along the west coast of South America, volcanic mountains are found due to movement along a plate boundary. The diagram illustrates the movement that is taking place. Which is the most likely reason for the formation of the volcanic mountains? a. The volcanic arc is sliding from the continental crust into the trench. b. A fault line, created by the sinking lithosphere, is filling with water. c. Oceanic crust collides with continental crust, heating as it subducts. d. As a result of an earthquake, multiple volcanic arcs are appearing.

c. Oceanic crust collides with continental crust, heating as it subducts.

Guatemala is a mountainous country in Central America. Each year, more than 350 square kilometers of forests are removed for building materials and to make more room for crops. If this rate of deforestation continues, what will most likely result over the next several years? a. The number of earthquakes across the country will decrease b. The amount of fertile soil across the country they will increase c. The risk of landslides across the country will increase d. The average rainfall for the county will increase.

c. The risk of landslides across the country will increase

Earthquakes create vibrations called seismic waves. What is a characteristic of S waves? a. The cause large waves in the ocean. b. They cause the ground to roll like ocean waves. c. They arrive after P waves d. They move the ground only up and down.

c. They arrive after P waves

What is the minimum number of seismic stations required to determine the location of an earthquake's epicenter? a. One b. Two c. Three d. Four

c. Three

A volcano found in the center of a tectonic plate tends to be a result of which phenomenon? a. pressure in thick sediments that produce heat b. a strong earthquake c. activity at a hot spot d. unusually excessive erosion that wears away bedrock

c. activity at a hot spot

The volcanoes along convergent oceanic-oceanic plate boundaries may form a. a hot spot b. a part of the mid-ocean ridge c. an island arc d. a subduction plate

c. an island arc

Whether a volcano erupts quietly or violently depends on all of the following EXCEPT ___ a. composition of magma b. temperature of magma c. depth of magma d. dissolved gases in magma

c. depth of magma

Tectonic motion caused tension between plates within Earth's crust. A sudden release of this energy occurred. Based on this information, which event happened? a. meteorite impact b. volcanic eruption c. earthquake d. subsidence

c. earthquake

Which of the following causes earthquakes? a. Richter scale b. frictional heating c. elastic rebound d. release of heat

c. elastic rebound

A type of fault where rocks on either side move past each other sideways is called: a. normal fault b. reverse fault c. strike-slip fault

c. strike-slip fault

Scientists are studying a graph showing the time differences between the seismic P-waves and the seismic S-waves as they travel through Earth. Which information can they learn from the graph? a. the magnitude of an earthquake b. the duration of an earthquake c. the epicenter of an earthquake d. the intensity of an earthquake

c. the epicenter of an earthquake

Which of the following affects the amount of destruction caused by earthquake vibrations? a. The intensity and duration of the vibrations. b. The design of the structures. c. The nature of the material on which the structures are built. d. All of the above.

d. All of the above.

Which would produce the most severe earthquake damage along the surface of Earth? a. An earthquake with a deep focus and magnitude of 2.5 b. An earthquake with a shallow focus and magnitude of 2.5 c. An earthquake with a deep focus and magnitude of 4.5 d. An earthquake with a shallow focus and magnitude of 4.5

d. An earthquake with a shallow focus and magnitude of 4.5

Which evidence recorded at seismic stations following an earthquake supports the inference that Earth's interior changes from solid rock to molten iron and nickel at the mantle-coreboundary? a. P-waves arrive earlier than S-waves. b. P-waves and S-waves are both recorded at all stations. c. Only S-waves are recorded at all stations. d. Only P-waves are recorded on the opposite side of Earth.

d. Only P-waves are recorded on the opposite side of Earth.

At what type of plate boundary would an explosive volcano most likely occur? a. continental-continental divergence b. transform boundary c. oceanic-oceanic divergence d. Subduction Zone

d. Subduction Zone

Earthquakes can be severe along the San Andreas Fault in Southern California, but volcanoes are nonexistent. Which statement BEST explains this pattern? a. The crust is thin and weak at the location of this fault. b. The material along this fault is smooth and fine grained. c. The material in the mantle solidified due to cooling under this fault. d. The crustal plates slide along each other without subducting at this fault.

d. The crustal plates slide along each other without subducting at this fault.

Which statement best describes why S-Waves are NOT recorded by seismographs in certain areas? a. Seismographs do not record s-waves. b. S-waves travel in a different direction than p-waves. c. The earthquake was not strong enough to produce s-waves. d. The s-waves are stopped by the liquid outer core.

d. The s-waves are stopped by the liquid outer core.

During what season would you expect mass movements to be a greater threat? a. a dry summer b. a wet spring with lots of growing vegetation c. a dry autumn after the leaves have turned d. a wet spring before vegetation is growing

d. a wet spring before vegetation is growing

What factor commonly triggers mass movements? a. earthquakes b. saturation of surface materials with water c. removal of vegetation d. all are correct

d. all are correct

Which would produce the most severe earthquake damage along the surface of Earth? a. an earthquake with a deep focus and a magnitude of 2.5 b. an earthquake with a shallow focus and a magnitude of 2.5 c. an earthquake with a deep focus and a magnitude of 4.5 d. an earthquake with a shallow focus and a magnitude of 4.5

d. an earthquake with a shallow focus and a magnitude of 4.5

Which will most likely occur before a volcanic eruption? a .an increase in lava flow. b. an increase in mud flow. c. an increase in acid rain production. d. an increase in earthquake activity.

d. an increase in earthquake activity.

diagram represents Earth's crust and interior layers. Which evidence has led scientists to conclude that there are different layers within Earth's interior? a. temperatures taken within each layer b. temperatures taken within each layer c. rock samples taken from Earth's core d. analysis of earthquake wave data

d. analysis of earthquake wave data

Scientists are studying a graph showing the time differences between the seismic P-waves and the seismic S-waves as they travel through Earth. Which information can they learn from the graph? a. the magnitude of an earthquake b. the duration of an earthquake c. the intensity of an earthquake d. the epicenter of an earthquake

d. the epicenter of an earthquake

When tectonic plates move, they create different landforms. Which is LEAST likely to be associated with the tectonic plate movement that produces volcanoes? a. hot spot b. rift valley c. subduction zone d. transform boundary

d. transform boundary