ebp study

Which of the following is the dependent variable (DV) in the research question, "Are serial 12-lead ECGs more accurate in diagnosing acute myocardial infarctions (MI) than a single initial 12-lead ECG?" A) Accuracy in diagnosing an MI B) Myocardial infarction C) Serial 12-lead ECGs D) Single initial 12-lead ECG

A

Which of the following is the least likely research tradition to be used by qualitative nurse researchers? A) Experimental B) Phenomenologic C) Ethnographic D) Grounded theory

A

In a legal case, a participant is protected if a Certificate of Confidentiality was issued by which of the following? A) The National Institutes of Health to prevent forced disclosure B) The Internal Review Board of the institution to protect the participant C) The principle researcher to avoid a breach of confidentiality D) The court to protect a member of a vulnerable group

A

Which of the following terms would likely be used only by qualitative researchers, as opposed to quantitative researchers, to refer to people who participate in a study? A) Informants B) Study participants C) Subjects D) Investigators

A

In a qualitative study, process consent is used for which of the following reasons? A) The researcher may need to renegotiate consent to gather more data. B) The researcher needs consent for each of the surveys to be answered. C) The participant may divulge private information and then regret it. D) The participant may forget the risks involved in a study after being initially informed.

A

In a quantitative research article, a review of prior research on the problem under study is most likely to be found in which section? A) Introduction B) Method section C) Results section D) Discussion

A

In both qualitative and quantitative studies, researchers use debriefing to do which of the following? A) Allow participants to ask questions and give feedback to the researcher B) Allow the researcher to assess the participant before they leave the study site C) Explain to the participant what information they can tell others D) Describe the purpose of the study and the consent form

A

The conceptual phase of the research process involves which of the following activities? A) Formulating the problem and reviewing the related literature B) Selecting an appropriate research design for the study C) Finalizing and reviewing the research plan D) Interpreting the results of data analysis of key variables

A

The dependent (outcome) variable in the research question, "Is the quality of life of nursing home residents affected by their functional ability or hearing acuity?" is which of the following? A) Quality of life B) Functional ability C) Hearing acuity D) Residence in a nursing home

A

The dependent variable in the research question, "Is the quality of life of nursing home residents affected by their functional ability or hearing acuity?" is which of the following? A) Quality of life B) Functional ability C) Hearing acuity D) Residence in a nursing home

A

The electronic database that focuses on the nursing and allied health literature is: A) CINAHL B) EMBASE C) Web of Knowledge D) MEDLINE

A

The hypothesis, "A person's emotional status is not affected by a relocation to a nursing home" is which of the following? A) Null B) Not testable C) Directional D) Nondirectional

A

The nurse researcher protects study participants by which of the following? A) Performing a risk/benefit assessment to evaluate the cost compared with the benefit of participation. B) Keeping painful procedure information from the study participant until the study is completed. C) Preventing psychological discomfort during and after the study. D) Proposing a study that ultimately benefits society despite the risk to the participants.

A

Which of the following is an ethical principle cited by the Belmont Report as a standard for research? A) Beneficence B) Philanthropy C) Duty D) Morality

A

Which of the following is an example of research misconduct? A) Fabrication of data B) Concealed observation C) IRB rejection D) A high monetary incentive to study participants

A

Which type of validity is demonstrated when a nurse researcher submits items of an instrument to a panel of experts to evaluate item clarity? a. Content validity b. Construct validity c. Concurrent validity d. Criterion-related validity

A

Nurses are most likely to encounter research results in which of the following? Select all that apply. A) Poster sessions B) Journal articles C) Textbooks D) Dissertations

A, B

Who may sign the informed consent for a child to participate in a study? Select all that apply. A) Grandmother with legal guardianship B) Parent C) Sibling over 18 years of age D) Child over 7 years old

A, B

Vulnerable groups include which of the following? Select all that apply. A) Prisoners B) Pregnant women C) Young adults between 19 and 24 years of age D) Infants and toddlers

A, B, D

Which of the following are true statements regarding the function of hypotheses in quantitative research? Select all that apply. A) They emerge from a theory. B) They offer direction and suggest explanations for relationships. C) They prove relationships between variables. D) They facilitate the interpretation of data.

A, B, D

Which of the following comprise the three primary ethical principles articulated by the Belmont Report? Select all that apply. A) Beneficence B) Respect for human dignity C) Anonymity D) Justice

A, B, D

Which of the following is a major source of ideas for research problems? Select all that apply. A) Theories or conceptual frameworks B) Personal nursing experience C) Nursing code of ethics D) Nursing literature

A, B, D

Which of the following is true of an experimental study? Select all that apply. A) It includes an intervention or treatment. B) It is a type of qualitative research. C) It can be called a clinical trial. D) It tests causal relationships.

A, C, D

How should the nurse researcher describe variability in test scores attributed to error rather than to actual differences in behavior? (Select all that apply.) a. Random error b. Variance error c. Persistent error d. Systematic error

A, D

Which of the following actions most effectively protects the confidentiality of study participants? -Performing a risk/benefit assessment -Avoiding the collection of any identifying information -Placing all identifying information on computer files rather than manual files -Obtaining informed consent from participants before the study

Avoiding the collection of any identifying information

A hypothesis that states there is no relationship between the independent variable(s) and the dependent variable(s) is called which of the following? A) Non-directional hypothesis B) Null hypothesis C) Research hypothesis D) Simple hypothesis

B

A nurse researcher describes an instrument that is administered repeatedly and obtains the same results as having what? a. Validity b. Reliability c. Consistency d. Predictability

B

A researcher wants to investigate the effect of patients' body position on blood pressure. The study would most likely be of which type? A) Qualitative B) Quantitative C) Either quantitative or qualitative (researcher preference) D) Insufficient information to determine

B

What is the significance of concurrent validity to a nurse researcher? a. The degree of correlation between the measure of the concept and some future measure of the same concept b. The degree of correlation of two measures of the same concept administered at the same time c. The extent to which a test measures a theoretical construct or trait d. The representativeness of the items to measure a specific concept

B

What mechanism does the MEDLINE database use to provide consistency in information retrieval? A) Textwords B) MeSH terminology C) Boolean operators D) Scopus reviews

B

What term is used to describe accounts of research in the literature prepared by someone other than the researchers who conducted the study? A) Primary sources B) Secondary sources C) Ghost writer studies D) Literature reviews

B

Which of the following is a datum from a quantitative study of the labor and delivery experiences of women over age 40? A) Length of time in labor B) 107 oz C) "I practically slept through the whole thing!" D) Vaginal versus cesarean delivery

B

Which type of validity is most difficult to establish? a. Content validity b. Construct validity c. Predictive validity d. Concurrent validity

B

An especially important goal for the nursing profession is to do which of the following? A) Conduct research to better understand the context of nursing practice B) Establish a solid base of evidence for practice through disciplined research C) Document the role nursing serves in society D) Establish research priorities

B

At what point in the research process do grounded theory qualitative researchers conduct a literature review? A) Prior to data collection B) After beginning to collect data C) At the conclusion of the study D) Prior to sample selection

B

Debriefing sessions are which of the following? A) Discussions with prospective participants to obtain informed consent B) Discussions with participants after a study to explain various aspects of the study and provide a forum for questioning C) Discussions with a human subjects committee before a study to obtain permission to proceed D) Recruitment discussions with prospective participants

B

In an electronic literature search, the searcher does not necessarily have to know the database's subject headings for retrieving information on a topic because of the capability known as which of the following? A) Searching B) Mapping C) Restricting focus D) Copying

B

In qualitative research, saturation indicates which of the following? A) There are too many subjects B) Themes in the data are repeating C) Too many variables are included in a study D) The quality of the data is excellent

B

In the following CINAHL citation, to what does the "6" refer? Nursing Research 2012 Nov/Dec; 61(6): 405-411. A) Journal volume B) Journal issue in a given year C) Month of issue D) A page number

B

In which section of the research report might the research problem be stated? A) Abstract B) Introduction C) Methods section D) Results section

B

In which section would the following sentence most likely appear: "The study sample consisted of 135 mother-infant dyads from an inner-city neighborhood"? A) Introduction B) Method section C) Results section D) Discussion

B

Questions such as "What were the research questions?" and "What were the findings?" and "What methods were used to address those questions?" can all be answered in which of the following sections? A) Discussion B) Abstract C) Introduction D) Results

B

Research findings that are organized by categories or labels can be found in which type of study? A) Clinical trial B) Qualitative C) Quantitative D) Quasi-Experimental

B

The aggregate of those to whom a researcher wishes to generalize study results is which of the following? A) Gatekeepers B) Population C) Sample D) Sampling plan

B

The criterion used by quantitative researchers involving the soundness of the evidence is which of the following? A) Reliability B) Validity C) Credibility D) Generalizability

B

The hypothesis, "Women who live in rural areas are unlikely to practice breast self-examination" is which of the following? A) Null B) Not testable C) Directional D) Nondirectional

B

The major difference between quantitative and qualitative research is that qualitative research seeks to find answers based on which of the following? A) Solid factual data B) Experiences or descriptions C) Etiology D) Systematic process

B

If a researcher unobtrusively studies interactions among patients in a psychiatric hospital, what might this be called? A) Research misconduct B) Breach of confidentiality C) Covert data collection D) Deception

C

If the problem statement from a proposed research study indicates the need to generate a theory relating to social processes (e.g., how persons within a social group interact with one another), the study design will most likely be which of the following? A) Quantitative study B) Ethnography C) Grounded theory D) Phenomenology

C

In a qualitative research article, the thematic analysis of the data would be presented in which section? A) Introduction B) Method section C) Results section D) Discussion section

C

In a qualitative study that involves multiple contacts between the researcher and study participants, the researcher may negotiate which of the following? A) Implied consent B) Stipend C) Process consent D) Risk/benefit ratio

C

In a research report, the statement of purpose is normally found where? A) In the abstract B) In the first paragraph of the report C) At the end of the introduction D) At the beginning of the method section

C

In conducting a subject search in an electronic database, you would most likely initiate the search by typing in which of the following? A) An author's name B) Restrictions to the search C) A topic or keyword D) An ancestor or descendant

C

In qualitative research, theory is which of the following? A) A method to test hypotheses B) A tool to direct the research project C) A product of the research D) A way to test relationships between two different groups

C

In quantitative studies, the most basic distinction is between which of the following? A) Grounded theory and phenomenological research B) Empirical and nonempirical research C) Experimental and nonexperimental research D) Population-based and sample-based research

C

A research hypothesis indicates the expected relationship between which of the following? A) The functional and causal nature of the variables B) The statement of purpose and the research questions C) The independent variable and the dependent variable D) Statistical testing and the null hypothesis

C

In which section of a research report would the following sentence most likely appear: "Patients who coughed were significantly more likely to have spontaneous dislodgement of small-bore nasogastric tubes than patients who did not"? A) Introduction B) Method section C) Results section D) Discussion

C

Non-research-based evidence includes which of the following? Select all that apply. A) Unit culture B) Nurse's experience C) Qualitative studies D) Trial and error

C

The discussion of the central phenomena or variables of a study, along with the theoretical or conceptual framework of the study, is found in which section of the study? A) Discussion B) Abstract C) Introduction D) Results

C

The hypothesis, "Women who jog regularly are more likely than those who do not to have amenorrhea" is which of the following? A) Null B) Not testable C) Directional D) Nondirectional

C

The independent variable in the research question, "What is the effect of noise levels on postoperative pain in ICU patients?" is which of the following? A) Surgery B) ICU patients C) Noise levels D) Postoperative pain

C

The nurse researcher notes that test-retest correlations were r = 0.79 when given over 4-week intervals. This is interpreted to indicate what? a. Equivalence b. Discriminability c. Reliability d. Homogeneity

C

The purpose of ethnographic research is to do which of the following? A) Study situations to aid in theory development B) Describe experiences as they are lived C) Observe and document interactions within a culture D) Examine events of the past

C

The regulations affecting the ethical conduct of research sponsored by the U.S. federal government were based on which of the following? A) Nuremberg Code B) Declaration of Helsinki C) Belmont Report D) Code of Ethics of the American Nurses Association

C

The reliability coefficient of a new instrument is established at 0.86. The nurse researcher should interpret this finding to mean what? a. High error variance; high reliability b. High error variance; low reliability c. Low error variance; high reliability d. Low error variance; low reliability

C

The research tradition that focuses on understanding phenomena within a cultural context is which of the following? A) Experimental B) Phenomenologic C) Ethnographic D) Grounded theory

C

The soundness of the evidence collected and the relationship between the variables is known as which of the following? A) Credibility B) Reliability C) Validity D) Trustworthiness

C

What term is given to unique symbols that expand search results and allow for a simultaneous search of numerous words of the same root within an electronic database? A) Textword search B) Keywords C) Wildcard characters D) Expanders

C

What type of validity is demonstrated by examining the extent to which a passing grade in a nursing course is correlated with passing the registered nurse licensure examination? a. Content validity b. Construct validity c. Predictive validity d. Concurrent validity

C

When doing a computerized search for quantitative studies on a topic, which of the following statements is most accurate? A) The best place to begin is to use a search engine such as Yahoo or Google B) The primary keyword to use in the search typically would be the population C) The keywords to start the search typically would be the independent and dependent variables D) The specific subject headings used in each bibliographic database would have to be learned

C

When little is known about a phenomenon or the phenomenon is not clearly identified, the best type of research suited to uncover this is which of the following? A) Exploration B) Description C) Identification D) Prediction

C

Which of the following groups would be best served by the development of a scientific base for nursing practice? A) Nursing administrators B) Practicing nurses C) Nurses' clients D) Health care policymakers

C

Which of the following is a datum from a qualitative research study on the labor and delivery experiences of women over age 40? A) 14.6 hours in labor B) 60-minute interviews one day after delivery C) "It was a nightmare—much more painful than I ever imagined." D) 15 women with a vaginal delivery

C

Which of the following is a fundamental belief of those who hold to the constructivist paradigm? A) A fixed reality exists in nature for humans to understand B) The nature of reality has changed over time C) Reality is multiply constructed and multiply interpreted by humans D) Reality cannot be studied empirically

C

At what point does a qualitative researcher typically make a lot of decisions about data collection and sampling? A) While reviewing the literature B) During the development of a research report C) While the study is in progress in the field D) After developing an intervention protocol

C

Constructivist qualitative research typically does which of the following? A) Involves deductive processes B) Attempts to control the research context to better understand the phenomenon being studied C) Involves gathering narrative, subjective materials D) Focuses on numeric information

C

Empiricism refers to which of the following? A) Making generalizations from specific observations B) Articulating a study purpose in terms of an appropriate classification system C) Gathering evidence about real-world phenomena through the senses D) Verifying the assumptions on which the study was based

C

Evidenced-based nursing primarily uses which of the following to answer clinical questions? A) Consulting an authority B) Using intuition C) Obtaining the newest research D) Relying on experience

C

A researcher who is developing a new instrument to measure pain has been informed that the instrument has face validity. The researcher's next step should be to do what? a. Use the instrument in a parent study. b. Use the instrument in a pilot study. c. Assess the reliability of the instrument. d. Assess the content validity of the instrument.

D

In a research report, limitations of the study are normally discussed in which section? A) Introduction B) Method section C) Results section D) Discussion section

D

When a research report undergoes a "blind" review for a journal, it means which of the following? A) The journal editors do not know who submitted the report. B) The authors of the report do not know who the editor of the journal is. C) The report is published without indicating the authors' names. D) The reviewers making recommendations about publication are not told who the authors are.

D

In a statement of purpose, the researcher often communicates information beyond the substantive content through which of the following? A) The specification of the population to be studied B) The operational definition of the research variables C) The prediction of anticipated relationships among variables D) The choice of verbs that suggest the state of knowledge on the topic or the approach to be used

D

When nurses rely primarily on tradition, they are most likely to do which of the following? A) Produce a precise range of answers B) Increase new knowledge C) Maintain an unbiased perspective D) Undermine effective problem solving

D

When the nurse researcher demonstrates that an instrument is highly reliable, which type of error is reduced? a. Random error b. Variance error c. Persistent error d. Systematic error

D

Which of the following attributes is least characteristic of the traditional scientific method? A) Control over external factors B) Systematic measurement and observation of natural phenomena C) Testing of hunches deduced from theory or prior research D) Emphasis on a holistic view of a phenomenon, studied in a rich context

D

The use of multiple data collection methods to draw conclusions about the area being studied is called which of the following? A) Bias B) Statistical test C) Research control D) Triangulation

D

Vulnerable study participants would include which of the following? A) Women hospitalized for a mastectomy B) Members of a senior citizens group C) People who do not speak English D) Pediatric patients

D

What is the most important type of information that should be included in a literature review? A) Clinical anecdotes B) Opinion articles C) Case reports from applicable clinical settings D) Findings from prior studies

D

In a case-control design, a frequently used method of controlling confounding variables is which of the following? -Randomization to groups -Matching of cases and controls on confounding variables -Using participants as their own controls -Homogeneity of the sample

Matching of cases and controls on confounding variables

In an RCT, the most serious threat to internal validity typically is which of the following? -History -Maturation -Mortality -Selection

Mortality

Which of the following groups would be best served by the development of a scientific base for nursing practice? -Nursing administrators -Nurses' clients -Health care policy makers -Practicing nurses

Nurses' clients

Which of the following is a NOT major source of ideas for research problems? -Personal nursing experience -Theories or conceptual frameworks -Nursing code of ethics -Nursing literature

Nursing code of ethics

Evidenced-based nursing primarily uses which of the following to answer clinical questions? -Obtaining the newest research -Consulting an authority -Relying on experience -Using intuition

Obtaining the newest research

Which of the following attributes is least characteristic of the traditional scientific method? -Emphasis on a holistic view of a phenomenon, studied in a rich context -Systematic measurement and observation of natural phenomena -Testing of hunches deduced from theory or prior research - Control over external factors

Emphasis on a holistic view of a phenomenon, studied in a rich context

An especially important goal for the nursing profession is to..?: -Establish research priorities -Establish a solid base of evidence for practice through disciplined research -Document the role nursing serves in society -Conduct research to better understand the context of nursing practice

Establish a solid base of evidence for the practice through disciplined research

The major difference between quantitative and qualitative research is that qualitative research seeks to find answers based on which of the following? -Solid factual data -Experiences or descriptions -Systematic process -Etiology

Experiences or descriptions

Which of the following is an example of research misconduct? -Fabrication of data -Concealed observation -IRB rejection -A high monetary incentive to study participants

Fabrication of data

Adopting a guideline involves tailoring one or more clinical guidelines to fit with local needs. True or false

False

Combining data from a systematic review into a meta-analysis is most appropriate if there is a statistically significant test for heterogeneity. True or False

False

In computer decision support systems, patient-specific assessments or recommendations are rarely generated. True or false?

False

It is commonly accepted that rigorous clinical guidelines can be used for an unspecified number of years. True or False

False

There is one guideline that is universally agreed upon for each clinical problem. True or false

False

When the term "risk" is applied to the clinical significance of a nursing intervention it is used to indicate only bad outcomes. True or False?

False

All of the following are techniques to overcome bias in a systematic review EXCEPT: -Follow rigorous methodology -Ask specific questions (PICO) -Use two or more people to independently review then discuss and compare -Have one reviewer who makes the ultimate decisions

Have one reviewer who makes the ultimate decisions

Which of the following is a question that would be asked as part of the process of appraising research evidence? -How rigorous and reliable is the evidence? -What type of trigger should I use? - Is a relevant systematic review available? -What are the P, I, and O components?

How rigorous and reliable is the evidence?

If you were interested in conducting a study of why nurses do or do not wash their hands, what type of data would you want to collect? -Quantitative -Qualitative

Qualitative

Research findings that are organized by categories or labels can be found in which type of study? -Quantitative -Clinical trial -Qualitative -Quasi-Experimental

Qualitative

The question, "What is the essence of men's experiences of chemotherapy treatment for prostate cancer?" is an example of a research question within which of the following traditions? -Grounded theory -Phenomenology -Ethnography -Qualitative description

Qualitative description

Clinical Practice Guidelines have the potential to improve: -Clinicians attitudes -Quality of Care -Patient interest in a treatment -Family concerns

Quality of Vare

It has been suggested that guidelines improve the consistency of care in different parts of the country and different settings of care. True or false.

True

One of the objectives of the Critical Appraisal Skills Program (CASP) assessment tool for appraisal of review articles is to enable the reader to distinguish between narrative and systematic reviews. True or False

True

Reports for systematice reviews typically follow a similar format as for a report for a primary study. True or false

True

The 95% CI represents the range within which we are 95% certain the true value lies. True or false?

True

The field of nursing informatics aims at providing information systems that facilitate access to knowledge resources at the point of nursing care. True or false

True

Total Quality Management (TQM) refers to a management philosophy that emphasizes a commitment to excellence throughout an organization and uses standards to evaluate performance improvement. True or false

True

Translating research findings into practice can be a slow, unpredictable, and haphazard process in an organization without a supportive EBP environment. True or galse

True

Well-developed clinical practice guidelines and computer decision support systems can be resources at a systems level. True or false

True

When considering implementing a clinical intervention, patients and clinicians have to decide when the effects of an intervention are large enough to more than offset its adverse effects. True or false

True

When nurses rely primarily on tradition, they are most likely to do which of the following? -Undermine effective problem solving -Increase new knowledge -Produce a precise range of answers - Maintain an unbiased perspective

Undermine effective problem solving

Ethnographers strive to do which of the following? -Understand human cultures -Understand the essence of a phenomenon -Develop an etic perspective -Link the etic and emic perspectives into a unified whole

Understand human cultures

Which of the following groups is NOT considered a vulnerable population to participate in research? -Prisoners -Pregnant women -Infants and toddlers -Young adults between 19 and 24 years of age

Young adults between 19 and 24 years of age

Identify the order of steps in evaluating and adapting clinical practice guidelines for use in a local setting.

..

"Does maternal stress during the first trimester of a pregnancy affect the infant's birth weight?" is which of the following? A) A research question B) A portion of a problem statement C) A statement of purpose D) A hypothesis

A

A nurse researcher should be concerned about an instrument's degree of internal consistency because it means what? a. The instrument is appropriate to use to measure a single concept. b. The instrument has low measurement error and high error variance. c. More refinement of the instrument is needed before it can be applied. d. The instrument is valid, but the reliability has yet to be determined.

A

Select the best description for the following: "Children who watch an average of 2 or more hours of television per day will have higher BMIs than children who watch less than 2 hours of TV per day." A) It is a directional hypothesis B) It is a directional research question C) It is a non-directional hypothesis D) It is a non-directional research question

A

The presentation of the study's conclusions and implications for further study are found in which section? A) Discussion B) Introduction C) Methods D) Results

A

What is the primary question that should be addressed when evaluating published research reports in a literature review? A) To what extent do the findings reflect the truth (the true state of affairs)? B) Have the authors conducted an adequate literature review in their research report? C) Did the authors cite appropriately from the previously published literature related to the problem under study? D) Was the research question appropriate considering the available evidence at the time of the study?

A

What property is established when the results of two separately administered tests that measure the same domain or concept are highly correlated? a. Validity b. Stability c. Equivalence d. Homogeneity

A

"This study aimed to explore the meaning of the experience of living with a colostomy" is which of the following? -A statement of purpose -A hypothesis -A portion of a problem statement -A research question

A statement of purpose

Which of the following Databases may be used to find systematic reviews? -MEDLINE -CINAHL -COCHRANE -All of the above

All of the above

Which of the following is a key characteristic of pre-processed information? -synthesis -key messages -pre appraised or reviewed -All of the above

All of the above

Which of the following is NOT one of the three primary ethical principles? -Beneficence -Respect for human dignity -Anonymity -Justice

Anonymity

In the following clinical question, what is the Intervention/influence/exposure (I component): Does taking antidepressants affect the risk of suicide in cognitively impaired adolescents? -Cognitive impairment -Antidepressant use -Suicide -Adolescence

Antidepressant use

The accuracy and consistency of information that is obtained from a study is which of the following? A) Credibility B) Reliability C) Validity D) Trustworthiness

B

What is the primary purpose in documenting the literature retrieval process? A) Ensuring approval by the Institutional Review Board (IRB) B) Preventing duplication of located references C) Providing a history of useful search words D) Simplifying preparation of the reference list

B

When a finding is statistically reliable, it means which of the following? A) The finding is very important B) The same results are likely to occur with a new sample of subjects C) The researcher's hypothesis is correct D) Changes in nursing procedures are needed

B

Which of the following statements of purpose is least likely to demonstrate a bias on the part of the researcher? A) Demonstrate B) Compare C) Prove D) Show

B

The regulations affecting the ethical conduct of research sponsored by the U.S. federal government were based on which of the following? -Nuremberg Code -Declaration of Helsinki -Belmont Report -Code of Ethics of the American Nurses Association

Belmont Report

Which of the following characteristics is NOT indicative of a true experiment? -Control -Randomization -Blinding -Intervention

Blinding

In quantitative studies a basic distinction is between which of the following? A) Grounded theory and phenomenological research B) Empirical and nonempirical research C) Experimental and nonexperimental research D) Population-based and sample-based research

C

The independent variable in the research question, "What is the effect of noise levels on postoperative pain and blood pressure fluctuations in ICU patients?" is which of the following? A) Blood pressure B) ICU patients C) Noise levels D) Postoperative pain

C

Research design in qualitative studies is often described as: A) Experimental B) Narrative C) Interpretive D) Emergent

D

Which of the following is an aspect of trustworthiness used in evaluating the strength of evidence in a qualitative study? A) Triangulation B) Reflexivity C) Reliability D) Credibility

D

Which of the following would be most strongly associated with cause-probing research? A) Identification B) Description C) Exploration D) Explanation

D

We know the results of clinical trials are accurate measures of effects. True of false?

False

In the following clinical question, what is the Outcome (O component): What is the effect of relaxation therapy versus biofeedback on the functional ability of patients with rheumatoid arthritis? -Relaxation therapy -Rheumatoid arthritis -Functional ability -Biofeedback

Functional ability

The question, "What are the basic social processes women use to maintain balance through their menopausal transition?" is an example of a research question within which of the following traditions? -Phenomenology -Qualitative description - Ethnography -Grounded theory

Grounded theory

In the following clinical question, what is the Population (P component): Do stress and depression affect dyspnea in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)? -Patients who are depressed -Patients who experience dyspnea -Patients with COPD -Patients who are stressed

Patients with COPD

Quasi-experimental research designs lack what feature found in true experimental research? -Placebos -Randomization -Control groups -Pretests

Randomization

Which quantitative research design will most strongly support evidence-based practice? -Time-Series Design -Correlational Design -Randomized Control Trial Design -Factorial Design

Randomized Control Trial Design

Which of the following is NOT an issue that a qualitative researcher needs to consider when planning a study? -Determining the maximum amount of time available for field work -Selecting research instruments -Identifying needed equipment for field work -Selecting a site

Selecting research instruments

Most evidence hierarchies put which of the following at the pinnacle? -Quality improvement projects -Randomized clinical trials (RCTs) -It depends on the research question -Systematic reviews of multiple studies

Systematic reviews of multiple studies

A research hypothesis indicates the expected relationship between which of the following? -The functional and causal nature of the variables -Statistical testing and the null hypothesis -The independent variable and the dependent variable -The statement of purpose and the research questions

The independent variable and the dependent variable

A meta analysis is a quantitative combination of the results of similar studies. True or false

True

improvements in health care should be at affordable costs

cost-effective

Evidence should be interpreted correctly so that if a guideline is followed, it leads to the predicted improvements in health

validity

Clinical significance of an effective nursing intervention can be expressed in several ways. SELECT ALL THAT APPLY -Change in relative risk -Change in absolute risk -Number needed to treat (NNT) -Number needed to harm (NNH)

-Change in relative risk -Change in absolute risk -Number needed to treat (NNT)

Select ALL of the ways that DSSs (decision support systems) can enhance nursing practice. -Recommend courses of action to novice nurses -Encourage nurses to think beyond their own experience and consider alternative actions -Virtually eliminate medication administration errors -Increase productivity by accelerating the decision-making process

-Recommend courses of action to novice nurses -Encourage nurses to think beyond their own experience and consider alternative actions -Virtually eliminate medication administration errors -Increase productivity by accelerating the decision-making process

Which of the following is a hallmark of the scientific method? -Systematic -Holistic -Flexible -Rigorous

-Systematic

Which of the following is an example of a background question? -What pathology is involved in the formation of a pressure ulcer? -What types of tests are used to determine if a patient has an infection? -If my patient has pancreatic cancer, what is his prognosis? -What stages of grief might I expect to see in my patient?

-What pathology is involved in the formation of a pressure ulcer?

Which of the following is NOT true about the term number needed to treat (NNT)? -NNT is useful in calculating the effort expended in an intervention to achieve a single positive outcome. -NNT can only be used with outcomes that are, or can be converted to, dichotomous outcomes. -100 minus NNT equals the number needed to harm (NNH). -Clinical decision making must consider both NNT and NNH.

00 minus NNT equals the number needed to harm..

"Male" is which of the following? A) Not a variable B) An independent variable C) A dependent variable D) An outcome variable

A

A nurse researcher assesses the degree to which individual items on a scale cluster together around multiple dimensions using what? a. Factor analysis b. Split-half reliability c. Cronbach's alpha coefficient d. Kuder-Richardson coefficient

A

A nurse researcher determines an instrument's homogeneity using which type of reliability? a. Split-half reliability b. Test-retest reliability c. Interrater reliability d. Alternate form reliability

A

A researcher wants to explore the ways in which gender issues are evident in the day-to-day interactions between male and female nurses and their patients in an acute-care inpatient unit. The purpose statement of her research study indicates that she wants to study whether and how gender issues influence the culture and behaviors of nurses as they interact with patients. Of the following, which type of study design would be most appropriate to use? A) Qualitative ethnography B) Qualitative phenomenology C) Quantitative descriptive D) Quantitative Randomized Controlled Trial (RCT)

A

A researcher's expectations about the relationships between variables in a quantitative study are generally formulated as which of the following? A) Hypotheses B) Frameworks C) Research questions D) Conceptual definitions

A

An ear temperature probe that consistently reports body temperature at a degree lower than the patient's actual temperature has what type of reliability or validity problem? a. Reduced reliability, systematic error b. Reduced validity, random error c. Increased validity, systematic error d. Increased validity, random error

A

Confidentiality of study participants can be most effectively protected by which of the following? A) Avoiding the collection of any identifying information B) Performing a risk/benefit assessment C) Placing all identifying information on computer files rather than manual files D) Obtaining informed consent from participants before the study

A

For which of the following pairs of variables is there most likely to be a relationship that could be described as causal? A) Degree of physical activity and heart rate B) Stress and coping style C) Age and health beliefs D) Gender and depression

A

Gaining entrée in a qualitative project usually requires negotiation with one or more of which of the following? A) Gatekeeper B) Researcher C) Informant D) Consultant

A

Key variables and the population of the study are most likely to be communicated in which of the following? A) Title B) Abstract C) Introduction D) Methods

A

Offering prisoners a $50.00 payment for participation in a clinical trial for toothpaste violates which of the following? A) The right to self-determination B) The right to full disclosure C) The right to protection from exploitation D) The right to privacy

A

Putting evidence into practice is in which phase of the quantitative research process? A) Dissemination B) Analytic C) Empirical D) Conceptual

A

Testing of a new instrument demonstrates that it has a high degree of internal consistency. What does this indicate to the nurse researcher? a. The instrument is appropriate to use to measure a single concept. b. The instrument has low measurement error and high error variance. c. More refinement of the instrument is necessary before it can be applied. d. The instrument is valid, but the reliability has yet to be determined.

A

The classic scientific method has its intellectual roots in which of the following? A) Positivism B) Determinism C) Constructivism D) Empiricism

A

To protect the right to fair treatment, the researcher who seeks federal grant funding for research is required to do which of the following? A) Include minority populations in their research study B) Disclose the benefits of the research to participants C) Offer participants a stipend for participation in the study D) Obtain informed consent from participants

A

What is the first step in writing a review of literature? A) Determine the question to be addressed B) Select the bibliographic database to use C) Specify the medical subject headings to use D) Conduct an Internet search engine search

A

What is the primary purpose of the review of literature in a research report? A) Reporting on the state of the current evidence about the problem under study B) Demonstrating the research capabilities of the authors C) Focusing on the gaps in research related to the problem under study D) Making recommendations about future study designs

A

Which electronic database would you first use to access nursing and allied health literature? A) CINAHL B) MeSH C) Google D) MEDLINE

A

Which of the following best describes an assent form? A) The assent form allows a child to agree to be part of a research study. B) The assent form is read by the researcher for those who do not speak or read English. C) The assent form protects study participants from discrimination due to cultural diversity. D) The assent form allows the child over 7 years of age to give informed consent to participate in a study.

A

Which of the following is a descriptive question that a qualitative researcher most likely would ask? A) What is the nature of this phenomenon? B) What is the average intensity of this phenomenon? C) How frequently does this phenomenon occur? D) What is the average duration of this phenomenon?

A

Which of the following is a fundamental belief of those who hold to the positivist paradigm? A) The researcher is objective and independent of those being studied B) The researcher cannot interact with those being studied C) The researcher instructs those being studied to be objective in providing information D) The distance between the researcher and those being researched is minimized to enhance the interactive process

A

Which of the following statements is true of confidentiality and anonymity? A) Confidentiality is implemented when a researcher cannot guarantee anonymity. B) Confidentiality of participant information may occur during a research study whereas anonymity is required. C) Confidentiality is a sign of respect for the participant by the researcher but anonymity is a legal issue. D) Confidentiality procedures require a researcher to disclose illegal behavior whereas anonymity protects the researcher from disclosing a participant's illegal behavior.

A

Which of the following statements of purpose is most likely to be from a qualitative study? A) Explore lived experiences of refugee women and children from Afghanistan living in the United States B) Investigate the effectiveness of music therapy for decreasing pain in post-operative adolescents C) Compare the effectiveness of effleurage to therapeutic touch in decreasing maternal anxiety during an un-medicated vaginal birth D) Evaluate the relationship between insurance status and number of emergency department (ED) visits

A

Which of the following terms is used by both qualitative and quantitative researchers to refer to the abstractions under study? A) Concept B) Theory C) Phenomenon D) Variable

A

Which verbiage is most likely found in a well-written research review? A) "The hypothesis in this study was supported by the research findings." B) "Results from this study proved that nursing actions were instrumental to improved patient outcomes." C) "All of these studies verify that levels of understanding cannot be changed easily." D) "It is clear that the presence of nurses improves the health status of patients in the clinical setting."

A

What is the purpose of the Plan-Do-Study-Act Cycle? -A simple tool used to determine major relationships and resources -A model used to accelerate the process of quality improvement - strategy that measures structure, process, and outcome standards -An approach to determine EBP competencies for RNs

A model used to accelerate the process of quality improvement

A one-group pretest-posttest design is an example of which of the following? -A cross-over design -A retrospective design -A quasi-experimental design -A true experimental design

A quasi-experimental design

"Does maternal stress during the first trimester of a pregnancy affect the infant's birth weight?" is which of the following? -A portion of a problem statement -A research question -A statement of purpose -A hypothesis

A research question

A systematic review is: -A rigorous summary of all research evidence related to a topic -A rigorous summary of all research evidence related to a topic -A qualitative study relating to a patient's experience -A review of an individual patient's experience

A rigorous summary of all research evidence related to a topic

Based on what we know from this chapter, the Tuskegee Syphilis Study violated which of the following? Select all that apply. A) Freedom from harm B) Right to self-determination C) Right to fair treatment D) Privacy rule

A, B, C

Which of the following are potential benefits from participating in a study? Select all that apply. A) Monetary gains B) Access to a new and potentially beneficial treatment C) Opportunity to discuss personal feelings and experiences with an objective listener D) Opportunity to help determine the research question that the study is based on

A, B, C

Which of the following components are usually included in a well-structured problem statement for nursing research? Select all that apply. A) Knowledge gap (what information do we currently know and what is lacking?) B) Problem identification (what is the overall problem? What is not working in the current situation?) C) Proposed solution (how will information gained from the proposed study contribute to the solution of this problem?) D) Sustainability (how long will we be able to sustain any changes made to the current status quo?)

A, B, C

Which of the following statements made by a new nurse researcher indicate that he correctly understands the purpose of using statistical analysis in quantitative research? Select all that apply. A) "Statistical analysis allows the formal testing of hypotheses." B) "Statistical analysis might lead a researcher to reject a hypothesis." C) "Statistical analysis provides proof of the relationships between variables." D) "Statistical analysis supports inferences that a hypothesis is most likely correct (or most likely not correct)."

A, B, D

Identify the independent variable(s) from the following research question: "What is the effect of acetaminophen and ibuprofen on liver function in female adolescents with hepatitis?" Select all that apply. A) acetaminophen B) female adolescents with hepatitis C) ibuprofen D) liver function

A, C

Quantitative and qualitative research share which of the following features? Select all that apply. A) A desire to understand the true state of human affairs B) An emphasis on formal measurement C) A reliance on external evidence collected through the senses D) Utility to the nursing profession

A, C, D

Which of the following online databases is a good sources of clinical practice guidelines? - Royal College of Nursing -US National Guideline Clearing House -Guidelines International Network -All of the above

All of the above

The nurse researcher notes that the initial test for reliability of an instrument has been conducted on a sample that has different characteristics from those of the current study sample. The researcher should do what? a. Conduct a pilot study on the current sample to determine whether reliability is maintained. b. Use the instrument with the current sample because reliability holds across samples. c. Use the Kuder-Richardson formula to recalculate the reliability coefficient. d. Discard or reject the instrument.

B

The purpose of an operational definition in a quantitative study is to do which of the following? A) Assign numeric values to variables B) Specify how a variable will be measured C) State the expected relationship between the variables under investigation D) Designate the conceptual underpinnings of a variable

B

The purpose of an operational definition in a quantitative study is to do which of the following? A) Assign numeric values to variables B) Specify how a variable will be measured C) State the expected relationship between the variables under investigation D) Designate the conceptual underpinnings of the variable

B

The research question, "What is the decision-making process among intensive care unit nurses who decide to discuss spiritual issues with patients?" is which of the following? A) Most likely to be addressed using a quantitative approach B) Most likely to be addressed using a qualitative approach C) Not researchable D) Not appropriately worded

B

The research tradition that is an approach to understanding people's experiences as they are lived is which of the following? A) Experimental B) Phenomenologic C) Ethnographic D) Grounded theory

B

The safeguard mechanism by which even the researcher cannot link the participant with the information provided is called which of the following? A) Confidentiality B) Anonymity C) Informed consent D) Right to privacy

B

Which of the following limits the capacity of the scientific method to answer questions about humans? A) The necessity of departing from traditional beliefs B) The difficulty of accurately measuring complex human traits C) The lack of funding for research D) The shortage of theories about human behavior

B

Which of the following statements is true? A) The MEDLINE database can only be accessed through subscriptions with a commercial vendor B) PubMed provides access to MEDLINE free of charge C) PubMed does not allow users to find "related citations" for a previously identified record in MEDLINE D) A search in MEDLINE and CINAHL for a given keyword would yield identical results

B

Which of the following statements, if used in a hypothesis, is not readily testable by empirical means? A) Less than B) Meaning of C) More than D) Related to

B

The setting is a large community hospital. The transition from discharge to home is a high-risk period for patients. This is a time when patients experience complications and adverse drug effects, often many weeks before they can access their primary care provider. As the Assistant Head nurse, you have been assigned to a process improvement group looking at ways to increase medication compliance and decrease adverse events and hospitalizations for these patients. In talking to your colleagues in other units, you find out that the hospital has recently purchased an interactive voice response (IVR) system for reminding patients about upcoming appointments. You think this might be helpful in tracking cardiac surgical patients. You want to request additional budget support to use this system with discharged patients. However, hospital administration wants to see a justification for this and information about its potential effectiveness before providing additional funding. You have been tasked with reviewing the research on IVR. Select the best choices for a PICO question and place them in the correct order. A. reducing adverse events B. patients discharged after surgical procedures C. following standard care D. IVR system

B.D.C.A

In a qualitative study, the researcher becomes involved with the research process and must ensure that his or her own preconceived beliefs and opinions do not influence the data that is emerging from the study. The way the researcher does this is by which of the following? -Pentadic dramatism - Narrative analysis -Hermeneutics -Bracketing

Bracketing

"This study aimed to explore the meaning of the experience of living with a colostomy" is which of the following? A) A research question B) A portion of a problem statement C) A statement of purpose D) A hypothesis

C

A conclusion drawn from evidence presented in a study is called which of the following? A) Statistically significant B) Valid C) Inference D) Credible

C

A new instrument has been determined to be highly valid. The nurse researcher should interpret this finding to mean what? a. It is sensitive but not specific. b. Its use results in minimal random errors. c. It accurately measures level of mentation. d. Determination of interrater reliability is unnecessary.

C

A nurse researcher administered a test anxiety questionnaire to a group of nursing students before they attended a test anxiety workshop and then administered a different questionnaire to the same nurses immediately following the workshop. This is indicative of which type of reliability? a. Split-half b. Test-retest c. Parallel form d. Alternate form

C

A nurse researcher describes an instrument that produces the same result when it is administered to the same subjects under similar conditions on two or more occasions as possessing what? a. Homogeneity b. Equivalence c. Stability d. Validity

C

In terms of statistical theory the true effect of a treatment can never really be known. True or false?

True

A researcher conceptualizes pain as "the subject's statement of intensity of pain." What operational definition is consistent with this conceptualization? A) Measurement of subject's pulse and blood pressure B) Nurse's observation of subject's pain behavior C) Subject's score on self-reported pain rating scale D) Frequency of subject's use of pain medication

C

A researcher includes a statement of purpose that indicates that the goal of the study is to understand the lived experiences of family members caring for a terminally ill child with cancer. What type of research design would most likely be used? A) Ethnography B) Grounded theory C) Phenomenology D) Quasi-experimental

C

An objective assessment of a research study's strengths and limitations is called which of the following? A) Evidenced-based practice B) Peer review process C) Research critique D) Literature review

C

Nurse researchers critiquing research reports should be concerned with the assessment of the validity and reliability of study instruments to do what? a. To determine the utility of the instruments for triangulation b. To assess the relationships between the hypotheses and the research questions c. To determine whether the concepts and variables were measured adequately d. To assess whether the concept under study is being treated as a dependent or an independent variable

C

Which of the following would be a primary source for a research literature review? A) A meta-analysis appearing in the Cochrane Reviews B) A metasynthesis published in the journal Qualitative Health Research C) An experimental study published in the journal Research in Nursing & Health D) A systematic review published in the journal Nursing Research

C

Which of the following would be most likely called a construct? A) Gender B) Body temperature C) Self-care D) Blood type

C

Which search strategy selects an important early study and locates subsequent citations in the literature? A) Ancestry approach B) Database search C) Descendancy approach D) Footnote chasing

C

Which statement accurately reflects a characteristic of a well-written literature review? A) Only a few key reports by the same author should be included if that author has published extensively on the topic under study. B) The review should primarily contain reports supportive of your general hypothesis about the problem under study. C) The review should include reports that both support and contradict your own ideas. D) The review should clearly identify points that have been proven by previous research.

C

Nursing has experienced constant change over the past decades as a result of increased research. When determining best practices, nursing decisions should do which of the following? Select all that apply. A) Be based on tradition B) Include holistic approaches C) Be clinically appropriate D) Be cost effective

C, D

When validity of an instrument is determined, the nurse researcher assesses what? (Select all that apply.) a. Stability b. Variance c. Accuracy d. Precision

C, D

In the hierarchy of preprocessed evidence which of the following is considered the highest level of evidence? -Single studies -Synopses of single studies -Synopses of syntheses -Computer decision support systems

Computer decision support systems

What is the key difference between evidence-based medicine and evidence-based nursing? -Evidence-informed decision-making -Use of systematic reviews and clinical practice guidelines -Methodologically sound and clinically relevant published research -Consideration of patient needs and preferences

Consideration of patient needs and preferences

Which strategy is most effective in empowering a staff nurse? -Following a rigid and strict rule enforcement policy -Consistently providing nurses with opportunities for greater decision-making -Providing all employees with an annual cost-of-living raise -Encouraging the nursing staff to establish a strong unit culture with turf boundaries

Consistently providing nurses with opportunities for greater decision-making

Which of the following is an aspect of trustworthiness used in evaluating the strength of evidence in a qualitative study? -Credibility -Reflexivity -Triangulation -Reliability

Credibility

Studies that collect data at one point in time are called which of the following? -Cross-over studies -Longitudinal studies -Time series -Cross-sectional studies

Cross-sectional studies

A group of researchers developing an instrument performed a test-retest on the instrument with an interval of 5 days. This testing resulted in a correlation coefficient of 0.38. The nurse researcher interprets this as being indicative of what? a. Instrument is stable; high reliability b. Instrument is stable; low reliability c. Instrument is unstable; high reliability d. Instrument is unstable; low reliability

D

A newly developed instrument is found to have a Cronbach's alpha of 0.82. The nurse researcher interprets this to mean what? a. The instrument has no internal consistency. b. The instrument has a low degree of internal consistency. c. The instrument has a moderate degree of internal consistency. d. The instrument has a relatively high degree of internal consistency.

D

A nurse researcher compared men's and women's level of stress following cardiac surgery and made sure that both groups were comparable with regard to length of stay in hospital. Length of stay in hospital is which of the following? A) Independent variable B) Dependent variable C) Mediating variable D) Confounding variable

D

A research nurse understands that evidenced-based practice in nursing does which of the following? A) Relies on tradition B) Consults recognized authorities C) Depends primarily on textbooks D) Is based on the latest research

D

A researcher wants to explore the process by which men make decisions about treatment for prostate cancer. The researcher's paradigm is most likely which of the following? A) Positivism B) Determinism C) Empiricism D) Constructivism

D

Consumers of research do which of the following? A) Design studies B) Undertake studies C) Produce research D) Read research

D

During development of an instrument to measure self-esteem, the nurse researcher administered the instrument to individuals who were substance abusers and to individuals who were not substance abusers and anticipated a significant difference in scores. This method of establishing construct validity is categorized as what? a. Factor analysis b. Convergent validity c. Discriminant validity d. Contrasted-groups approach

D

Identifying patterns, regularities, and irregularities in the published literature about the problem under study when constructing a literature review is a process called which of the following? A) Structuring B) Sorting C) Content organizing D) Thematic analysis

D

In a qualitative study, the people cooperating in the study are called which of the following? A) Subjects B) Investigators C) Researchers D) Informants

D

In testing an instrument consisting of 25 items for homogeneity using the "item-to-total" correlation, 8 items were found to have a low correlation to the total. The nurse researcher interprets this information to mean that the researcher should do what? a. Use the instrument without changes. b. Use the instrument only with a multitrait-multimethod approach. c. Retain the 8 items with low correlation and delete the other 17 items. d. Delete the 8 items with low correlation and retain the other 17 items.

D

In the question, "Do Baccalaureate degree-prepared nurses practice more rehabilitative nursing procedures on a client in an ICU than associate degree-prepared nurses?" the independent variable is which of the following? A) Associate degree-prepared nurses B) Baccalaureate degree-prepared nurses C) Rehabilitative nursing measures D) Type of educational background of nurse

D

In what situation is informed consent not needed? A) The researcher pays the participants a stipend B) The risk/benefit ratio is low C) A Certificate of Confidentiality has been obtained D) Informed consent is always needed

D

In which section would the following sentence most likely appear: "The results may have been influenced by the patients' desire to please the researchers and the hospital staff"? A) Introduction B) Method section C) Results section D) Discussion

D

Select the best description for the following: "Is there a relationship between elective labor induction and an unintended cesarean delivery?" A) It is a directional hypothesis B) It is a directional research question C) It is a non-directional hypothesis D) It is a non-directional research question

D

The level of significance of the findings in a research study can be found in which section? A) Discussion B) Introduction C) Methods D) Results

D

The overall plan for answering a research question—the architectural backbone of a study—is called which of the following? A) Sampling plan B) Proposal C) Hypothesis D) Research design

D

The statement "the results of this study are statistically significant" means which of the following regarding the findings? A) Passed a Chi test B) Are clinically important C) Are the strength of the study D) Are probably true and replicable

D

Which of the following is an appropriately worded sentence for a research review? A) Five recent studies have proved that men are less well able to cope with the loss of a spouse than women. B) The HIV-epidemic has been the cause of considerable anxiety in the gay community. C) Nurses and physicians struggle with the decision about whether to work in environments where abortion services are offered. D) Research has consistently found that infant's sleeping position is related to the risk of sudden infant death syndrome.

D

Which of the following is an important characteristic of a high-quality literature review? A) Restricted to articles written in nursing journals B) Restricted to recent studies C) Full of opinions D) Reproducible, with justifiable decision rules

D

Which of the following research focuses is qualitative? A) Weekend and night outcomes of patients admitted to a specific hospital system's trauma departments B) Trends in hospitalizations of patients with antibiotic-resistant tuberculosis C) Predicting risks for serious complications with abdominal surgery D) Needs of nursing students living with chronic illness

D

Which of the following statements is true? A) The CINAHL database includes only journals B) The CINAHL database includes about 15 million records C) The CINAHL database uses the controlled vocabulary called MeSH to index entries D) Subject headings in CINAHL include substantive and methodologic topics

D

Which type of reliability exists when consistency of observation, measured by a correlation coefficient, is noted between two or more research assistants who record their observations of an event at the same time? a. Internal consistency b. Parallel forms c. Test-retest d. Interrater

D

Which type of validity is demonstrated by administering a test in which all items relate to wound care, and then evaluating student performance in caring for patients with wounds in the clinical setting? a. Face validity b. Content validity c. Construct validity d. Criterion-related validity

D

You have identified 66 potential references through electronic database searches for your review of literature. Which action in the screening process would be the most appropriate next step in identifying the most useful articles? A) Comparing databases for duplicate-referenced reports B) Evaluating the heading terms C) Reading each article in detail D) Reviewing the abstracts

D

Which of the following statements about Computerized Decision Support Systems (DSSs) is true? -DSSs are not helpful to expert nurses. -DSSs make decisions but do not teach nurses. -DSSs can virtually eliminate medication administration errors. -DSSs decrease productivity

DSSs can virtually eliminate medication administration errors.

The purpose of evaluating the evidence that emanates from research articles is to do which of the following? -Maintain licensure as a professional nurse -Implement protocols already established in one's clinical area -Decide whether recommendations might be implemented -Improve one's clinical assessment skills

Decide whether recommendations might be implemented

Use of non-experimental designs in research fulfills what purpose? -Blinding -Comparison -Describing -Causality

Describing

If a researcher wanted to describe the relationship between women's age and frequency of performing breast self-examination, the study would be classified as which of the following? -Experimental -Descriptive correlational -Quasi-experimental -Longitudinal

Descriptive correlational

George is an active 83 year old male. He used to swim three times a week for 45 minutes, garden, and walk to church. But for the last several months, he has had trouble walking and bending his knees. It has made gardening difficult and restricted his daily activities. His family physician made the diagnosis of osteoarthritis and prescribed Voltaren (diclofenac), a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug. He is still in pain and wants to know if acupuncture would help. He says he would like to stay away from more medication. You are not sure about the effectiveness of acupuncture for this patient and need to do a little research before you can address his question. Which of the following is the most appropriate question? -Can acupuncture help an elderly 83 year-old male? -Is acupuncture or diclofenac effective for a painful knee? -In elderly patients with osteoarthritis of the knee, can acupuncture combined with an anti-steroidal inflammatory agent, improve mobility and reduce pain? -Is acupuncture more effective than diclofenac for reducing arthritis pain?

In elderly patients with osteoarthritis of the knee, can acupuncture combined with an anti-steroidal inflammatory agent, improve mobility and reduce pain?

To protect the right to fair treatment, the researcher who seeks federal grant funding for research is required to do which of the following actions? -Obtain informed consent from participants -Include minority populations in their research study -Disclose the benefits of the research to participants -Offer participants a stipend for participation in the study

Include minority populations in their research study

A research nurse understands that evidenced-based practice in nursing does which of the following? -Depends primarily on textbooks -Consults recognized authorities -Is based on the latest research -Relies on tradition

Is based on the latest research

Which of the following is characteristic of qualitative research? -It does not have to obtain Institutional Review Board approval before conducting the study. -It is capable of adjusting to what is being learned during data collection -It involves survey research design. -It depends on the robust nature of statistical analysis.

It is capable of adjusting to what is being learned during data collection.

Either a relative risk (RR) or an odds ratio (OR) of 1.0 would indicate that the intervention and control conditions have the same effect. True or false

True

What are the critical components to create a culture for EBP? -Performance improvement at all levels, quality care delivery, and patient satisfaction -Appraisal of the quality of evidence, magnitude of effects, and precision of the estimates -Identifying potential adverse consequences, reducing or eliminating exposures, and accepting alternatives -Organizational commitment, a spirit of inquiry, a cadre of mentors, appropriate infrastructure, and recognition

Organizational commitment, a spirit of inquiry, a cadre of mentors, appropriate infrastructure, and recognition

The nurse researcher protects study participants by doing which of the following actions? -Performing a risk/benefit assessment to evaluate cost compared with the benefit of participation -Keeping painful procedure information from the study participant until the study is completed -Preventing psychological discomfort during and after the study -Proposing a study that ultimately benefits society despite the risk to the participants

Performing a risk/benefit assessment to evaluate cost compared with the benefit of participation

Evidence hierarchies rank evidence sources by their strength of rigor to determine the level of best evidence. True or false

True

Applying your knowledge of random assignment, which statement is correct? -Recruiting participants from significantly different neighborhoods results in random assignment. -Grouping participants with similar features together is the best way to achieve random assignment -Random assignment ensures that the study is a true experiment. -Random assignment is accomplished with random sampling.

Random assignment ensures that the study is a true experiment.

Which of the following is a fundamental belief of those who hold to the constructivist paradigm? -Reality is multiply constructed and multiply interpreted by humans -Reality cannot be studied empirically -The nature of reality has changed over time -A fixed reality exists in nature for humans to understand

Reality is multiply constructed and multiply interpreted by humans

In a qualitative research article, the thematic analysis of the data would be presented in which section? -Results section -Discussion section -Method section -Introduction

Results section

Based on what we know about the Tuskegee Syphilis Study, which of the following rights was NOT violated? -Right to freedom from harm -Right to self-determination -Right to fair treatment -Right to privacy

Right to privacy

Evidence-based nursing (EBN) is the conscientiousness, explicit, and judicious use of theory-driven, research-based information in making decisions about nursing care delivery that considers individual needs and preferences. True or false

True

Which of the following is a fundamental belief of those who hold to the positivist paradigm? -The distance between the researcher and those being researched is minimized to enhance the interactive process -The researcher is objective and independent of those being studied -The researcher instructs those being studied to be objective in providing information -The researcher cannot interact with those being studied

The researcher is objective and independent of those being studied

Offering prisoners a $50.00 payment for participation in a clinical trial for toothpaste violates which of the following rights? -The right to protection from exploitation -The right to full disclosure -The right to self-determination -The right to privacy

The right to self-determination

In the following clinical question, what is the Comparison (C component): Does chronic stress affect inflammatory responses in older men with atherosclerotic disease? -Atherosclerotic disease -There is no "C" component -Chronic stress -Inflammatory response

There is no "C" component

Which of the following is true for metasyntheses? -They seek to integrate the quantitative and qualitative findings. -They are useful to combine findings of qualitative studies. -They are used for quantitative studies only. -They are not used in EBP.

They are useful to combine findings of qualitative studies.

Researchers use debriefing for what purpose? -To allow participants to ask questions and give feedback to the researcher -To allow the researcher to assess the participant before they leave the study site -To explain to the participant what information they can tell others -To describe the purpose of the study and the consent form

To allow participants to ask questions and give feedback to the researcher

Clinical practice guidelines are systematically developed statements to assist practitioner and patient decisions about appropriate health care for specific clinical circumstances. True or false

True

The term emergent design in qualitative inquiry refers to a research design that emerges at which of the following times? -During the conduct of a literature review -Before the study is begun -While the researcher is in the field collecting data -While the researcher develops a conceptual framework

While the researcher is in the field collecting data

In deciding if you can apply study results to your patients, which of the following are applicable? Select all that apply -Are my patients so different from those in the study that the results don't apply? -Is the treatment feasible in my setting? -Were all clinically important harms considered? -Were all clinically important benefits considered?

[All 4] -Are my patients so different from those in the study that the results don't apply? -Is the treatment feasible in my setting? -Were all clinically important harms considered? -Were all clinically important benefits considered?

Which of the following is a hallmark of the scientific method? A) Rigorous B) Holistic C) Systematic D) Flexible

c

Researchers designing studies that use continuous measures for their variables often use standardized differences between group means to express the effect of an intervention. The standardized difference is calculated by: -dividing one group mean by the other group mean -calculating the difference between group means and then dividing by the sum of the group means -calculating the number of standard deviations (SDs) between the averages of the two groups -dividing the average of each group by the standard deviation

calculating the number of standard deviations (SDs) between the averages of the two groups

guidelines use precise definitions, unambiguous language, and user friendly format

clarity

the target population is defined in accordance with the evidence

clinical applicability

all key disciplines and interests contribute to guideline development

representative

Given the same evidence, another group would produce similar recommendations

reproducibility

guideleine stat how and when they should be reviewed

scheduled review

The use of guidelines has been criticized on the grounds that they can stifle individual clinical judgement. True or false?

true