EDU 393 Final Exam Multiple Choice

Sixteen-year-old Reynelda has known since she was 4 years old that she will become a teacher. Her grandmother was a teacher, and her mother and two aunts are teachers. She's never really even thought about any other occupation. Reynelda can best be described as showing: -Identity diffusion. -Foreclosure. -Moratorium. -Identity achievement.

Foreclosure.

Three of the following would be considered moral transgressions. Which one is an example of a conventional transgression? -Telling a lie that ruins a classmate's reputation -Shoving a younger child to the ground -Forgetting to say "Thank you" when receiving a gift -Stealing a classmate's homework

Forgetting to say "Thank you" when receiving a gift

Three of the following would be considered moral transgressions. Which one is an example of a conventional transgression? -Telling a lie that ruins a classmate's reputation -Shoving a younger child to the ground -Forgetting to say "Thank you" when receiving a gift -Stealing a classmate's homework

Forgetting to say "Thank you" when receiving a gift

In which one of the following examples is metacognition most clearly illustrated? -Mary knows all the letters of the alphabet before she begins kindergarten. -Fran can reasonably guess how much of a book she is likely to remember a month later. -Billy can read fourth-grade-level books at the age of 6. -Alex has a photographic memory that enables him to remember almost everything he sees.

Fran can reasonably guess how much of a book she is likely to remember a month later.

Three of the following are advantages of giving classroom assessments frequently rather than infrequently. Which statement is not accurate? Frequent assessment is less likely to tax students' long-term memory capabilities. Frequent assessment makes cheating less likely. Frequent assessment makes students less anxious because each assessment score is less important. Frequent assessment encourages students to take occasional risks in their responses.

Frequent assessment is less likely to tax students' long-term memory capabilities.

Three of the following practices are appropriate when administering a standardized achievement test. Which one is notappropriate? Encourage students to do their best. Frequently remind students how important their test performance is for their educational future. Give students practice with the types of items the test will include. Explain that students won't necessarily have time to answer all questions.

Frequently remind students how important their test performance is for their educational future.

If we say that a particular classroom assessment instrument is highly reliable, we mean that it: Accurately assesses whether students have attained our instructional objectives Yields scores that form a bell curve Predicts future success in school Gives us similar results on different occasions

Gives us similar results on different occasions

Which one of the following teacher questions or statements asks students to engage in a complex cognitive process? -"Can you remember the three categories of rocks that we studied last week?" -"Here are the same rocks that we studied yesterday. Try to sort them into three piles—sedimentary, igneous, and metamorphic—the same way we did yesterday?" -"Can you use what you've learned about snakes and what you know about climate in North America to predict where this snake might live?" -"Now that I've shown you how to do forward and backward rolls on the floor mat, work with two of your classmates to practice them."

"Can you use what you've learned about snakes and what you know about climate in North America to predict where this snake might live?"

Which one of the following statements reflects Kohlberg's preconventional moral reasoning? -"It's okay to cheat on this exam because the teacher isn't watching me." -"It isn't fair to the students who studied hard if I cheat." -"Cheating is against school rules, so I shouldn't do it." -"The most popular boy in school cheats all the time, so I guess I can too."

"It's okay to cheat on this exam because the teacher isn't watching me."

In a science lesson on heat, Ms. Jones explains that heat is the result of molecules moving back and forth very quickly and that gases are heated more quickly than liquids. The next day she asks her class the following four questions. Which one requires a complex cognitive process? -"Who can remember yesterday's discussion about heat?" -"What is heat?" -"Which one is heated more quickly—a gas or a liquid?" -"Why might it be cooler near the ocean on a hot summer day?"

"Why might it be cooler near the ocean on a hot summer day?"

Eileen is reluctant to go out for the school soccer team. We want to enhance her self-confidence about becoming a successful soccer player. If we consider the role of attributions in motivation, the best thing we can say to Eileen is: -"Some people are just naturally good soccer players, and I've seen signs that you're probably one of them." -"The game of soccer is largely a matter of luck. Some days are good ones and some days are bad. You just never know how things will go." -"Skill in soccer is totally a function of how hard you work at the game." -"You have some natural athletic ability, and practice will make you even better."

"You have some natural athletic ability, and practice will make you even better."

Students are more likely to be successful problem solvers and creative thinkers in a given subject area when they: -Demonstrate problem-solving expertise in other, very different subject areas. -Know the subject matter well. -Have had extensive training in general logical thinking skills. -Pay considerable attention to details.

Know the subject matter well.

Listed below are four reasons why students might not want to take their schoolwork seriously or to try very hard to succeed at classroom tasks. Which one of these reasons is consistent with the concept of self-efficacy? -Anthony is more interested in horsing around with his friends. -Bernice is so anxious in the classroom that she can't think clearly. -Carol doesn't think she has the ability to do the work successfully. -Danny thinks his teacher doesn't like him.

Carol doesn't think she has the ability to do the work successfully.

A large social group in which the members show strong loyalty to each other, have strict rules, and have specific initiation rites is known as: -A clique. -A subculture. -A norm group. -A gang.

A gang.

Mark often comes to school wearing sandals instead of sneakers on days that he has physical education. He is getting angry with himself for continually forgetting the necessary footwear. His teacher suggests that he treat himself to an hour of television only on days when he has remembered to wear sneakers. Mark's teacher is suggesting that Mark use: -Vicarious reinforcement. -Intermittent reinforcement. -A self-imposed contingency. -Self-monitoring.

A self-imposed contingency.

Which one of the following students clearly has a performance goal rather than a mastery goal? -Alec judges his own performance on the basis of how his classmates do. -Blanche always does more than her teacher requires. -Christina persists when she encounters a difficult mathematics problem. -Devon is bored by easy assignments.

Alec judges his own performance on the basis of how his classmates do.

In which one of the following situations are we most likely to find transfer? -Alice learns how to add two-digit numbers and then studies how to add three-digit numbers. -Brianne learns how to plant corn and then learns how to prune a hedge. -Cathy learns early British history and then learns early Japanese history. -Devlin learns how to play softball and then learns how to play a card game.

Alice learns how to add two-digit numbers and then studies how to add three-digit numbers.

Three of the following experiences should promote higher self-efficacy about the task in question. Which one probably won't? -Andrea discovers that she does well on her weekly spelling tests only when she wears her lucky necklace. -On the first day of geometry, Bob's teacher tells the class, "The things in your textbook may look difficult to you now, but with a little effort and practice you'll have the basics down pat by December." -Carmella does better in her Spanish class than she expected to. -Dick's friend tells him, "You shouldn't have any problem in American Literature. I'm no smarter than you are, and I got an A."

Andrea discovers that she does well on her weekly spelling tests only when she wears her lucky necklace.

Which one of the following statements best describes psychologists' concept of a need for autonomy? -Reinforcing yourself when you do a good job -Believing that you have some control over what you do -Deciding what kind of person you want to become -Knowing that you can accomplish something if you just put your mind to it

Believing that you have some control over what you do

Research on gender differences in students' sense of self tells us that: -In adolescence, girls rate their physical appearance more positively than boys do. -On average, girls have a better overall sense of self-worth than boys. -Boys are more likely than girls to overrate their abilities. -Boys are more likely than girls to see themselves as being good readers.

Boys are more likely than girls to overrate their abilities.

On the day you give a paper-pencil test, your classroom is unusually cold and a construction crew is working noisily just outside the building. For which one of the following students are such conditions likely to adversely affect test performance? Andrea, who thinks tests are challenging and fun Brittany, who doesn't really care how she does on the test Corbin, who has done well on similar tests in the past, albeit under better conditions Dennis, who is receiving special educational services for students who are gifted

Brittany, who doesn't really care how she does on the test

Three of the following statements are accurate with regard to metacognition and study strategies. Which one is not accurate? -By high school, most students have developed an effective way to study. -Students in the early elementary grades have little understanding of how they can best learn. -Students who take more notes on classroom material remember the material better. -Students with greater awareness about how best to learn achieve at higher levels in the classroom.

By high school, most students have developed an effective way to study.

Three of the following alternatives describe typical thoughts and actions of children who are predisposed to aggressive behavior. Which one is not a typical description? -Jordan pushes Lisa because he is sure that Lisa bumped into him on purpose. -Other children always give in to Bobby's demands because they're afraid he'll push them down if they don't, but Bobby thinks the other students respect him for his actions. -Derek wants to join the soccer game in progress on the playground, so he runs into the middle of the field and trips Nathan in order to get the ball. -Carrie throws her pencil at Jack because she thinks he is laughing at her, but then she is immediately sorry and tells him so.

Carrie throws her pencil at Jack because she thinks he is laughing at her, but then she is immediately sorry and tells him so.

Which one of the following individuals most clearly has a mastery goal rather than a performance goal? -Andrea is in the pool each day at 6:00 a.m.; she's set her sights on earning an Olympic gold medal in swimming. -Brandon wants to please his parents by doing well in school. -Claude studies science so he can understand what makes things "tick." -Darlene never asks questions in class because she's afraid she'll look stupid.

Claude studies science so he can understand what makes things "tick."

Which one of the following is the best illustration of metacognition? -Andrea is studying for a spelling test. She writes each spelling word five times in her nicest handwriting. -Betsy stays up late studying for a geography test. The following morning in school, she is too tired to think straight during the test. -Connie is studying for a history test. She knows that she has trouble with dates, so she checks herself by giving herself a short quiz after each chapter. -Dolly gives her friend Evonne an SAT preparation book because Dolly is preparing to take the SAT exam for college.

Connie is studying for a history test. She knows that she has trouble with dates, so she checks herself by giving herself a short quiz after each chapter.

Which one of the following students has an illusion of knowing? -Anthony doesn't understand the concept of entropy. -Belinda doesn't know how to swim. -Corissa thinks she understands the concept of inertia, but she really doesn't. -Daryl doesn't think he is a very good tennis player, even though he is the best player on the school tennis team.

Corissa thinks she understands the concept of inertia, but she really doesn't.

Which one of the following students is most likely to have facilitating anxiety? -Art doesn't begin his 20-page research report for his psychology class until the night before it is due. -Bert has heard that his statistics professor is an easy grader, so he isn't the least bit worried about getting at least a B in his statistics course. -Curt is nervous about doing well in the 100-meter dash. -Dave can't find the note cards he made for his book report, and in five minutes it will be his turn to give his report.

Curt is nervous about doing well in the 100-meter dash.

Twelve-year-old Kyle takes a picture of his classmate Bill completely nude while in the school locker room. Kyle then forwards the picture via e-mail to about 50 classmates, who delight in Bill's humiliation at being exposed in this way. Kyle's action can best be characterized as: -Cyberbullying. -A hostile attributional bias. -Reactive aggression. -Social cognition.

Cyberbullying.

Which one of the following students is attributing success or failure on a geology test to an internal source and thinks the cause is unstable and controllable? -Emily says she did well on her test because she is smart in science. -Jane says she failed the test because it was too difficult. -Drew says he did well on the test because he studied hard. -Joe says he studied hard but failed because he just isn't any good in geology.

Drew says he did well on the test because he studied hard.

Teachers can use three of the following strategies to discourage cheating, which is dishonest and therefore immoral. Which strategy is not as likely to discourage cheating? -Ensure that students have the support they need to complete assignments without cheating -Encourage students to catch one another cheating and regulate it themselves -Ensure that students understand what cheating is by clearly explaining that it includes gaining an unfair advantage over others -Explain the difference between cheating and a collaboration where all collaborators learn something and the work is an honest joint effort

Encourage students to catch one another cheating and regulate it themselves

Mr. Rawlins is faculty advisor for the high school service club. He attends every meeting, and he regularly provides the support students need to carry out their activities. During group discussions, however, he typically sits in the back of the room and offers advice only if club members ask for it or if he thinks the club's planned activities are in some way inappropriate. In taking this approach, Mr. Rawlins is most likely to: -Decrease club members' expectations for success in their activities. -Enhance club members' sense of autonomy. -Reduce club members' interest in public service. -Encourage club members to have external attributions about their activities.

Enhance club members' sense of autonomy.

As students grow older, they are more likely to: -Hold themselves to unrealistically high standards for performance. -Be satisfied with low levels of performance. -Evaluate their own performance in terms of how it compares with that of their classmates. -Evaluate their own performance in terms of how much improvement it shows over time.

Evaluate their own performance in terms of how it compares with that of their classmates.

Three of the following are recommended strategies for accommodating students with disabilities during educational assessments. Which one is not necessarily recommended? Excusing a student from an assessment Using a different assessment instrument from the one given to nondisabled classmates Reading aloud the questions on a paper-pencil test Giving frequent breaks during the assessment

Excusing a student from an assessment

Researchers have observed cultural differences in three of the following areas. In which area are there least likely to be cultural differences? -Existence of a central executive that oversees learning -Commonly used learning strategies -Beliefs about the nature of knowledge -A disposition to think critically about classroom subject matter

Existence of a central executive that oversees learning

Anita's idea of how to interact with her classmates is to tease or insult them. Not surprisingly, she has few friends. Her teacher can best help her by: -Doing nothing, because her peers are the most effective teachers of what she needs to know. -Asking the principal to move Anita to a different classroom. -Encouraging classmates to reciprocate by teasing and insulting her, so that she will know how such treatment feels. -Explicitly teaching her more effective ways to interact with her peers.

Explicitly teaching her more effective ways to interact with her peers.

A student who has an illusion of knowing is most likely to: Engage in considerable elaboration of classroom material. -Engage in considerable elaboration of classroom material. -Express surprise about a low test score. -Understand the general gist of a reading assignment but be unable to repeat it verbatim. -Accurately summarize what he or she has just read.

Express surprise about a low test score.

Imagine you are a high school principal who wants students to develop effective study strategies before they graduate. If you follow the textbook's recommendations for teaching study skills and other complex cognitive processes, which one of the following approaches should you use? -Purchase textbooks that are about two years below students' present reading levels. -Have teachers incorporate study skills training into the specific academic courses they teach. -Have a one-semester study skills course that all students take in their first year of high school. -Have a one-semester study skills course that all students take in their final year of high school.

Have teachers incorporate study skills training into the specific academic courses they teach.

Which one of the following examples is most consistent with the textbook's definition of assessment? Having a student swim two laps using the breast stroke Asking a student to form a mental image of a nine-sided polygon Having a student describe how long she studied Asking a high school student to read the first two chapters of a college-level textbook

Having a student swim two laps using the breast stroke

Jeffrey needs to study for an upcoming exam. He does a number of things to prepare for the exam, four of which are listed below. Three of these illustrate metacognition. Which one reflects little if any metacognitive activity? -He allocates adequate study time for the exam. -He directs his eyes to the first page of his textbook. -He identifies a suitable mnemonic technique that will help him remember a difficult piece of information. -He tests himself to see if he is sufficiently prepared for the exam.

He directs his eyes to the first page of his textbook.

Calvin is 7 years old and in second grade. Given children's typical metacognitive abilities at different age levels, which one of the following is most likely to be true of Calvin? -He realizes that mastering a topic might take him considerable time and practice. -He believes that people's conflicting opinions about a topic may all be "right" to some degree. -He is overly optimistic about how much he can learn and remember in a short time period. -He recognizes that learning is an active, constructive process.

He is overly optimistic about how much he can learn and remember in a short time period.

An eighth grader named Marianne consistently refuses to do difficult classroom assignments because she's afraid of failing at them. Which one of the basic needs described in the textbook is Marianne most clearly trying to address? -Her need for relatedness -Her need for autonomy -Her need for arousal -Her need for competence

Her need for competence

When choosing a partner to work on a science fair project, James selects a close friend who isn't particularly good in science. Which basic human need is James probably trying to satisfy? -His need for autonomy -His need for arousal -His need for relatedness -His need to enhance his self-efficacy about academic subject matter

His need for relatedness

Mr. Richardson does not expect much of his students from a low-income, inner-city neighborhood. Given what we know about the effects of teacher expectations, which outcome is most likely? -His students are likely to learn information in a rote rather than meaningful fashion. -His students are likely to develop higher self-efficacy than they would otherwise. -His students are more likely to develop a realistic understanding of their own strengths and weaknesses than they would otherwise. -His students are likely to achieve at a lower level than they would otherwise.

His students are likely to achieve at a lower level than they would otherwise.

Which one of the following is a consideration related to an assessment instrument's practicality? What the instrument assesses What the instrument's name (e.g., "intelligence test") says it assesses How easy it is to administer How consistent students' performance is from one time to the next

How easy it is to administer

Three of the following strategies are consistent with the textbook's discussion of bullying. Which one is not consistent? -Offer emotional support to the victims of bullies, and help them make friends with students who might protect them against future bullying. -Help students get a good understanding of what bullying is, pointing out that it can involve either physical or psychological harm. -Ignore minor incidents of bullying if the victims are immature and need some "toughening up." -Create a system through which students can anonymously report incidents of bullying they see in the halls, on the playground, and elsewhere.

Ignore minor incidents of bullying if the victims are immature and need some "toughening up."

In which one of the following situations is a student attributing failure to a stable and uncontrollable factor? -Jason tells himself that he failed the last history test because the substitute teacher constructed a bad test. He expects to do better when his regular teacher returns from maternity leave. -Kami tells herself that she is getting low grades in math because, like her mom, she just isn't any good at math. -Lana thinks she was the last one chosen for the baseball team because she hadn't been practicing enough. She vows to do better next time. -Marley believes she is having trouble in music because she has been absent the last two weeks. She knows she'll have to work extra hard to catch up to her class.

Kami tells herself that she is getting low grades in math because, like her mom, she just isn't any good at math.

When Scott was first learning how to write, he wrote quickly and sloppily, without regard for how his papers looked. But his teachers praised him regularly for writing carefully and legibly, and eventually he began to pride himself on his neat and careful handwriting. This transition can best be described as: -Acquiring an external attribution for neat and careful handwriting. -Internalizing the value of neat and careful handwriting. -Developing situational interest in neat and careful handwriting. -Developing extrinsic motivation for neat and careful handwriting.

Internalizing the value of neat and careful handwriting.

Mike desperately wants to do well on the SAT Reasoning Test, because his scores on this test will affect his chances of getting into his first-choice college. He also knows that many students at his school think SAT scores are good indicators of how "smart" one is. Yet the night before the test, rather than get a good night's sleep, Mike goes out with his friends, has a few beers, comes home late, and wakes up with a hangover. With this information in mind, we might suspect that Mike: -Is engaging in self-handicapping -Is working hard to counteract the effects of stereotype threat -Is the victim of situated motivation -Has facilitating anxiety about the test

Is engaging in self-handicapping

Which one of the following statements best describes the usefulness of a concept map? -It allows students to record all the information about a topic in essay form so that they can do well on essay tests. -It allows students to record distinct ideas from a lecture on separate sheets of paper so they don't get similar ideas mixed up. -It provides a good "filler" activity at the end of the day, when students are tired and ready to go home. -It helps students understand and remember interrelationships among concepts.

It helps students understand and remember interrelationships among concepts.

Which one of the following is a legitimate concern about the use of performance assessment? It focuses more on rote learning than on meaningful learning. It undermines students' performance goals. It underestimates how much students have learned. Its reliability and content validity are sometimes questionable.

Its reliability and content validity are sometimes questionable.

Which one of the following assessments is definitely criterion-referenced? Ivy is taking an achievement test in English. Her score will tell her how her performance compares with that of her classmates. John is taking a math test with questions involving ratios. He will get three separate scores reflecting how much he knows about fractions, decimals, and proportions. Regina is taking a physical fitness test in which she and her classmates run a quarter mile, and their times are compared at the end of the test. Leon is taking a Spanish test that will determine whether he should be placed in an advanced section of Spanish II designed for students who have achieved at an especially high level in Spanish I.

John is taking a math test with questions involving ratios. He will get three separate scores reflecting how much he knows about fractions, decimals, and proportions.

Critical thinking can best be described as involving: -Knowing the best course of action to take in complex situations. -Using heuristics to solve problems. -Keeping an open mind. -Judging the credibility of information or arguments.

Judging the credibility of information or arguments.

The textbook recommends that teachers encourage students to set and work toward proximal goals. Which one of the following illustrates a proximal goal? -Learning the symbols for all the elements in a chemistry class -Maintaining a 4.0 GPA throughout the high school years -Becoming a reporter for a major news channel such as CNN -Shooting for admission to a local community college rather than to a -prestigious and highly selective private college

Learning the symbols for all the elements in a chemistry class

Three of the following strategies should encourage positive interactions among students with diverse backgrounds or special educational needs. Which strategy is not likely to do so? -Teach students common words and phrases in one another's native languages. -Let students choose their own seats in the classroom. -Teach students the meaning and importance of certain customs in cultures different from their own. -Form cooperative learning groups that include students from different ethnic backgrounds.

Let students choose their own seats in the classroom.

Three of the following strategies illustrate the use of metacognitive processes in problem solving. Which strategy is least metacognitive in nature? -Breaking a complex problem into smaller, easier subproblems -Continually monitoring progress toward problem solution -Identifying a logical approach to solving a problem -Looking up the correct answer at the back of the textbook

Looking up the correct answer at the back of the textbook

Which one of the following is the best example of critical thinking as it is described in the textbook? -Lorenzo complains to his teacher, "When the textbook discusses the importance of recycling, it doesn't explain how the advantages outweigh the disadvantages." -Justin says to his friend Victor, "I think I can guess why you're feeling sad today." -Muriel asks her teacher, "Why do we have to start school so early in the morning? I have trouble thinking clearly before ten o'clock in the morning." -Rachel mumbles to herself as she reads her history book, "Why does the year 1929 sound so familiar? Oh, yes, now I know. That's the year the stock market crashed."

Lorenzo complains to his teacher, "When the textbook discusses the importance of recycling, it doesn't explain how the advantages outweigh the disadvantages."

Given what researchers have learned about changes in children's and adolescents' self-esteem over the years, which teachers should be especially careful to help students acquire a positive sense of self? -Second- through fourth-grade teachers -Middle school teachers -High school teachers who teach advanced courses -High school coaches and physical education teachers

Middle school teachers

An authoritarian parenting style is seen in which one of the following examples involving junior high school students? -Molly's parents are quite strict, letting her know their high expectations for her and imposing strong penalties for failing or breaking their rules. -Fern's parents allow her generous leeway in terms of bedtimes, curfews, and choice of friends. -Henry's parents have high expectations for him but often ask him for his opinion when they set guidelines for acceptable behavior. -Kelly's parents are primarily concerned with their own lives and problems and do not provide Kelly with much warmth or emotional support.

Molly's parents are quite strict, letting her know their high expectations for her and imposing strong penalties for failing or breaking their rules.

The textbook suggests that the effects of peer pressure have been overrated. Three of the following are factors that ameliorate, or "soften," the potential effects of peer pressure. Which statement is notnecessarily accurate? -Students may give an outward impression of acting "cool" or "going along with the crowd" while secretly behaving in accordance with their own standards. -Students tend to hang out with peers whose values and interests are similar to their own. -Students retain some of the values they have acquired from their families. -Most adolescents have developed abstract moral principles that guide their daily decision making.

Most adolescents have developed abstract moral principles that guide their daily decision making.

Which one of the following teachers is most likely to score his or her essay tests validly and reliably? Mr. Achziger identifies the components that a good response should include and awards a specific number of points for each component he finds in a student's response. Ms. Brodzinski scores each student's test in its entirety before moving to the next student's test. Mr. Cullen scores students' responses to each question on a scale of 1 to 5, where 1 means "inadequate" and 5 means "excellent." Ms. Duning arranges the tests with her higher-achieving students' responses at the top; their responses will give her an idea of what a "good" response is like as she continues to grade other students' papers.

Mr. Achziger identifies the components that a good response should include and awards a specific number of points for each component he finds in a student's response.

The four teachers below are hoping to improve their students' self-efficacy. Which one will probably be least effective in doing so? -Mr. Anderson helps his students be successful at math word problems. -Ms. Berry tells her students how wonderful they are. -Mr. Carrera helps his students improve their creative writing skills. -Ms. D'Amato helps her students throw a softball farther.

Ms. Berry tells her students how wonderful they are.

Three of the following teachers are using strategies that should promote self-regulated learning. Which teacher, while almost certainly helping students learn more effectively, is probably not promoting self-regulated learning? -Mr. Isaacs gives his students several criteria they can use to evaluate their own research papers. -Ms. Carlson asks Craig to make a check mark on a piece of paper whenever he finds himself talking out of turn. -Ms. Henry recruits several parents to provide one-on-one tutoring for students who are having difficulty in a particular subject area. -Ms. Alexander encourages Andy to set a target for himself regarding the number of multiplication facts he will know by the end of the week.

Ms. Henry recruits several parents to provide one-on-one tutoring for students who are having difficulty in a particular subject area.

Which one of the following is the best example of summative assessment? Ms. Vickery gives her social studies students a test at the end of a unit to determine how well they have learned the material in the unit. Mr. Waters gives his government students a quiz at midterm to determine whether he needs to spend more time on certain aspects of the federal judicial system. Ms. Yarborough gives her introductory German students weekly quizzes to make sure they're keeping up with the material. Mr. Zeller gives his science students a pretest before beginning a unit on the water cycle to determine how much they already know about the topic.

Ms. Vickery gives her social studies students a test at the end of a unit to determine how well they have learned the material in the unit.

Which one of the following is the best example of summative assessment? Ms. Vickery gives her social studies students a test at the end of a unit to determine how well they have learned the material in the unit. Mr. Waters gives his government students a quiz at midterm to determine whether he needs to spend more time on certain aspects of the federal judicial system. Ms. Yarborough gives her introductory German students weekly quizzes to make sure they're keeping up with the material. Mr. Zeller gives his science students a pretest before beginning a unit on the water cycle to determine how much they already know about the topic.

Ms. Vickery gives her social studies students a test at the end of a unit to determine how well they have learned the material in the unit.

Which one of the following is the best example of negative transfer? -Nellie sees five squared (52) in her math book and reads it as "fifty-two." -Fred knows he can get Bs in his classes without having to study at all. -José is trying to remember when World War II began, so he recalls all he can about European history and correctly concludes that the war began in the late 1930s. -Eleanor wants to tie a string securely to her pencil so that she can hang it from her notebook, but she has forgotten how to tie a square knot.

Nellie sees five squared (52) in her math book and reads it as "fifty-two."

Four students in Mr. Kent's physical education class have just done poorly on the school district's physical fitness test. Which student is exhibiting a mastery goal? -Muriel gets As in all her other classes so she doesn't mind getting a C in physical education. -Patrice is very upset about her poor performance and plans to work very hard to do better next year because she doesn't want her friends to think she's a wimp. -Oliver is going to come back after class to look at his scores and ask -Mr. Kent for suggestions about how to improve in his weak areas. -Robert plans to start working out this very weekend so that he'll be in better shape. Because his father is the school football coach, everyone expects Robert to excel in athletics.

Oliver is going to come back after class to look at his scores and ask Mr. Kent for suggestions about how to improve in his weak areas.

Which one of the following is most likely to be true for students who have a strong ethnic identity? -They are apt to speak a language other than English even when others in the group are speaking English. -On average, they tend to suffer from low self-esteem. -On average, they tend to be academically and socially successful. -On average, they tend to see little value in getting an education and often drop out before twelfth grade.

On average, they tend to be academically and socially successful.

Three of the following are accurate statements about factors that affect transfer. Which statement is not necessarily accurate? -Students are more likely to transfer what they have learned if they have studied it in a meaningful, rather than rote, fashion. -Students are more likely to transfer what they have learned if they have studied it for a lengthy period of time. -Students are more likely to transfer things they learn in school than things they learn outside of school. -Students are more likely to transfer general attitudes toward a subject area than specific facts in that subject area.

Students are more likely to transfer things they learn in school than things they learn outside of school.

Which one of the following statements is most accurate about the effects of peer groups and peer pressure? -Peer pressure is strongest in the primary grades, when children first enter school. -Peer pressure is strongest during the late high school years, as students approach graduation. -Peer groups may encourage either desirable qualities (e.g., honesty) or undesirable qualities (e.g., violence). -When a particular peer group discourages academic achievement, members of that group will always achieve lower class grades than they are capable of achieving.

Peer groups may encourage either desirable qualities (e.g., honesty) or undesirable qualities (e.g., violence).

Which one of the following students is exhibiting an externalizing behavior? -Tanya, who weighs 93 pounds but has stopped eating lunch and has cut back on other meals because she thinks she's too fat -Roberto, who has been overindulging in alcohol and making frequent comments about killing himself -Natasha, who has been unable to sleep through the night for months because she can't stop worrying about her life -Peter, who has been stealing small items from his classmates' desks and publicly accusing others of taking them

Peter, who has been stealing small items from his classmates' desks and publicly accusing others of taking them

Three of the following suggestions are apt to be helpful when teachers work with students and their parents. Choose the strategy that is apt to be counterproductive. -Keep in mind that many children do well in school despite less-than-optimal parenting styles at home. -Acknowledge that authoritarian methods may be quite appropriate if families live in dangerous neighborhoods. -Point out that parents who use authoritarian methods may be causing some of their children's behavior problems. -Keep in mind that many parents from Asian cultures effectively combine elements of authoritative and authoritarian parenting.

Point out that parents who use authoritarian methods may be causing some of their children's behavior problems.

The school district of Wattville, Delaware, is considering using the Colorado Achievement Test (CAT) this year. This test must be administered by a school psychologist to each student individually, with each student's testing time being about two hours. Without knowing anything else about the CAT, the Wattville school district should probably question the test's: Practicality Content validity Standardization Reliability

Practicality

Danny is a quiet 11-year-old who usually keeps to himself. Some of the other boys in class like to tease him when the teacher isn't looking because they know they can provoke him to fight, and then Danny hits them and gets in trouble. The type of aggression that Danny exhibits is called: -Proactive aggression. -Prosocial aggression. -Reactive aggression. -Relational aggression.

Reactive aggression.

In what way does self-efficacy differ from the term self-concept? -Self-efficacy refers only to behaviors that people learn through modeling. -Self-efficacy results primarily from vicarious reinforcement and punishment. -Self-efficacy varies depending on the specific task to be performed. -Self-efficacy appears only after people begin to regulate their own behavior.

Self-efficacy varies depending on the specific task to be performed.

Marion puts off doing a project for the science fair until she has so little time to do it that she cannot possibly complete a good project. Such behavior is most consistent with the concept of: -Self-fulfilling prophecies -Non-resilient self-efficacy -A mastery goal -Self-handicapping

Self-handicapping

Racine is very moody. One day she seems reasonably happy, but the next day she's irritable and on edge. The day after that, she's quite cheerful. Taking developmental differences in affect into account and without knowing anything else about Racine, our best guess would be that Racine is in: -Kindergarten. -Third grade. -Seventh grade. -Twelfth grade.

Seventh grade.

Maria is what psychologists would describe as a self-regulating person when it comes to her moral behavior. Given this information, which one of the following descriptions best describes Maria's moral behavior? -She works for social incentives; for example, she contributes to charity if she thinks that other people will like her better for doing so. -She behaves in morally appropriate ways only when she thinks other people are watching her. -She has an internal set of standards regarding right and wrong behavior, and she feels guilty when she violates those standards. -She has an internal set of standards regarding right and wrong, but those standards seldom influence the way she actually behaves.

She has an internal set of standards regarding right and wrong behavior, and she feels guilty when she violates those standards.

Ms. Simons believes that Jeremy has the ability to do much better on math tests than he is currently doing. Given the textbook's discussion of teacher attributions, how is Ms. Simons most likely to act toward Jeremy? -She'll be annoyed when he doesn't do well. -She'll express sympathy and pity when he doesn't do well. -She'll completely ignore Jeremy, in an attempt to extinguish his nonproductive behavior. -She'll model resilient self-efficacy for Jeremy.

She'll be annoyed when he doesn't do well.

Which one of the following forms of aggression are we more apt to see in girls than in boys? -Pulling someone's hair -Spreading a malicious rumor -Poking a nearby classmate -Throwing a pencil at someone across the room

Spreading a malicious rumor

When educators use the expression "Less is more" in their discussions of promoting complex cognitive processes, they mean that: -Students are more likely to engage in complex processes when they focus on learning a few topics very well. -Students are more likely to engage in complex processes if they spend very little time per day listening to lectures. -Students will more successfully transfer what they've learned to new problems and situations when those problems are simple rather than complex. -Students can only store so much in working memory at any one time.

Students are more likely to engage in complex processes when they focus on learning a few topics very well.

Which one of the following alternatives best reflects how the textbook defines students at risk? -Students with a strong probability of becoming long-term substance abusers -Students likely to have poor long-term developmental outcomes -Students who show a pattern of criminal-like behavior by the age of 14 -Students who have had numerous encounters with the criminal justice system

Students likely to have poor long-term developmental outcomes

Which one of the following statements best reflects the concept of collective self-efficacy? -Over time, students develop a general sense of self-efficacy that influences their performance in a wide variety of content domains. -As students get older, their self-confidence about performing certain tasks becomes fairly stable and so is less influenced by any single success or failure experience. -Students may have greater confidence about accomplishing a task when they work with others rather than alone. -Some students have greater self-confidence when they have technological resources (spreadsheet software, Internet access, etc.) to help them in their efforts.

Students may have greater confidence about accomplishing a task when they work with others rather than alone.

From the perspective of psychology, why should teachers not expect students to solve complex problems in their heads? -The capacity for complex problem solving does not emerge until late adolescence. -Asking students to solve complex problems promotes rote memorization rather than meaningful learning. -Students' working memories can hold only a few pieces of information at a time. -By trying to solve complex problems in their heads, students are likely to "unlearn" some of the information stored in their long-term memories.

Students' working memories can hold only a few pieces of information at a time.

Three of the following are accurate statements about how classroom assessments either directly or indirectly affect students' learning and achievement. Which statement is not accurate? The nature of assessment tasks influence how students study classroom material. Students are more motivated to study classroom material when they know their knowledge of the material will be assessed. Studying for an assessment facilitates students' memory even for information that they do not specifically study. Assessments can provide valuable feedback about what students know and what they need to work on.

Studying for an assessment facilitates students' memory even for information that they do not specifically study.

Which one of the following is the best example of a student attributing success to internal factors? -Nita has just gotten an A on her final exam in world history and is feeling very grateful to the teacher for her good grade. -Polly's teacher has just told her that she will be the group leader for her reading group next quarter. Polly is glad her teacher is in a good mood today. -Renata has just gotten a good grade on her math test and is glad that her mother got her a math tutor. -Sue Ellen has just gotten a good grade on her geography test. She is proud that she did so well and glad that she studied hard.

Sue Ellen has just gotten a good grade on her geography test. She is proud that she did so well and glad that she studied hard.

All of the following strategies are certainly beneficial, but only one is likely to foster resilience in students who live in difficult and challenging circumstances (e.g., extreme poverty, abusive family members). Which strategy is known to foster resilience? -Take a personal interest in students' welfare and show them that they can turn to you in times of need. -Show students how academic tasks are relevant to their personal lives. -Give students both positive and negative feedback when it's appropriate to do so. -Have fewer classroom requirements and be lenient in grading criteria.

Take a personal interest in students' welfare and show them that they can turn to you in times of need.

Which one of the following is definitely not an example of authentic assessment? Writing an opinion essay Preparing a graph from data Conducting an experiment Taking a multiple-choice test

Taking a multiple-choice test

The reliability of an assessment instrument tells us: How norms for the instrument were obtained Whether the instrument predicts a future behavior Whether the instrument assesses something consistently Whether the instrument actually measures what it is intended to measure

Whether the instrument assesses something consistently

Which one of the following illustrates a phenomenon known as the personal fable? -Olivia becomes very popular with her peers when she makes up a story that she is from a small European country and has royal blood in her family. -Wendy gets sick more often than her classmates and so asks her teachers to be more lenient in grading her assignments. -Jonathan thinks of himself as a "nobody," someone whom his peers rarely notice. -William believes he is unique among human beings, with thoughts and feelings no one else has ever had.

William believes he is unique among human beings, with thoughts and feelings no one else has ever had.

At a Parent Teacher Association (PTA) meeting at your school, several parents complain about the moral decline of today's youth and argue that the school should be giving regular lectures about the importance of honesty, loyalty, generosity, and so on. If the teachers and school administrators are up to date on research regarding moral development, they should respond by saying that such lectures: -Can be effective only if parents urge their children to take the lectures seriously. -Would do little if anything to promote moral behavior. -Are likely to be effective for junior high and high school students but not for elementary school students. -Are likely to be effective for elementary students but not for junior high and high school students.

Would do little if anything to promote moral behavior.

Should students ever be allowed to fail at classroom tasks? If we take into account the concept of resilient self-efficacy, the answer is: -Yes. Self-efficacy is highest when students fail at a task several times in a row before accomplishing it successfully. -Yes. Occasional failures interspersed among frequent successes teach students that perseverance pays off. -No. Failure gives students the message that school is not an enjoyable place to be. -No. Even a single failure can seriously deflate students' sense of self-efficacy.

Yes. Occasional failures interspersed among frequent successes teach students that perseverance pays off.

Three of the following are common sources of debilitating anxiety for children and adolescents. Which one is least likely to provoke debilitating anxiety? -The opportunity to choose two elective courses in eighth grade -Moving to a new school midway through the school year -Reaching puberty two or three years earlier than peers -Demonstrating a difficult gymnastic skill during a test in a physical education class

The opportunity to choose two elective courses in eighth grade

Three of the following characterize students with a mastery goal. Which one characterizes students with a performance goal? -Thinking that if you have to try hard, you must not be very capable -Thinking that you're doing well as long as you're making progress, -even though you're not totally successful -Seeking out your teacher's guidance when you're having trouble doing something -Being bored by easy tasks

Thinking that if you have to try hard, you must not be very capable

Three of the following strategies should encourage positive interactions among students with diverse backgrounds or special educational needs. Which strategy is not likely to do so? -Treat students as if they all share the same cultural values and beliefs. -Ask students from different backgrounds to work together in lab activities. -Encourage all students to participate in extracurricular activities. -If parents give permission, teach students about the nature of the specific disabilities that some of their classmates may have.

Treat students as if they all share the same cultural values and beliefs.

If students complain that a history test was not a good reflection of what they knew about history, then the test may have low: Reliability Objectivity Validity Variability

Validity

On the first day of school, a student in Mr. Martinez's eighth-grade math class asks a question that shows she hasn't been paying attention for the past several minutes. Consistent with recommendations regarding informal assessment presented in the textbook, Mr. Martinez should Fill out an "informal assessment" form and send it to the principal Call the student's parents to express his concern Wait to see if the student shows a pattern of inattentiveness before drawing conclusions Act as if the student had never asked the question

Wait to see if the student shows a pattern of inattentiveness before drawing conclusions

Students' epistemic beliefs can best be described as students' views about: -What instructional techniques are most likely to help them learn classroom material. -Which careers are most suitable for their abilities and talents. -How long they are likely to remember the things they learn in school. -What knowledge is and how it is acquired.

What knowledge is and how it is acquired.

Considering the textbook's definitions of threat and challenge, identify the situation below that is most likely to pose a threat rather than a challenge. -You think you can probably make the basketball team, but only if you practice every day at home. -You're asked to climb up a 20-foot rope hanging from the ceiling. -You've climbed 10 feet before, but you've never climbed 20 feet. -You've invited a professor to dinner and are trying a recipe you've never tried before. -You are required to take a college course in nuclear physics, even though you failed basic physics in high school.

You are required to take a college course in nuclear physics, even though you failed basic physics in high school.

Which one of the following is the best example of positive transfer? -When trying to write the word "shepherd," Robert remembers how he learned to spell "lighthouse" by putting two words together and so he writes "sheepherd." -Vince notices that rules of grammar are not always the same in English and Japanese. -Zelda uses the formula she learned in class for calculating the area of a circle when she wants to figure out how much bigger a 10-inch pizza is than a 7-inch pizza. -David is trying to learn to program a computer. He reads his programming manual but is confused by some of its instructions.

Zelda uses the formula she learned in class for calculating the area of a circle when she wants to figure out how much bigger a 10-inch pizza is than a 7-inch pizza.

When teachers ask different questions of different students during a class discussion, they are conducting _____ assessment. authentic informal standardized invalid

informal