EBP final questions, EBP Data Collection, Reasearch EBP Data analysis

3. What type of scale is being used in a study as indicated by the following description? Subjects were asked to mark their current subjective experience of fatigue by placing an X along a 100-mm horizontal line with 0 indicating no fatigue and 100 indicating worst fatigue ever experienced. Group of answer choices A. Semantic differential B. Forced-choice question C. Likert scale D. Visual analog scale

D. Visual analog scale

Quantitative research is: Inductive, words, interview Deductive, objective, one reality focus groups, cultures Naturalistic, humans, multiple realities

Deductive, objective, one reality

A major advantage of closed-ended question questions is that they do which of the following?

Encourage in-depth responses

A qualitative researcher conducts phenomenology study returns to each member? She hopes to: Establish content validity Establish inter-rater reliability Establish debriefing Establish credibility

Establish credibility

When an observer is not concealed, the findings may be biased because of which of the following?

Ethical problems

In which of the following studies is participant observation used as a data collection strategy Grounded theory studies Ethnographic studies Case studies Phenomenological studies

Ethnographic studies observing someones culture, or the setting of a certain area of people

What is true about a chi-square test of significance? Expected and observed frequencies or proportions analyzed. Post hoc tests must be done to determine group differences. All variables must be at the interval/ratio level. Results determine the difference in group means

Expected and observed frequencies or proportions analyzed.

What is true about a chi-square test of significance? Expected and observed frequencies or proportions are analyzed. All variables must be at the interval/ratio level. Post hoc tests must be done to determine group differences. Results determine the difference in group means.

Expected and observed frequencies or proportions are analyzed.

The social desirability response set bias is least likely to be a problem on scales incorporated into which of the following

Face to Face interviews

What is the metaparadigm for nursing theorist? Four concepts defined by the theorist Independent and dependent variable Journals in nursing and research Qualitative Research studies

Four concepts defined by the theorist

Which is the "P" in PICOT? The nurses preparation for client teaching prior to surgery Early ambulation versus agressive anticoagulant therapy Individuals who require peritoneal dialysis Deep vein thrombosis

Individuals who require peritoneal dialysis POPULATION

Emic perspective in ethnographic research means: Insiders view of culture Statistical test Quantitative data Purposive sample

Insiders view of culture

In an ANOVA, what is the level of data of the DV? Ordinal This is a wrong answer This is a correct answer This is a wrong answer

Interval/ratio This is a correct answer

Which of the following is an advantage of observation as a method of data collection in a study

It directly captures an event and behaviors

The nurse takes care of feeding the client until he can do it. What nursing model is this? Neuman's Systems Model Roy's Adaptation Model Orem's Self Care Model Leininger's Trans Cultural Model

Orem's Self Care Model

The most common correlation index computed with interval or ratio data ANOVA Chi Square t-test Pearson Correlation

Pearson Correlation

The nurse researcher is conducting a study on a nonpharmacologic nursing intervention for the treatment of pain. Which data collection instrument would provide the most sensitive measurement of pain?

Physiologic measures

Name of test to find difference in the mean scores after a ANOVA performed is: Nominal test Pearson R t- test Post- HOC

Post- HOC

Which is vulnerable population? Pregnant women Healthy elderly person Middle age men in office Women during a healthy visit

Pregnant women

What is the ultimate aim of IRB? Provide a scientific review of submitted proposals. Protect research subjects/participates from harm. Interview investigators to determine subject risk. Report scientific misconduct to a federal agency

Protect research subjects/participates from harm.

Qualitative study to sample certain population that you want to find out their experiences : Purposive Simple random Convenience quota

Purposive

Research which the data is categories or themes ? Qualitative Clinical trial Randomized Control trial Quantitative

Qualitative

Which of the following types of sample is considered to be the weakest for quantitative studies?

Quota

Sample 1000 subjects with 600 from one group, 210 in another group and 190 from third group? Random sampling This is a wrong answer Random intervention studies This is a wrong answer Snowballing This is a wrong answer Quota sampling This is a correct answer

Quota sampling

Which of the terms would the nurse researcher identify as a construct? Blood type Height in cm Resilience Body temperature

Resilience

Which statement regarding sampling error and sampling bias is accurate

Sampling bias may be defined as the difference between data obtained from a simple random sample and the data that would be obtained if an entire population were measured

Background information discussing research prepared by someone who is not the original researcher? Primary sources Story telling accounts Secondary sources Textbooks

Secondary sources

The following information is given about the results of a statistical analysis, (t-test) (t=9.28, df=18, p < .05). What does this tell the reader? Eighteen people were in the sample. The null hypothesis should be accepted. Scores came from two independent groups. The data reveals significant findings. p < .05 this is statistically significant

The data reveals significant findings. p < .05 this is statistically significant

A research hypothesis states the relationship between which of the following? The independent and the dependent variables Purpose and Population Population and Intervention Concept and Compare

The independent and the dependent variables

What should we conclude about Cronbach alpha values ranging from .82 to .91? Look for another instrument, reliability not good Use the instrument and re-examine the reliability of sample Look for another one, the validity scores are too narrow Use the instrument, no further testing

Use the instrument and re-examine the reliability of sample

Parametric statistics are : Not powerful Chi Square Nonparametric Very powerful, interval/ratio scale

Very powerful, interval/ratio scale

A survey question asks subjects to respond to the following statement: "the overall hospital experience that I received during my hospital stay considered my needs as an individual." they were asked to identify, on a five-point scale , the degree to which they agreed or disagreed with the statement. This is an example of which scale?

Visual Analog Scale

What is the scale measuring dyspnea on a 0 -100 mm line? Likert scale Open ended question Visual Analog scale Semantic differential scale

Visual Analog scale

Which of the following are advantages to biophysiologic measures

biophysiologic meausres are subjective and accurate patients cannot distort the measurements and have objective measures biophysiologic measurements effectively indicate pain levels

Which of the following is a probability sampling method? convenience sampling systematic sampling consecutive sampling quota sampling

convenience sampling systematic sampling quota sampling

In an ANOVA, what is the level of data of the dependent variable? nominal ordinal interval/ratio cannot be determined

interval/ratio

A self-report method used to measure subjective experiences such as pain and fatigue is which of the following

observation

Which of the following significance levels indicates the strongest evidence to support a researcher's decision to reject the null hypothesis? Assume alpha was set at 0.05. p < 0.05 (<5/500) p > 0.05 (>5/500) p > 0.01 (>1/100) p < 0.001 (< 1/1000 chance that this is wrong)

p < 0.001 (< 1/1000 chance that this is wrong)

Which sampling method would be most practical and provide the most reliable data study the meication errors by registered nurses who work in city, county and federal prisons

quota sampling

Which of the following is most widely used data collection method by nurse researchers

self-reports

Compares the means of 2 groups t- test Chi Square ANOVA This is a wrong answer This is a wrong answer

t- test

What statistical test would you use to test the difference in mean heart rate response to exercise between a group of cardiac patients involved in a formal cardiac rehabilitation program and another group exercising informally at home? t-test for independent samples chi-square one-factor ANOVA correlation

t-test for independent samples

What kind of question, " What are your thoughts and feelings when you hear......" Open-ended Contrast Close-ended Probing

Open-ended

Which of the following values of Pearson's r indicates the strongest direct correlation? -0.02 -.082 0.77 0.05

0.77 (positive correlation +)

Strata are incorporated into the design of which of the following sampling approaches? A) Systematic B) Purposive C) Quota D) Consecutive

D) Consecutive

On a 20-item Likert scale with five response categories, the range of possible scores is which of the following?

20-100

On a five-point Likert scale, a person who strongly agreed with a statement would be scored as which of the following?

3

A researcher used a systematic sampling plan. The sample size was 200. The sampling interval was 250. THe first element drawn was 196. The second element would be:

446

What is an example of a proposition? Qualitative statement Statistical analysis A hypothesis Literature review

A hypothesis (proposing something, research quesiton)

Which of the following statements describes a population

A sample of clients diagnosed with COPD and who currently smoke

bias in a sample for a quantitative study refers to which of the following? A) Lack of heterogeneity in the population on the attribute of interest B) Sample selection using nonprobability-type sampling methods C) margin of error in the data obtain from samples D) Systematic over-or underrepresentation of a key attribute vis-a-vis the population

A) Lack of heterogeneity in the population on the attribute of interest B) Sample selection using nonprobability-type sampling methods D) Systematic over-or underrepresentation of a key attribute vis-a-vis the populatio

10. What term is used to describe the way subjects can distort their behaviors because they are aware of being under observation during a study? A. Reactivity B. Sensitivity C. Surveillance bias D. Concealment

A. Reactivity

4. Which of the following data collection methods does NOT use self-report data? A. Structured behavioral checklist B. Reflective journaling C. Impact of Illness Questionnaire D. Blood pressure daily log kept by patient

A. Structured behavioral checklist

6. Which of the following p values represents the highest level of significance? A. p = .001 B. p = .005 C. p = .01 D. p = .05

A. p = .001

What is IV " Effect of Acetaminophen on liver function in teenage overdose" Liver function test Acetaminophen Teenagers Regular care

Acetaminophen

Statistical procedure to analyze relationships among the means of more than two groups: Analysis of Variance ( ANOVA) t- test Chi-square Dependent t

Analysis of Variance ( ANOVA)

What is a negative correlation ? As one variables increases in value the other decreases Both variables increase together Both variables decrease together No correlation

As one variables increases in value the other decreases

1. What term indicates a screening test's ability to correctly identify "non-cases"? Group of answer choices A. Sensitivity B. Specificity C. Validity D. Reliability

B Specificity

If a target population contains 10,600 elements and the researcher seeks a systematic random sample of 50, the sampling interval would be which of the following? A) 116 B) 600 C) 212 D) 53

B) 600

Sampling may be defined as which of the following? A) Selection of an accessible population for a study B) Selection of a subset of a population to represent the entire population C) Assignment of study participants to treatment groups D) Technique for ensuring that every element in the population has an equal chance of being included in the study

B) Selection of a subset of a population to represent the entire population C) Assignment of study participants to treatment groups D) Technique for ensuring that every element in the population has an equal chance of being included in the study

When is a small sample size appropriate for a research study? A) Many uncontrolled variables are present. B) The population is very homogenous. C) Large differences are expected in members of the population on the variable of interest. D) The population must be divided into subgroups.

B) The population is very homogenous.

8. When using a Likert scale, what would be the range for total possible scores of the 10-item questionnaire that has 5 response alternatives for each item (1 = strongly agree; 2 = agree; 3 = neutral; 4 = disagree; 5 = strongly disagree)? A. 1 to 5 B. 10 - 50 C. 10 - 40 D. 0 to 40

B. 10 - 50

5. What is the correct decision of the researcher who is studying the following hypothesis: "Elderly persons residing in a long term care facility who take part in a daily pet visitation program will report lower levels of depression than elderly persons in the LTC facility who do not take part in the pet visitation program." The p value reported for the data was p = .001. (alpha was set at .05) A. Accept the null hypothesis. B. Reject the null hypothesis. No answer text provided. No answer text provided.

B. Reject the null hypothesis.

A person who marked "strongly agree" to all or most items on a Likert scale would best be described as which of the following? A) Socially desirable respondent B) Biased participant C) Nay-sayer D) Yea-sayer

D) Yea-sayer

6. Which of the following is an example of an in vivo biophysical measurement? A. Arterial blood gas B. CT scan of the abdomen C. 24 hour urine collection for protein D. Apical pulse rate

D. Apical pulse rate

10. The mean score is reported as 78 with a standard deviation of 3. What is the range of scores within + 2 SDs? A. 76 to 80 B. 75 to 81 C. 72 to 84 D. 69 to 87

C. 72 to 84

8. A researcher conducts an analysis of data from three groups of people attending a weight loss support group. The three groups are: 1) attends in-person sessions only; 2) attends in-person sessions plus daily text reminders; and 3) in-person sessions, daily text reminders, and personal coach. The overall F ratio testing for differences in the mean number of pounds lost between the groups is significant (p < .05). What should the researcher report? A. There is no difference in the mean weight loss in pounds between the three groups B. All three groups differ from one another in the mean weight loss as measured in pounds. C. At least two of the groups differ from one another in mean weight loss (in pounds). D. The post-HOC test is not needed becasue the overall ANOVA is already significant.

C. At least two of the groups differ from one another in mean weight loss (in pounds).

9. What is true about the chi-square test for significance? A. Chi-square analysis reveals a mean difference in before-and-after scores of data collected at interval level. B. Chi-square may be reported as any value between -1 and +1, including 0. C. Chi-square analyzes if the observed counts within the variables are significantly different from the expected counts. D. Chi-square test assumes that all data is normally distributed.

C. Chi-square analyzes if the observed counts within the variables are significantly different from the expected counts.

4. What is the most likely action of the researcher who wants to increase the power of the study? A. Change the alpha level from .05 to .001. B. Change the expected effect size from large to small. C. Increase the number of people brought into the sample. D. Increase the number of variables to be studied.

C. Increase the number of people brought into the sample.

3. What is the correct statistical test for the researcher to perform when studying the mean scores on a Spiritual Beliefs and Behaviors Scale as obtained from data collected from 25 men and their legal spouses? A. one-factor ANOVA B. Correlation C. Paired t-test D. Independent t-test

C. Paired t-test

9. Which of the following statements is true about using a questionnaire to collect data? A. The sequence of the questions does not matter in the questionnaire as long as the same questions are asked. B. Reading level of a questionnaire must be kept at the level of a high-school graduate. C. Questionnaires should be reviewed to make sure there is an absence of bias related to age, culture, socioeconomic status. D. The researcher does not need to be sensitive to subjects' psychological status as most questionnaires are anonymous.

C. Questionnaires should be reviewed to make sure there is an absence of bias related to age, culture, socioeconomic status.

7. What type of bias must a researcher be alert for controlling in a study where subjects are likely to provide answers the researcher would like to hear rather than being completely truthful? A. Recall bias B. Acquiescense response set bias C. Social desirability bias D. Extreme response set bias

C. Social desirability bias

2. What would be the most likely reason that a researcher would choose to ask open-ended questions rather than a structured questionnaire to collect data in a study? A. It is quicker and easier to analyze to data from open-ended questions than data from a questionnaire. B. The researcher believes participants will be more likely to give truthful data when answering open-ended questions. C. The researcher believes richer data will be obtained by allowing particpants to frrely express their responses rather than answering formal structured questions. D. Open-ended questions are easier for people with low literacy skills to understand and to answer.

C. The researcher believes richer data will be obtained by allowing particpants to frrely express their responses rather than answering formal structured questions.

5. When a researcher is planning an observational study, for which of the following phenomenon would time sampling be more appropriate than event sampling? A. Patient-nurse communication B. Post-mortem care C. Discharge teaching D. Interdisciplinary rounding

D. Interdisciplinary rounding

7. A researcher tests the relationship between two scale-level variables on students in an AP biology class- scores on an anxiety test and scores on the AP final exam. Pearson's r shows the relationship to be r = - .67. What can the researcher conclude from this value? A. There is a strong direct relationship between anxiety and scores on the final exam. B. There is no relationship between the anxiety scores and the finl exam scores. C. There is a moderate inverse relationship between students' anxiety scores and their final exam scores. D. There is no significant difference in the mean scores on the anxiety scale and the mean scores on the final exam.

C. There is a moderate inverse relationship between students' anxiety scores and their final exam scores.

2. What is the name of the descriptive table a researcher should use to used to present the observed counts of the categorical variable being studied in an experimental group and a comparison group? A. scatterplot B. normal curve C. contigency table D. frequency distribution

C. contigency table

1. Which of the following is the most commonly reported measure of dispersion in the research literature? A. mean score B. correlation coefficient C. standard deviation D. mode value

C. standard deviation

Use to test hypothesis about the proportion of cases indifferent categories. ANOVA Chi Square t-test Pearson Correlation

Chi Square

What kind of question, " Are you a nurse or not?" Open- ended Probing Closed- ended Angry question

Closed- ended

The Sampling design that would be especially likely to yield a representative sample is which of the following?

Consecutive

Grounded theory analysis is done by: Constant Comparison Multiplication Data with numbers Statistical analysis

Constant Comparison

In Qualitativie study, what are some ways to ensure quality data evaluation? Statistical math data Credibility, transferability, dependability, confirmability Frequencies, multiplication Saturation, convenience samples

Credibility, transferability, dependability, confirmability

Qualitative researcher returns to each participant and asks if the description reflects truth? Inter-rater reiliability Debriefing Credibility-member checking Content validity

Credibility-member checking

" Anxiety will be measured by using the Anxiety Scale instrument from 1 - 10." Conceptual Interventional Operational Theoretical

Operational

Common characteristics of all Grand Nursing theories is they offer explanations for: Human beings, environment, health & nursing Personal factors, views, affects and outcomes Stress, coping resources, adaptation Beliefs, norms , intentions and behaviorrs

Human beings, environment, health & nursing

Which procedure describes a probability sampling method

Identification of community organization and churches in an urban setting and recruiting participants

What is the key importance of EBP for Nursing Improving, quality patient outcomes It provides security in home settings It doesn't matter what patients want It is cost effective for the hospital

Improving, quality patient outcomes

What is the best way to reduce sampling error? Increase sample size Use a valid instrument Decrease sample size Use of reverse scoring of items

Increase sample size

Which of the following results from a sample size too small

Lack of control over extraneous variables

The _____ equals the sum of all scores divided by the total number of scores: Mode Mean Median Heterogenety

Mean

Which is the highest level of evidence for exploring questions of treatment effectiveness? Single quasi-experimental trial Expert opinion by clinicians Meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials Systematic review of qualitative studies

Meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials (quantitative research) Systematic review of qualitative studies meta synthesis

Narrative integrated review of qualitative studies is called a: Meta-synthesis Moral complexity Meta - analysis Moral indifference

Meta-synthesis

What is the IV? Cancer patients receiving music therapy require less pain meds, than no music? Cancer patients Dependent variable Pain meds Music therapy

Music therapy

Questionnaires have the advantage of which of the following?

Offering the possibility of anonymity

Which of the following are advantages of using biophysiologic measures in nursing studies?

They effectively measure subjective experiences such as pain and fatigue

Interviews are usually preferable to questionnaires because of which of the folowing?

They yield data that are easier to analyze

A qualitative researcher is using surveys and interviews for study. This is called: Bias Triangulation Statistical test Research control

Triangulation

Which group represents a convenience sample

Twenty male subjects and twenty female subjects chosen for a study on gender differences

Which is rejection of a null hypothesis when it should not be rejected: Type II Type III No type Type I

Type I

Which is failure to reject a null hypothesis when it should be rejected? Type I Type II Type III Parametric

Type II