East Meets West Midterm

Sen no Rikyu

(1522-1591) advisor to Hideyoshi who changed Japanese drinking customs leading to the prized nature of Korean potters tea ceremony, crawling door, host served matcha - goes well with Korean bowls

Toyotomi Hideyoshi

(1536-1598) Japanese feudal lord who united Japan and started 7 years war in order to prevent war lords from starting civil war

"The Three Perfections": Poetry, Calligraphy, and Painting

All appropriate pastimes for the scholarly gentleman Poems: Describe paintings Respond to paintings Are inscribed on paintings "Objective + Subjective" Paintings: Illustrate poems Respond to or recall poems Function like poems Painters wrote poetry; poets painted Calligraphy and painting Traditionally said to have had a common origin Use the same tools and materials Calligraphy training carries over into painting brushwork composition Calligraphy was combined with painting

special scents

Before the Silk Road brought great quantities of luxuries from East Asia, Arbian frankincense and myrrh were the most desired and expensive goods in Mediterranean markets

Kraak Ware

Characteristic features of kraak dishes were decoration divided into panels on the wide border, and a central scene depicting a stylized landscape. 17th-century Chinese blue-and-white ware for European market A defining feature of kraak porcelain is the device of paneled decoration with its alternation of sunflowers and emblems. The central scene of ducks on a pond and the paneled motifs are among the numerous variants on the basic format of this extensive class of export porcelain.

European Blue and White Porcelain in 16th century

Chinese blue-and-white copied in Europe from the 16th century with the faience (fine tin-glazed pottery on a delicate pale buff earthenware body) blue-and-white technique called ALLA PORCELANA. ISLAMIC AND CHINESE INFLUENCE These early works mixed influences from Islamic as well as Chinese blue-and-white wares.

Dunhuang

Established as a frontier garrison outpost by the Han Dynasty Emperor Wudi to protect against the Xiongnu in 111 BC. Became an important GATEWAY TO THE WEST, a CENTER OF COMMERCE along the Silk Road, as well as a meeting place of various people and religions such as Buddhism. On the junction where the main Silk Road split into northern and southern branches around the Taklamakan desert to its west, Dunhuang grew and prospered. Dunhuang has a history of over TWO THOUSAND YEARS. The town was established as a Chinese military garrison in the 2nd century BCE. Defensive walls with watchtowers were built to its north. The construction of the Mogao Caves near Dunhuang is generally taken to have begun sometime in the 4th c CE. The site gradually grew, by the time of the Northern Liang a small community of monks had formed at the site. Members of the ruling family of Northern Wei and Northern Zhou constructed many caves here, and it flourished in the short-lived Sui Dynasty. By the Tang Dynasty, the number of caves had reached over a thousand. The caves initially served only as a PLACE OF MEDITATION for hermit monks, but developed to serve the MONASTARIES and by the Sui and Tang dynasties, Mogao Caves had become a place of worship and PILGRIMAGE for the public. From the 4th until the 14th century, caves were constructed by monks to serve as shrines with funds from donors. These caves were elaborately painted, the cave paintings and architecture serving as aids to meditation, as visual representations of the quest for enlightenment and as teaching tools to inform those illiterate about Buddhist beliefs and stories. The major patrons: important clergy, local ruling elite, foreign dignitaries, as well as Chinese emperors. Other sponsors: merchants, military officers, and other local people such as women's groups. During the Tang Dynasty, Dunhuang became the main hub of commerce of the Silk Road and a major religious center. A large number of the caves were constructed at Mogao during this era, including the two large statues of Buddha at the site, the largest one constructed in 695 following an edict a year earlier by Tang Empress Wu Zetian to build giant statues across the country. As a frontier town, Dunhuang had been occupied at various times by other non-Han Chinese people. After the Tang Dynasty, the site went into a gradual decline, and construction of new caves ceased entirely after the Yuan Dynasty. By then Islam had conquered much of Central Asia, and the Silk Road declined in importance when trading via sea-routes began to dominate Chinese trade with the outside world. During the Ming Dynasty, the Silk Road was finally officially abandoned, and Dunhuang slowly became depopulated and largely forgotten by the outside world. Most of the Mogao caves were abandoned; the site was still a place of pilgrimage and was used as a place of worship by local people at the beginning of the twentieth century when there was renewed interest in the site.

Stoneware

High-fired clay (1000-1200° C vitrified ceramic ware a dense, non-translucent body and usually glazed eg celadon

Porcelain

High-fired clay (1200-1400° C) a white ceramic ware that is made of kaolin always glazed has a translucent body with almost no absorption makes a ringing sound like a metal when struck

How did environmental factors influence trade patterns along the Silk Road(s)?

In the Indian Ocean, monsoon winds blow from the northeast in the winter and from the southwest in the summer. With a southwestern wind pushing them east, merchants were able to travel from the Red Sea between Egypt and Arabia to India in the summer and then back to the Red Sea in the winter.

Xuande period meiping vase

It features an exuberant five-claw imperial dragon as the central motif, which projects an air of majesty and power as it strides around the surface of the vessel. Four frontal lion masks, alternating with stylized clouds, decorate the shoulder. The scale and imperial imagery of this magnificent vase suggest a formal use within the halls of an imperial compound. It was likely one of a matching pair of vases, used to create balanced, formal arrangements in the large rooms of the Forbidden City, the imperial palace in Beijing. 5-claw for emperor; small mouth, short neck, broad shoulders, wide feet lec 1

what made maritime trade possible

Maritime trading links between Arabia and China from around the 8th century AD after technologies in the science of NAVIGATION, in ASTRONOMY, and in the techniques of SHIP BUILDING advanced enough to make long-distance sea travel possible

ci

Porcelain

obstacles

Silk Road travelers encountered two dreadful deserts (Taklamakan Desert and Gobi Desert) and two mountain ranges (Tian Shan Mountain and Pamir Mountain Ranges)

Shakyamuni

historical Buddha - 563-483 BCE Disturbed by suffering in the world • Determined to find its cause • Samsara: Cyle of rebirth - Karma • Deeds that determine next birth Meditation under the Great tree • Temptation by Mara • Finally found the truth through meditation - Gained "enlightenment" • Became the Buddha - The "Enlightened One" • "First Sermon" - Set forth the Four Truths of the "Wheel of the Law" (Dharma) 1. To be is to suffer 2. Suffering is caused by craving, attachment 3. Craving and attachment can be stopped 4. These are stopped by following a path of wisdom, moral conduct, and mental discipline • Founded monastic communities • Accepted lay believers • At death, attained parinirvana - Final release from the cycle of rebirth • Cremated • Relics (remains) enshrined in hemispherical mounds - Stupa: Buddhist reliquaries • Focuses of worship - His teachings were collected in scriptures called Sutras

Kiln

kiln technology has always been a key factor in the development of pottery.

Jingdezhen

known as the "Porcelain Capital," it has been producing pottery for 1,700 years. The city has a well-documented history that stretches back over 2,000 years

Reign Mark

mark on bottom of ware that tells you where it's from

Chunghua

more and more secular images like 100 children enamel decoration perfected

parts of a ceramic

mouth, lip neck shoulders body foot

The Ming Dynasty

(1368-1644) Tributary System - China = center kingdom, middle of the universe A period of cultural restoration and expansion The reestablishment of an indigenous Chinese ruling house Court painters: painters produced didactic and realistic representation, in emulation of the styles of the earlier Southern Song (1127-1279) Imperial Painting Academy. Large-scale landscapes, flower-and-bird compositions, and figural narratives were particularly favored as images Elites and scholars: Amateur painters tried to differentiate themselves from professional and court painters through subject matters, styles, and medium. Woodblock prints flourished Four Classic Chinese novels: Romance of the Three Kingdoms (brave general, smart/strategy, VIRTUOSITY), the Water Margin, Journey to the West, Dream of the Red Chamber modeled after Song Dynasty where scholar officials = top of social hierarchy "brush is stronger than sword" - being able to read or write highly valued

Development of Porcelain in Europe Soft-pasted porcelain

(14th c. -18th c) Medici porcelain (1571-1587) under the sponsorship of Francesco de'Medici was the FIRST successful attempt in Europe to make imitations of Chinese porcelain. Medici porcelain combined a heated frit mixture of sand, winelees, and salt with fine white sand and white clay. (glass, powdered rock crystal, and sand) Made into a paste, formed into shape, it was first given a biscuit (unglazed) firing of about 1100oC. After the wares were decorated and glazed they received a second firing of 900-950 oC The porcelain was termed "soft" because of their lower firing temperates compared with hard-paste porcelain. The ware, heavily potted, was covered with a rather CLOUDY, BUBBLE-PITTED glaze. Production was limited; most of the wares were made as gifts for European princes. The rare surviving examples (about 60) include utilitarian objects such as flasks, jugs, bowls, and plates, in addition to purely decorative ones such as plaques. The decoration is generally blue and white, but occasionally manganese is added.

Yi Sunsin

(1545-1598) Korean general who fought against Japanese in 7-yr war despite Ming's abandonment

"Pottery Wars" "Tea bowl Wars" Imjin Waeran or Japanese Invasion of Korea

(1592-1598) • Japan's goal: conquest of Chinese Ming dynasty • Joseon refused to help - Loyal to Ming • Japan invaded • Ming came to Joseon's aid • Korean navy controlled the sea - Famous "turtle ships" • Cannon bearing, iron-clad • Joseon and Ming finally defeated Japanese forces • Devastating consequences for Korea • Tremendous loss of life, towns, villages, farmland, irrigation systems - Large number of prisoners • Loss of cultural treasures - Government records - Monasteries and palaces - Art • Korean pottery industry destroyed - end of bukchon wares - Korean potters abducted and taken to Japan • "Pottery wars" Ming Dynasty fell Japanese Society war lords -> samurai scholars advise both Zen Buddhism - important to drink tea bc importance to stay awake advisor to Hideyoshi - have to change way to we drink tea should not be flashy but humble - crawl door KOREAN RICE BOWL Joseon ware - simple, pure, soft - great for Japanese tea

Porcelains in the Qing Dynasty

(1644-1912) During the Qing Dynasty, potters began using bright colors to adorn plates and vases with meticulously painted scenes. Porcelain ceramicists continued developing five-colored ware by applying a variety of underglaze pigments to floral, landscape, and figurative scenes - a style which was (and is) highly sought-after in the West. The development of fencai enamel was one of the most significant technical contributions made to ceramics during the Qing period. Since the colors appeared softer than those of five-colored wares, fencai is also known as soft color. The new opaque colors enabled painters to blend tints to create a multitude of shades and hues. Fencai enamel was first introduced in the Kangxi period, and its production reached a mature stage in the Yongzheng era. As the improved fencai enamels had a wider range of colors and each could be applied in a variety of tones, they could be used to depict some of the highly complicated pictorial compositions of flower and plant forms, figures, and even insects. The Qing Dynasty is a period specially noted for the production of color glazes. In the area of monochromes, Qing potters succeeded in reproducing most of the famous glaze colors found in ceramic wares of the Song, Yuan and Ming Dynasties. In addition, they created a variety of new glazes, thus bringing vibrant energy to Chinese porcelain and art.

Qingbai wares

(also called 'yingqing') - white with blueish greenish tint Song Dynasty were made at Jingdezhen and at many other southern kilns from the time of the Northern Song dynasty until they were eclipsed in the 14th century by underglaze-decorated blue and white wares.

Kunst-und Wunderkammer

(cabinet of art and curiosities): in 16th century, objects d'art, rare curiosities were placed in cabinet of art and curiosities in Germany. Different names in different cultures: Studioli (Italy), Cabinet of Curiosities (England), études (France)

Sancai ware

(three-color) green, yellow, brown earthenware - when Silk Road flourished - depicted foreigners on camels - from tombs; want to continue luxurious life into the afterlife (Musicians on horseback) Music and dance were an everyday part of Silk Road life, whether it was the drummer who accompanied armies on the march, the travelling troupes of musicians and dancers, the chanting of Buddhist monks, or popular songs sung in the home. There are numerous material artifacts showing musicians and dancers. This group dating from c.689 consists of a orchestra on horses. They include both men and women, variously dressed in Chinese and Central Asian clothes and hats and playing drums and flutes. The artist has carefully painted the bridles and eyelashes of the horses in black over the glaze. lec 1

Dutch Delftware

16th century Tin-glazed ware is earthenware covered with an opaque glaze that, unless color has been added, is white. called faience, majolica, and delftware Essentially it is lead glaze made opaque by the addition of tin oxide It also forms part of the worldwide family of blue and white pottery, using variations of the PLANT-BASED decoration first developed in 14th century Chinese porcelain, and in great demand in Europe. The most highly-regarded period of production is about 1640-1740.

Zhang Qian

After suffering a major defeat at the hands of the nomadic Xiongnu, LIU BANG, founder of the Han dynasty decided to appease his formidable northern neighbors by concluding the first of many peace treaties with them. The terms included gifts of large quantities of silver, food, and silks to the Xiongnu and the marriage of Han princesses to the Xiongnu rulers. Han agreed to the humiliating terms because the dynasty was new and unstable and because the people were exhausted from previous wars and not ready to undertake new ones. When Xiongnu nomads became too big a threat hired Zhang Qian to ally with other nomadic tribe Xiongnu captured him = got married for 10 yrs found yuezhi - did not want to ally against xiongnu captured by xiongnu again but escaped told emperor of what he saw - desire to expand

European Forms in Ware

As the export trade increased, so did the demand from Europe for familiar, utilitarian forms. European forms such as mugs, ewers, and candlesticks were unknown in China, so models were sent to the Chinese potteries to be copied. While SILVER forms probably served as the original source for many of the forms that were reproduced in porcelain, it is now thought that WOODEN models were provided to the Chinese potters. As the European market for Chinese porcelain grew, so, too, did the desire for specifically Western forms. In response, Chinese potters looked to European examples in other materials for inspiration. The stepped square-sectioned shape of this porcelain taperstick is derived from European metalwork.

Chinese trade items

Besides silk, the Chinese also traded fine dishware, ornaments, jewelry, cast iron products, and decorative boxes. The Chinese received a variety of trades for their goods such as horses, jade, furs, gold, cotton, spices, pearls, and ivory. The Roman traded glassware and gold something the Chinese really wanted.

13th and 14th century (Yuan dynasty, 1271-1368)

Blue and white porcelain became popular in China and for export, under foreign rule. Because of this, improvements in water transportation and the re-unification under Mongol rule, pottery production started to concentrate near deposits of kaolin, such as Jingdezhen. huge size - Middle Eastern tastes merchants and trade flourished when Marco Polo visited Mongols = open-minded, capital = Beijing Arabic merchants = huge role in culture native Chinese preferred monochrome and not much decoration

Most popular Bodhisattva

Bodhisattva of Compassion (Avalokiteshvara in Sanscrit) 1000 arms and eyes to help ppl if u just say my name i will help you

Blue and White in 17th century

By the beginning of the 17th century Chinese blue and white porcelain was exported directly to Europe. RISE OF DUTCH OVER PORTUGUESE (DUTCH EAST INDIA) Chinese made & exported porcelain for the Europeans European symbols and scenes coexisted with Chinese scenes In the 1640s, rebellions in China and wars between the Ming dynasty and the Manchus damaged many kilns, and in 1656-1684 the new Qing Dynasty government stopped trade by CLOSING its ports. In Japan, abducted Korean potters during the Japanese Invasion of Korea (1592-1598) and Chinese potter refugees were able to introduce refined porcelain techniques and enamel glazes to the Arita kilns. From 1658, the Dutch East India Company looked to JAPAN for blue-and-white porcelain to sell in Europe. From 1659-1740, the Arita kilns were able to export enormous quantities of porcelain to Europe and Asia. From about 1640 Dutch DELFTWARE also became a competitor, using styles imitative of the East Asian decoration. Gradually the Chinese kilns RECOVERED, and by about 1740 the first period of Japanese export porcelain had all but ceased. Oriental blue and white porcelain were sometimes enhanced by fine silver and gold mounts and they were collected by kings and princes.

Caravan

Caravan is a group of people traveling together for safety reasons. Caravansaries: Caravansaries provided food, water, lodging, and opportunities to socialize and exchange ideas with other travelers.

blue and white Muslim vessel type

Chinese version - handles become dragons, less geometric, Chinese symbolic figures - phoenix and dragon (Imperial symbol) - 5 claws for emperor, 3 for family lec 1

6th to 10th century (Sui and Tang dynasties, 581-907 AD)

During this period a wide range of ceramics, low-fired and high-fired, were produced. These included the well-known Tang lead-glazed SANCAI (three-color) wares, the high-firing, lime-glazed YUE WARE CELADONS. In northern China, high-fired, translucent porcelains were made at kilns in the provinces of Henan and Hebei. - porcelain? Yue ware - called porcelain but is not sort of green

Dynastic Marriages

Dynastic marriages of 3 princess of Saxony, granddaughters of Augustus the Strong, with European royalty contributed the establishment of a royal factory in their new homeland or provided additional impetus to its development. Princess Maria Amalia Christina married Charles, King of Naples and the Two Sicilies in 1738 Princess Maria Josepha married the Dauphin of France in 1747 Maria Anna Sophia married the Elector of Bavaria Maximilian III Joseph in 1747

1000 buddha cave murals

Early murals: a strong Indian and Central Asian influence in the painting techniques used, the composition and style of the paintings as well as costumes worn by the figures Distinct Dunhuang style: emerged during Northern Wei Dynasty. Motifs of Chinese, Central Asian and Indian origin may be found in a single cave, and Chinese elements increased during the Western Wei period A common motif in many caves is the areas entirely covered by rows of small seated Buddha figures, after which this and other "Thousand Buddhas Caves" are named. These small Buddhas were drawn using stencils so that identical figures may be replicated. Flying apsaras, or celestial beings may be depicted in the ceiling or above the Buddhas, and figures of donors may be shown along the bottom of the walls. The paintings often depict jataka tales which are stories of the life of Buddha

tao

Earthen Ware water can evaporate out of it

Blue and White Porcelain

Following in the tradition of earlier qingbai porcelains, blue and white wares are glazed using a transparent porcelain glaze. The blue decoration is painted onto the body of the porcelain before glazing, using very finely ground COBALT OXIDE mixed with water. After the decoration has been applied the pieces are glazed and fired. It is believed that underglaze blue and white porcelain was first made in the TANG dynasty. Only three complete pieces of Tang blue and white porcelain are known to exist. Starting early in the 14th century, blue and white porcelain rapidly became the main product of Jingdezhen, reaching the height of its technical excellence during the later years of the reign of the Kangxi Emperor and continuing in present times to be an important product of the city. Some characteristics of blue and white porcelain: The translucent body showing through the clear glaze is of great whiteness and the cobalt decoration, applied in many layers.

Other European Soft-Paste

France Augustus the Strong (1670-1733), Elector of Saxony and King of Poland visited the court of the Sun King, Louis XIV of France and came to admire blue and white porcelain in Louis XIV collection. Experiments at the Rouen manufactory produced the earliest soft-paste in France, when a 1673 patent was granted to Louis Poterat, but it seems that not much was made. The first important French porcelain was made at the Saint-Cloud factory, which was an established maker of faience in 1702. England Thomas Briand demonstrated at the Royal Society in 1742 to make soft paste porcelain and is believed to have been based on the Saint-Cloud formula. In 1749, Thomas Frye, a portrait painter, took out a patent on a porcelain containing bone ash. This was the first bone china, subsequently perfected by Josiah Spode.

Transmission of Buddhism to Asia

From India, across Central Asia, to China • From north and south China to Korea • From Korea to Japan hard to do bc Confucianism made it selfish for one to give up everything and abandon family

German Nymphenburg

From Vienna workers knowledge in the production and decoration of porcelain began to disperse throughout Germany in the late 1740s. One factory that benefitted from the influx of skilled artists was in Neudeck-Nymphenburg. From 1729 until 1747, unsuccessful experiments to produce porcelain had been undertaken in Bavaria. When Princess Maria Anna Sophia (the granddaughter of Augustus the Strong) married the Elector of Bavaria, she offered her support to the new Bavarian enterprise at Neudeck-Nymphenburg. The sculptor Franz Anton Bustelli was appointed as chief modeler brought the Nymphenburg great fortune. Franz Anton Busterlli and Johann Joahchim Kandler of Meissen are considere the greatest porcelain modelers of 18th-century Europe

library cave

Guardian of Mogao temples In 1900, Wang discovered a small cave known as "Library Cave" stuffed with an enormous collection of manuscripts In the next few years, Wang took some manuscripts to show to various officials who expressed varying level of interest, but in 1904 Wang re-sealed the cave following an order by the governor of Gansu. Wang's discovery drew the attention of a joint British/Indian group led by Hungarian archaeologist Aurel Stein who was on an archaeological expedition in the area in 1907. Stein negotiated with Wang to allow him to remove a significant number of manuscripts and the finest paintings and textiles for a fee. In 1908 a French expedition under Paul Pelliot acquired acquired many thousands of item. In 1911 a Japanese expedition came under Otani Kozui. In 1914 a Russian expedition came under Sergei F. Oldenburg. Dated from 5th to 11th C. 50,000 manuscripts Most of them are written in Chinese but some are written in Tibetan, Uigur, Sansckrit, and Sogdian Mostly Buddhist texts but has some Confucian, Taoist, Nestorian Christian works as well as government documents Chronicle the development of Buddhism in China, record the political and cultural life of the time, and provide documentation of mundane secular matters

Han Dynasty (206 BCE- 220 CE)

Han Wudi: Trade grew more because of exploration - Zhang Qian

Theravada: The Small Path

Historical Buddha as a role model Believers achieve nirvana by practicing personal asceticism like Buddha Focuses on the life of the historical Buddha and his previous lives (jataka) Parinirvana is limited to the few people who can become monks and nuns and perform the necessary rituals

Court Painters and Amateur Scholar

Important distinctions are based on style and related to social class Two approaches to representation - Court Painters - Objective likeness Literal, detailed, technically proficient Registers external appearance flower & bird painted on silk, lots of colors, exact likeness - literati - Province of scholar-amateur (literati) painters "objective + subjective likeness" Expressive, sketchy, somewhat abstract Registers artist's response to subject monochrome, occasional light colors, on PAPER (not silk) painted plants, landscapes, not women or animals, few flowers expresses inner mind no training from master not for sale, inscribed poems on painting, put personal; stamps bamboo/rock - integrity, loyalty, stability, bamboo knot = integrity other ppl write their impressions crane = longevity+ scholar official

French Vincennes and Sèvres

In 1745 the French king granted a royal privilege to the soft-paste porcelain manufactory in Vincennes. The privilege awarded Vincennes the exclusive right in France to manufacture Meissen-style painted and gilt-ornamented porcelain depicting human figures. A great rivalry between the two royal factories of Saxony and France Madame de Pompadour: the king's mistress, the chief patroness of the arts, the influential persons in Louis's court Madame de Pompadour encouraged the porcelain factory's relocation at Sèvres and wares produced after the move are known as Sèvres porcelain. Sèvres led the fashions and the market in ceramics throughout Europe until the last decades of the century.

Xuanzang

In 629, a Chinese Buddhist monk named Xuanzang wanted to go west to India to learn more about Buddhism, but at the time, the emperor had forbidden travel outside China. Xuanzang in the end believed that going to India was the only way to answer questions that troubled Chinese Buddhists. He started a seventeen-year journey that year, much of it spent as a fugitive and traveling under the cover of darkness. Xuanzang traveled along the Silk Road. He survived the dangerous Taklamakan Desert and continued through the high and harsh mountains of Tian Shan. He was to have many adventures as he worked his way through India, on to Nepal, the home of the Buddha, and then to Nalanda where he spent many years living with the greatest teachers and thinkers of this time. Before he returned home, Xuanzang had converted pirates who meant to rob and kill him, survived deadly typhoons, and won a Great Debate in front of thousands of wise men in India. The return trip was no less difficult and he slowly made his way back studying, teaching, and learning about the cultures of the people he met along the way. Xuanzang was still officially a fugitive in his homeland, China, because he had left without permission. Xuanzang wrote a letter to the emperor describing what he had learned and as a result, the emperor not only welcomed him back, but appointed him a court advisor. The rest of Xuanzang's life was spent in teaching, advising and translating manuscripts that made the journey home with him. Following his journey, Buddhism became more prevalent and more widely understood in China and subsequently elsewhere in the world. The record of his pilgrimage helps us to study and understand Buddhism and the cultures along the Silk Roads.

Blue and White Porcelain in 18th century

In the 18th century export porcelain continued to be produced for the European markets. The European manufacture of porcelain started at Meissen in Germany in 1707. The DETAILED SECRETS of Chinese hard-paste porcelain technique were transmitted to Europe through the efforts of the Jesuit Father Francois Xavier d'Entrecolles between 1712 and 1722. As a result, Chinese exports of porcelain soon SHRANK considerably, especially by the end of the reign of the Qianlong Emperor. EVERYONE COPIED CHINA ------- The early wares were strongly influenced by Chinese and other Oriental porcelains and an early pattern was blue onion, which is still in production at the Meissen factory today. The first phase of the French porcelain was also strongly influenced by Chinese designs. Early English porcelain wares were also influenced by Chinese wares and when the production of porcelain started at Worcester, nearly forty years after Meissen, Oriental blue and white wares provided the inspiration for much of the decoration used. Hand-painted and transfer-printed wares were made at Worcester and at other early English factories in a style known as Chinoiserie. Many other European factories followed this trend. In Delft, Netherlands blue and white ceramics taking their designs from Chinese export porcelains made for the Dutch market were made in large numbers throughout the 17th Century. Blue and white Delftware was itself extensively copied by factories in other European countries, including England, where it is known as English Delftware.

European Hard-paste porcelain

It was successfully produced at MEISSEN in 1708 by Ehrenfried Walther von TSCHIRNHAUS, though Johann Friedrich BOTTGER who continued his work has often been credited with the discovery of this recipe. One of the main reasons to find the discovery the secret of making porcelain was to CURTAIL FLOW OF FUNDS to the East. Tschrinhaus once said that porcelain is the "bleeding-bowl of Saxony." As the recipe was kept secret, experiments continued elsewhere, mixing glass materials with clay or other substances to give whiteness and a degree of plasticity. In 1709, Böttger announced to Augustus that he could produce a good white porcelain with a very fine glaze. On the strength of these discoveries, the first European hard-paste porcelain factory was established at Meissen in ***1710**. Eleven centuries after the Chinese first produced a white, thin, translucent ware, Europe finally had its own true porcelain.

East -West Trade Treasures of Chinese Porcelain

KRAAK porcelain = name for porcelain Chinese made for European export Introduced to Europe in the fourteenth century, Chinese porcelains were regarded as objects of great rarity and luxury. The Chinese porcelain in the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries were often mounted in gilt silver, which emphasized their preciousness and transformed them into entirely different objects. By the early sixteenth century—after Portugal established trade routes to the Far East and began commercial trade with Asia—Chinese potters began to produce objects specifically for export to the West, and porcelains began to arrive in some quantity. Porcelains were a part of the trade—the cargos were full of tea, silks, paintings, lacquerware, metalwork, and ivory. The porcelains were often stored at the lowest level of the ships, both to provide ballast and because they were impervious to water, in contrast to the even more expensive tea stored above. The blue-and-white dishes that comprised such a significant proportion of the export porcelain trade became known as kraak porcelain, the term deriving from the Dutch name for caracca, the Portuguese merchant ship.

peony crane lion/tiger butterfly bat lotus flower

King of Flowers, Imperial flower - wealth longevity (bc immortals rode on cranes - symbol of Confucian gentlemen scholars) bravery pair - harmony, marital harmony same sound as blessing, upside down - blessings pouring down purity enlightenment

Earthenware

Low-fired clay (700-900° C) porous body fragile suitable for cooking and storing food i.e. flower pots

red pottery

Ming desire to break away from Mongol rule of blue-and-white red assoc. with their name and is an auspicious color lec 1

Mongols and Islam

Muslims often served as tax collectors and administrators. They were accorded extraordinary opportunities during the Mongol period because Kublai Khan and the other Mongol rulers of China could not rely exclusively upon the subjugated Chinese to help in ruling China. They needed outsiders, and the Muslims were among those who assisted Kublai. The Mongols recognized that Islamic scholars had made great leaps in the studies of astronomy and medicine, and they invited many specialists in those fields to come to China assisted the Chinese in developing a new, more accurate calendar. The Mongols were also impressed by the Persians' advances in medicine. They recruited a number of Persian doctors to China to establish an Office for Muslim Medicine

Jingdezhen

NORTHERN Jingdezhen is a city in northeastern Jiangxi province, China. It is known as the "Porcelain Capital" because it has been producing pottery for 1,700 years. The city has a well-documented history that stretches back over 2,000 years. Jingdezhen's porcelain became known internationally for being "as thin as paper, as white as jade, as bright as a mirror, and as sound as a bell". QINGBAI --> blue & white (vs. south = creamy wares)

Early East-West Trade

PORTUGAL GOT AFRICA AND INDIA AND BRAZIL SPAIN = REST OF NEW WORLD The Crusades: a series of religious wars fought by European Christians between 1095 and 1291 to reclaim the Holy Land from the Muslims Crusading knights were exposed to new philosophies, innovations in science and technology, and new customs and lifestyles They brought spices (pepper, nutmeg, cinnamon, cloves, and saffron) from the Moluccas (Spice Islands) and India and garments of luxurious materials (damask and silk) Spices became a symbol of prestigious (ex. pepper could on occasion substitute for gold) The Portuguese made forays south in the Atlantic from about 1419 seeking gold along the west coast of Africa and attempting to round the Cape of Good Hope. Queen Isabella of Spain banked on a westerly route to the Spice Islands. Pope Alexander VI (1431-1503) proclaimed a line of demarcation dividing the non-Christian world in half from pole to pole, passing 100 leagues to the west of the Cape Verde Islands. The Papal Bull claimed all the lands to the west, the entire "New World," for Spain and Portugal gained lands to the east including Africa and India. However, Portugal was able to settle Brazil and capitalize on an important Atlantic Ocean current through Treat of Tordesillas (1494). The Line of Demarcation between Spanish and Portuguese territory was first defined by Pope Alexander VI (1493) and was later revised by the Treaty of Tordesillas (1494). Spain won control of lands discovered west of the line, while Portugal gained rights to new lands to the east.

Caravan Cities

Petra, Palmyra, Bamiya

Chinese Export Porcelain in 18th century

Porcelain decorated only in blue pigment painted under the glaze dominated the export trade until the very end of the 17th century. The popularity of POLYCHROME enameled decoration painted over the glaze seems to be a result of the growing interest in porcelain decorated with COATS OF ARMS The first armorial porcelain was painted in cobalt blue only, and this monochrome palette made it extremely difficult to depict a legible coat of arms. Polychrome enamels <<allowed for detailed, accurate coats of arms>> and the trade in armorial porcelain became the defining aspect of Chinese export porcelain in the eighteenth century.

The Meissen's first hard-paste porcelain

Porcelain were too precious for actual use, they probably held a place of honor as ornamental display on buffets, functioning in the baroque silver tradition or as centerpieces on tables set with dishes of silver or silver-gilt. By the late <<1730s to early 1740s,>> porcelain began to replace silver services on grand banquet tables. By the 1740s, Meissen table services were in great demand among the European aristocracy. Some imperial family members who were collectors of Meissen porcelain established their own imperial factories with the assistance of defectors from the Meissen factory Ex. Tsarina Elizabeth I Petrovna (r. 1741-1761)

Objective likeness

Registers external appearances Literal, "realistic" Precisely executed Tight, controlled lines Careful applications of color Detailed, elaborate Especially suited to portraits, documentary paintings, decorative paintings Requires specialized training Practiced in: Workshops, Court academies

chinese influence on Persia (b/c Mongols)

Some Chinese painters — or perhaps their pattern books — were sent to Persia, where they had a tremendous impact on the development of Persian miniature paintings. The dragon and phoenix motifs from China first appear in Persian art during the Mongol era. The representation of clouds, trees, and landscapes in Persian painting also owes a great deal to Chinese art — all due to the cultural transmission supported by the Mongols.

Blue and White Porcelain in 16th century

Some blue and white wares of the 16th century were characterized by <<Islamic influences>> under the Zhengde Emperor (r. 1506-1521), which sometimes bore Persian and Arabic script, due to the influence of <<<<Muslim eunuchs serving at his court>>>>

zi, ci

Stoneware vitrified, translucent w/ applied glaze

Systems of Classification

Style = important means of classifying painters and painting Stylistic lineage of painters Painter is a "follower of" Painter founded his own "school" A painting is "in style of"

Scary Places

Taklaman Desert, Gobi Desert Tian Shan Mt., Pamir

The Cultural Biography of the Foothill Vase

The Fonthill Vases a bluish-white QINGBAI Chinese porcelain vase (NOT REAL PORCELAIN) dated to 1300-1340 AD. It is the EARLIEST documented Chinese porcelain object to have REACHED EUROPE. The vase was made in JINGDEZHEN, China, and comes from the final years of Qingbai ware in Jingdezhen BEFORE IT WAS REPLACED by the new blue and white porcelain, which started in earnest after 1320. cultural biography = method of art history - study as though it were a living thing object has its own life - meaning not fixed

14th to 17th century (Ming dynasty, 1368-1644)

The Ming dynasty saw an extraordinary period of innovation in ceramic manufacture. Kilns investigated new techniques in design and shapes, showing a predilection for color and painted design, and an openness to foreign forms. The Yongle Emperor (1402-24) was especially curious about other countries and enjoyed unusual shapes, many inspired by Islamic metalwork. During the Xuande period (1426-35), a technical refinement was introduced in the preparation of the cobalt used for underglaze blue decoration. Prior to this the cobalt had been brilliant in color, but with a tendency to bleed in firing; by adding manganese the color was duller, but the line crisper. Xuande porcelain is now considered among the finest of all Ming output. Enamelled decoration was perfected under the Chenghua Emperor (1464-87), and greatly prized by later collectors. Indeed, by the late 16th century, Chenghua and Xuande era works - especially wine cups - had grown so much in popularity, that their prices nearly matched genuine antique wares of the Song dynasty or even older. This esteem for relatively recent ceramics excited much scorn on the part of literati scholars; these literati scholars fancied themselves arbiters of taste and found the painted aesthetic 'vulgar.' In addition to these decorative innovations, the late Ming dynasty underwent a dramatic shift towards a market economy, exporting porcelain around the world on an unprecedented scale. Thus aside from supplying porcelain for domestic use, the kilns at Jingdezhen became the main production center for large-scale porcelain exports to Europe starting with the reign of the Wanli Emperor (1572-1620). By this time, kaolin and pottery stone were mixed in about equal proportions. Kaolin produced wares of great strength when added to the paste; it also enhanced the whiteness of the body - a trait that became a much sought after property, especially when form blue-and-white wares grew in popularity. Pottery stone could be fired at a lower temperature (1,250 °C; 2,280 °F) than paste mixed with kaolin, which required 1,350 °C (2,460 °F). These sorts of variations were important because the large southern egg-shaped kiln varied greatly in temperature. Near the firebox it was hottest; near the chimney, at the opposite end of the kiln, it was cooler.

Mongol Basics

The Mongol Empire was the largest empire the world has ever known Ghengis Khan Used marriage as a tactic - took wives e.g. korea koryo dynasty Mongolian last name = chung - loyalty Proclaimed emperor of china est yuan dynasty- kublai khan Talent of novelty Confucianism - Civil Service Exam - humanities: history, poetry, composition, prose Scholars, farmers, artisans, merchants - bottom of society bc money, good, foreigners Confucius - values ppl who work with their hands, merchants don't produce anything, not adding anything to society, making money from other ppl's work Nomadic - don't cultivate, only influx of products = trade Mongols raised position of merchants in society Mongol opened up carvan to everyone not just officials Chinese gov - always taxed Mongols supported trade = tax breaks, paper money The Mongols were the first people to use paper money as their sole form of currency. After the Mongols were gone, the Silk Road was shut down.

Mongols and art

The Mongols recruited artisans from all over the known world to travel to their domains in China and Persia. Three separate weaving communities, for example, were moved from Central Asia and Persia to China because they produced a specific kind of textile — a cloth of gold — which the Mongols cherished

Mongol Contribution to Silk Road

The Mongols solved such problems by creating services stations, called YAMS, every twenty miles to protect travelers and provide a place to get a hot meal and place to lay your head. The yams were part motel, part post office, and part military barracks. They made traveling the Silk Road safe and efficient which is always good for business. It is said that in the time of the Mongol Empire a caravan loaded with gold could travel from one end of the Silk Road to the other without needing a bodyguard. And that is exactly how the Mongols wanted it. The Mongols also created the world's first PASSPORT that travelers hung around their necks. Each passport was made of a different material engraved with a symbol that told how important the traveler was.

The Dutch East India Company

The Portuguese vs. The Dutch merchants A new era of East-West trade began in the 17th century as maritime and mercantile activities coalesced in the hands of the Dutch The Dutch called the Chinese blue-and-white kraakporselein (porcelain from a carrack)

eras of the silk road

The first era : the Roman empire to the west and the Han (206 BCE-220 CE) empire to the east The second era: the emergence of the Umayyad (661-750) and Abbasid (750-1258) Caliphates on one hand and the reunification of China under the Sui (581-618) and Tang (618-907) dynasties on the other end The third era: the Mongol empire (1206-1368) The Silk Roads declined in the 16th century with the decline of the Mongol empire, the spread of the plague in the 14th century, and the opening of new ocean trade routes in the 16th century.

Italian Capodimonte and Spanish Buen Retiro

The soft-paste porcelian of Cpodimonte is composed of fine white clay and glass frit (rather than the porcelain stone of Meissen's hard paste) & fired at a lower temperature Prized for its highly translucent, milky white body and lustrous glaze The patron of the Capodimonte factory (Charles IV, King of Naples, and Charles VII, King of the Two Sicilies, later Charles III, King of Spain) was so font of his Capodimonte porcelain that he moved the factory (workers, equipment, and 9500 pounds of porcelain paste) to a new site at the Buen Retiro Palace in Madrid

Geobukseon

Turtle Ship

Blue and White Porcelain in 15th century

With the advent of the Ming dynasty in 1368, blue and white ware was shunned for a time by the Court, as being TOO FOREIGN in inspiration. Blue and white porcelain however came back to prominence with the Xuande Emperor (r. 1368-1644), and again developed from that time on.

Spice Roads

Zanzibar - Tanzania, Alexandra - Egypt, Muscat - Oman, Goa - India

Saggar

a lidded ceramic box intended to protect the piece from kiln debris, smoke and cinders during firing.

Dragon kiln

also known as a "climbing kiln" a dragon kiln is a traditional Chinese form of kiln, used for ceramics, especially in southern China. It is long and thin, and relies on having a fairly steep slope. The kiln could achieve the very high temperatures, sometimes as high as 1400°C, necessary for high-fired wares including stoneware and porcelain.

4 scholarly plants

bamboo, plum blossom, orchid, chrysanthemum

spices

cinnamon, pepper, ginger, cloves and nutmeg

Confucian social hierarchy

emperor, scholars-military, farmers, artisans, merchants Ming scholars looked down on blue-and-white

mongols intolerance

emperors forbade Islamic practices like Halal butchering, forcing Mongol methods of butchering animals on Muslims, and other restrictive degrees continued. Muslims had to slaughter sheep in secret. Genghis Khan directly called Muslims and Jews "slaves" Circumcision was also forbidden. Jews were also affected, and forbidden by the Mongols to eat Kosher.

Yi Sam-pyong

founder of Japanese porcelain, found kaolin deposits and arita ware

Blue Onion

is a fine porcelain tableware pattern for dishware originally manufactured by Meissen porcelain since the 18th century, but copied by other companies since the late 19th century as well. The so-called "onions" are not onions at all, but, according to historians, are most likely mutations of the peaches and pomegranates modeled on the original Chinese pattern

scholar artists

painted winter plants to show loyalty - color never changes even in winter plum blossom - first to bloom in winter

3 friends of winter/seasonal greetings

pine tree, bamboo, plum blossom

true porcelain

porcelain rock + kaolin, mold, dry, paint, glaze, fire @ high temp 1250 - 1400, enamel paint, low temp firing 700 -900 (Koreans would never overglaze enamel decoration) but Japanese and Chinese did for exports

100 Children

see lec 1 pic fertility - grapes, cucumber, pomegranate, watermelon - lots of seeds grape = transmission of Buddhism from the West

mongols and christianity

some Mongol women, including Genghis Khan's own mother, had converted to a heretical form of Christianity known as Nestorian Christianity. The Nestorian sect had been banned from Europe from around the 5th Century CE The Mongol attacks on Hungary and Poland in 1241 had alerted the Europeans to the power of the Mongols and so frightened them that, in 1245, the Pope in Rome called an Ecumenical Council to deliberate on a response to the Mongols. Two Franciscan missionaries were eventually dispatched to the East. brought back the first accurate accounts of the Mongols. Many Mongol warriors and tribes in the era of Genghis Khan and Kublia Khan were Christians. Several tribes had been Christian for centuries.

Blue and White Porcelain in 14th century

started with the first half of the 14th century - REPLACED QINGBAI the century-long tradition of bluish-white ware early 14th century: MASS-PRODUCTION of fine, translucent, blue and white porcelain started at JINGDEZHEN. due to the combination of Chinese techniques and Islamic trade (cobalt blue from Persia). Cobalt blue: a value about twice that of gold. Local cobalt: developed from the 16th century, but PERSIAN COBALT was still the most expensive and desired. blue-and-white wares was then shipped to Southwest-Asian markets through the Muslim traders based in Guangzhou. Motifs also draw inspiration from ISLAMIC DECORATIONS Chinese blue and white porcelain: 1st firing-> decorated with cobalt-blue pigment mixed with water-> coated with a clear glaze -> 2nd firing at high temperature Chinese blue and white ware became extremely popular in the Middle-East from the 14th century, where both Chinese and Islamic types coexisted. From the 13th century, Chinese pictorial designs, such as flying cranes, dragons and lotus flowers also started to appear in the ceramic productions of the Near-East, especially in Syria and Egypt. CHINESE DESIGN APPROPRIATED BY NEAR EAST Chinese porcelain of the 14th or 15th century was transmitted to the Middle-East and the Near East, and especially to the Ottoman Empire either through GIFTS OR WAR BOOTY. Chinese designs were extremely influential with the pottery manufacturers at Iznik, Turkey. The MING "GRAPE" design in particular was highly popular and was extensively reproduced under the Ottoman Empire.

Kaolin

the primary material from which porcelain is made The name "kaolin" is derived from "Gaoling", a Chinese village near Jingdezhen in southeastern China.

Qin Shuangdi

unified language, measurement, law - but also burned books legalism, terracotta soldier tomb harsh and cruel conditions --> Han Dynasty

Bamboo

which bends without breaking, has long been a symbol of integrity and strength. It was also a favorite subject of Ming and Qing scholar-painters.

Iconography of the Bodhisattvas

• Bodhisattvas - Model = the Buddha before enlightenment, an Indian prince • Fine clothes • Long hair • Jewelry - More worldly than a Buddha - More relaxed or animated postures A large variety of bodhisattvas, differentiated by their attributes (objects they hold) All are male, although Avalokiteshvara/Guanyin /Kanon sometimes has feminine features Opportunity for the artist to depict sensual details

Iconography of the Buddha

• Buddha: - Once a prince, but became a monk • Short hair • Simple monk's robe • No jewelry - Superhuman features (1st century) • Radiant golden body • Cranial bump (ushnisha): wisdom • spot between eyes (urna): source of light - Frontal "iconic" posture - Symbolic hand gestures: mudra • Fear not • Giving pagoda = reliquary of buddha, top of Hindu mound + chinese watch tower

Mahayana: The Great Path

• New type of Buddhism • Emerged in early centuries CE • Opened new paths to Buddhahood based on faith and devotion - Particularly appealed to lay believers who could not (or did not wish to) leave the secular world to become monks or nuns - Compatible with Confucian societies • Confucian emphasis on family and duty to ancestors • Expanded the number of Buddhas to nine in different times • Developed a large pantheon of helpers to humans: Bodhisattvas