EDUS 305 Quiz #1 Ch. 1-3

Steph is an adolescent who prefers to be​ alone, doesn't seem to know how to engage in conversation with​ peers, and generally has low social status. Peers easily overlook her and​ don't consider her someone they particularly like or particularly dislike. Students like Steph are referred to as which of the​ following? Question content area bottom Part 1 A. Neglected students B. Controversial students C. Subculture students D. Rejected students

A. Neglected students

Which of the following teachers seems to have high​ self-efficacy? Question content area bottom Part 1 A. Paloma believes that she can help her students increase their reading​ comprehension, so she is willing to try a new literacy strategy. B. Esteban relies on the state curriculum to decide what lessons to teach. C. Dolores feels good​ that, because she is a caring​ person, she chose to be a teacher. D. Addison believes that his students will learn if they are motivated to do so.

A. Paloma believes that she can help her students increase their reading​ comprehension, so she is willing to try a new literacy strategy.

Which one of the following alternatives best describes how synaptic pruning affects​ children's cognitive​ development? Question content area bottom Part 1 A. Synaptic pruning enables children to respond more efficiently to their environment. B. Synaptic pruning involves development of a fatty coating that enables neurons to transmit messages much faster than they did previously. C. Synaptic pruning in adolescence is normal and​ beneficial, but synaptic pruning in the elementary years is seen primarily in children with cognitive abnormalities. D. Synaptic pruning limits​ children's ability to acquire new knowledge and skills.

A. Synaptic pruning enables children to respond more efficiently to their environment.

Ms. Moon is explaining to a colleague the different emphases that Piaget and Vygotsky place on the role of culture in​ children's cognitive development. Which represents the best explanation of the difference between the two​ theories? Question content area bottom Part 1 A. Vygotsky believed that a​ child's culture molds the specific thinking skills that he or she​ acquires, while Piaget emphasized​ self-exploration. B. Neither Piaget nor Vygotsky systematically accounted for the role of culture in​ children's cognitive development. C. Both Piaget and Vygotsky placed equal emphasis on the role of culture in​ children's cognitive development. D. Piaget believed that a​ child's culture molds the specific thinking skills that he or she​ acquires, while Vygotsky emphasized​ self-exploration.

A. Vygotsky believed that a​ child's culture molds the specific thinking skills that he or she​ acquires, while Piaget emphasized​ self-exploration.

Increased skill in thinking about the nature of language is known as the development of Question content area bottom Part 1 A. linguistic diversity. B. metalinguistic awareness. C. metacognitive skill. D. sociolinguistic competence.

B. metalinguistic awareness.

Can children engage in logical reasoning before they enter the formal operations stage of​ development? Question content area bottom Part 1 A. No. Logical reasoning is an advanced cognitive process that not everyone develops. B. ​Yes, at least to some extent. As they​ develop, their thinking will become more complex. C. ​No, because conservation represents the first kind of logical thinking skills that people develop. D. ​Yes, because cognitive skills develop as children are exposed to and practice​ them, no matter their stage of development.

B. ​Yes, at least to some extent. As they​ develop, their thinking will become more complex.

Peter is 3 years old. At​ home, he has a pet cat. When he goes to the zoo for the first​ time, he sees a tiger. His mother tells him that a tiger is also a kind of cat. Peter is confused and does not understand how they could both be cats. What is Peter​ experiencing? Question content area bottom Part 1 A. Equilibrium B. Accommodation C. Disequilibrium D. Assimilation

C. Disequilibrium

​Fourth-grade teacher Mr. Dauphin realizes that his students have far more synapses than adults​ do, and he wants to nurture those synapses in order to maximize​ students' cognitive development. In an effort to minimize synaptic​ pruning, then, he keeps his students quite busy with challenging mental activities throughout each school day. A. Elementary students actually have far fewer synapses than adults. B. For a variety of​ reasons, continual stimulation actually increases the rate of synaptic pruning. C. Developmental changes in the brain prevent synaptic pruning during the elementary school years. D. For the most​ part, synaptic pruning is actually a good​ thing, in that it that increases the​ brain's efficiency.

D. For the most​ part, synaptic pruning is actually a good​ thing, in that it that increases the​ brain's efficiency.

Ms. Dumas aims to improve the climate of her classroom. She is not sure whether her students need to be taught explicitly about respect and following​ instructions, or whether she needs to improve how she gives students directions. What would you recommend to Ms. Dumas as the first​ step? Question content area bottom Part 1 A. Observe her students while they are in another class​ (such as art or​ music) B. Give students a survey about their understanding of respect C. Develop a plan for analyzing data about​ students' usage of manners D. Gather preliminary information about the problem and identify specific questions to address

D. Gather preliminary information about the problem and identify specific questions to address

Ms. Dante is an eighth grade teacher. She is concerned about the gossip and teasing that goes on in her classroom. She would like to encourage her students to use prosocial skills in their treatment of one another. Which of the following suggestions is most likely to help her to do​ this? Question content area bottom Part 1 A. Remove class​ privileges, such as field​ trips, if the behaviors do not stop. B. Explain the harmfulness of this type of gossiping and teasing behavior. C. Set up a strict policy of no talking every time she hears such inappropriate chatter. D. Use class discussions of literature to promote perspective taking and mutual respect.

D. Use class discussions of literature to promote perspective taking and mutual respect.

How does a​ child's sense of self change with​ age? Question content area bottom Part 1 A. As children grow​ older, they realize they may be more or less competent in various areas than their peers. B. A​ child's sense of self is highly stable and remains consistent throughout the years leading to adulthood. C. Most teenagers outgrow the sense that others are always watching them and that they are the center of attention. D. A​ child's sense of self is based on athletic achievement in early childhood and on academic achievement in adolescence.

A. As children grow​ older, they realize they may be more or less competent in various areas than their peers.

Which of the following does not represent a commonality in​ Piaget's and​ Vygotsky's theories of cognitive​ development? Question content area bottom Part 1 A. Both Piaget and Vygotsky maintain that cognitive development is the result of​ children's own efforts. B. Both Piaget and Vygotsky recognize that​ children's thinking processes become more complex with age and experience. C. Both Piaget and Vygotsky suggest​ that, at any given point in their​ development, children may be ready for some​ experiences, but others remain out of reach. D. Both Piaget and Vygotsky argue that appropriate challenge is beneficial for​ children's development.

A. Both Piaget and Vygotsky maintain that cognitive development is the result of​ children's own efforts.

Which statement would most likely encourage a teacher to engage in reflective teaching​ practice? Question content area bottom Part 1 A. By learning you will​ teach, and by teaching you will learn. B. To teach is to touch a life forever. C. Teach the way your teachers taught you. D. Teach the way you like to be taught.

A. By learning you will​ teach, and by teaching you will learn.

Which of the following children exhibits behaviors that are characteristic of​ Piaget's preoperational stage of​ development? Question content area bottom Part 1 A. Charise thinks that four candies clustered next to each other are fewer than four candies spread out in a row. B. Jacob understands that half of a pizza may be divided into any number of pieces and still represent half of a pizza. C. Renee can solve abstract math problems in her head by visualizing the concepts and what they represent. D. Liam thinks that the ball does not exist when he cannot see it.

A. Charise thinks that four candies clustered next to each other are fewer than four candies spread out in a row.

Natasha is a seventh grade student with an average IQ. She likes to focus intently on whatever activity she​ pursues, such as competing on the volleyball​ team, playing the​ cello, and volunteering at the local animal shelter. She enjoys math classes because she has skill in solving​ problems, but does not enjoy social studies this year because she thinks​ it's dull. Which of the following characteristics is most closely connected to​ Natasha's temperament? Question content area bottom Part 1 A. Her tendency to focus intently B. Her IQ C. Her​ problem-solving skills D. Her musical and athletic abilities

A. Her tendency to focus intently

Which of the following children exhibits behaviors that are characteristic of​ Piaget's concrete operations stage of​ development? Question content area bottom Part 1 A. Jacob understands that half of a pizza may be divided into any number of pieces and still represent half of a pizza. B. Charise thinks that four candies clustered next to each other are fewer than four candies spread out in a row. C. Liam thinks that the ball does not exist when he cannot see it. D. Renee can solve abstract math problems in her head by visualizing the concepts and what they represent.

A. Jacob understands that half of a pizza may be divided into any number of pieces and still represent half of a pizza.

Which one of the following novice teachers exhibits behaviors that are most likely to result in​ long-term expertise as a​ teacher? Question content area bottom Part 1 A. Karmen meets with fellow third grade teachers every Friday to collaborate about the upcoming​ week's content. B. Tiana creates her lesson plans a week ahead of time and then almost immediately edits them in an effort to perfect her lectures. C. Juvante spends time in the gym every week with several other middle school teachers and coaches. D. Carlos greets his 6th graders as they arrive each morning as a way of developing good relationships with them.

A. Karmen meets with fellow third grade teachers every Friday to collaborate about the upcoming​ week's content.

Which of the following statements would Piaget and Vygotsky agree represents the role of language in​ children's cognitive​ development? Question content area bottom Part 1 A. Language enhances​ children's cognitive development. B. Language is less important for​ children's development than experiencing cognitively demanding tasks. C. Acquiring language is the first outward sign of​ children's cognitive development. D. ​Language-based phenomena, like​ self-talk and inner​ speech, represent ways that children begin to guide their own behaviors in ways that others have guided them.

A. Language enhances​ children's cognitive development.

Which of the following children is least likely to demonstrate aggressive​ behaviors? Question content area bottom Part 1 A. Lori holds her feelings inside and​ doesn't know what to say or do when someone acts in a hostile way toward her. B. Sara does not know how to resolve conflict with peers or negotiate to share toys. She gets what she wants by barging into play settings. C. Carlisle thinks other children have hostile intentions when they do things like accidentally bumping into him. Such situations make him react. D. Trevor likes to feel like he is in charge of every situation. With his​ self-serving goals, he​ doesn't care whether other kids like him or not.

A. Lori holds her feelings inside and​ doesn't know what to say or do when someone acts in a hostile way toward her.

Which of the following teachers seems to have high​ self-efficacy? A. Paloma believes that she can help her students increase their reading​ comprehension, so she is willing to try a new literacy strategy. B. Dolores feels good​ that, because she is a caring​ person, she chose to be a teacher. C. Addison believes that his students will learn if they are motivated to do so. D. Esteban relies on the state curriculum to decide what lessons to teach.

A. Paloma believes that she can help her students increase their reading​ comprehension, so she is willing to try a new literacy strategy.

Which one of the following students is using the least effective study strategies as she​ reads? Question content area bottom Part 1 A. Sophie skims the chapter about motivation and highlights main headings as she reads. B. LaToya reads a section of the motivation​ chapter, pauses, recaps the​ content, and makes a brief summary note. C. Corina finds one section of the chapter confusing. She finishes the chapter and then rereads the confusing section. D. Jenna disagrees with a principle presented about​ motivation, stops​ reading, and searches an additional source for more information.

A. Sophie skims the chapter about motivation and highlights main headings as she reads.

Which of the following is the best example of relational​ aggression? Question content area bottom Part 1 A. Spreading a vicious rumor about a classmate B. Tripping a classmate as she walks up the aisle to turn in her paper C. Breaking in front of classmates in the lunch line D. Shoving a classmate into the wall in the hallway

A. Spreading a vicious rumor about a classmate

Imagine that you perform the same demonstration with high school students rather than first graders. If you were to make use of​ Vygotsky's theory of cognitive​ development, which one of the following approaches would you be most likely to take in helping the students understand the floating​ pumice? A. Teach the concept of density​, and explain that an​ object's average density relative to water determines whether it floats or sinks. B. Drop several light objects​ (e.g., a​ feather, a piece of​ paper, a small​ sponge) into the fishbowl before dropping either stone into it. C. Before performing the​ demonstration, ask students to draw a picture of the fishbowl and two stones. D. Praise students who correctly predict that the larger stone will​ float, even if they initially give an incorrect explanation about why it will float.

A. Teach the concept of density​, and explain that an​ object's average density relative to water determines whether it floats or sinks.

Which one of the following alternatives is an example of action research​? Question content area bottom Part 1 A. The math and science teachers at one high school collaborated to discover which​ technology-based methods worked best as means of providing feedback regarding​ students' homework performance. They introduced two new software programs and surveyed both students and teachers to find out which one better met​ everyone's needs. B. Melinda participated in a​ multi-year study of the growth of teacher​ self-efficacy. Each​ year, she filled out a survey at both the beginning and end of the year and submitted her responses to the researchers. C. The music teachers in one particular county compiled statistics about their students to submit to the Department of Education for an​ end-of-year report. D. All of the elementary reading and language arts teachers at a particular school were recruited by a literacy foundation to receive free books in exchange for participating in a research study.

A. The math and science teachers at one high school collaborated to discover which​ technology-based methods worked best as means of providing feedback regarding​ students' homework performance. They introduced two new software programs and surveyed both students and teachers to find out which one better met​ everyone's needs.

James has just received his​ driver's license and is allowed to drive without an adult in the car. As he prepares to pull out of the​ driveway, he takes a deep​ breath, looks in the rearview​ mirror, and turns around to look behind him. He can almost hear his​ father's voice telling him to keep two hands on the wheel and his eyes on the road.​ James' behavior is an example of​ Vygotsky's concept of Question content area bottom Part 1 A. internalization. B. ​self-talk. C. an apprenticeship. D. assimilation.

A. internalization.

Ms. Kaplan teaches eleventh grade English. She believes that her​ students' brains have fully​ matured, and thus she challenges students to think about abstract and hypothetical ideas in the ways that adults often can. She considers students to be​ "lazy" if they​ don't meet her expectations. A. ​Adolescents' brains are still developing and have not yet reached an adultlike form. B. Almost no myelination of neurons occurs until​ adulthood, making abstract and hypothetical thinking impossible until the college years at the earliest. C. Adolescent brains have very little plasticity. If students​ haven't previously encountered many abstract and hypothetical ideas in​ childhood, they are unlikely to be able to think about such ideas at this late point in their development. D. Students who are unable to meet Ms.​ Kaplan's expectations are most likely experiencing synaptic pruning that interferes with their cognitive abilities.

A. ​Adolescents' brains are still developing and have not yet reached an adultlike form.

How have​ neo-Piagetian theorists modified​ Piaget's original​ work? Question content area bottom Part 1 A. ​Neo-Piagetians have demonstrated that​ individuals' abilities to operate at a particular stage depend on the specific task involved. B. ​Neo-Piagetians believe that children learn best from​ hands-on experiences in the absence of teacher guidance. C. ​Neo-Piagetian theory minimizes the role of the working memory in cognitive development. D. ​Neo-Piagetian theory rejects the idea that brain maturation affects cognitive development.

A. ​Neo-Piagetians have demonstrated that​ individuals' abilities to operate at a particular stage depend on the specific task involved.

Your​ colleague, Mr.​ Martin, believes that students enter school already​ socialized, and that teachers have no real influence on their personal or social development. Do you agree with​ him? Question content area bottom Part 1 A. ​No, because all members of a social group help children adopt the standards and beliefs of that culture. For​ example, teachers encourage behaviors such as following directions and working independently. B. ​Yes, because​ students' personalities are set by genetics. They are who they are. C. ​Yes, because parents have the greatest influence on their​ children's personality and social development. D. ​No, because children are in school for a large number of their waking hours. Teachers are more likely to be influential than anything else in a​ student's life.

A. ​No, because all members of a social group help children adopt the standards and beliefs of that culture. For​ example, teachers encourage behaviors such as following directions and working independently.

Tony is outgoing and​ energetic, likes to​ explore, and loves to interact. Which of the following classrooms is most likely to provide a goodness of​ fit? Question content area bottom Part 1 A. A chaotic classroom with few restrictions and a high level of student autonomy B. A busy classroom with group work and various learning centers C. A quiet classroom with moderate structure and primarily individual work D. A​ well-controlled classroom with a high level of structure and regulations

B. A busy classroom with group work and various learning centers

Which one of the following statements is substantiated by published research​ findings? A. Some children are predominantly​ left-brain thinkers, whereas others are predominantly​ right-brain thinkers. B. Anxiety sometimes helps students learn and perform successfully in the classroom. C. Instruction is most effective when​ it's tailored to​ students' individual learning styles. D. ​Children's personalities are largely the results of how their parents have raised them.

B. Anxiety sometimes helps students learn and perform successfully in the classroom.

Lisette has sometimes struggled in​ school, but typically earns grades of Bs and Cs. On her last report​ card, however, she earned some Cs and several Ds. Her parents responded by taking away her cell phone and grounding her from all​ after-school activities until her next report card. When Lisette asked if she could still attend play​ rehearsals, she was immediately sent to her room. What parenting style are​ Lisette's parents​ using? Question content area bottom Part 1 A. Authoritative B. Authoritarian C. Neglectful D. Permissive

B. Authoritarian

Which of the following teachers has a misunderstanding about brain​ development? Question content area bottom Part 1 A. Ms. Hyde knows​ that, due to the​ brain's plasticity, even twelfth graders who enroll in her basic Spanish course can learn a new​ language, as long as they get good feedback and practice. B. Because her kindergarten students have a proliferation of new​ synapses, Ms. McDonnell aims to maximize class time with intensive instruction and skills practice in a variety of areas. C. Because the brains of his middle school students are still​ developing, Mr. Confrey aims to provide his students with​ structure, particularly when it comes to planning​ long-term projects. D. Mr. Chein knows that even in his art​ class, where students are encouraged to be​ creative, students are using both halves of their brains to complete their class work.

B. Because her kindergarten students have a proliferation of new​ synapses, Ms. McDonnell aims to maximize class time with intensive instruction and skills practice in a variety of areas.

Which one of the following statements most closely matches​ Piaget's assumptions about​ children's cognitive​ development? Question content area bottom Part 1 A. Children absorb knowledge from their experiences in their physical and social environments. B. Children construct their own knowledge about the world by interacting with their environment. C. ​Children's cognitive development varies for each individual and the concept of stages of development has little merit. D. Children develop cognitively at different ages and in different stages.

B. Children construct their own knowledge about the world by interacting with their environment.

Taryn just recently enrolled in an educational psychology​ class, and is learning about how to design strong assessments. What is the least effective way for her to remember and apply this new​ learning? Question content area bottom Part 1 A. Connect this new information to things she already knows and also possibly embellish on it B. Copy any statements presented on PowerPoint slides during a lecture C. Compare what she is learning to some recent assessments that she has taken in other classes D. Periodically stop to think about the​ information, challenging herself to think of examples that would align with the recommendations she learns about in class

B. Copy any statements presented on PowerPoint slides during a lecture

Which one of the following is not a function of productive peer relationships in​ students' personal and social​ development? Question content area bottom Part 1 A. Teach social skills and model them for one another B. Encourage one another to test boundaries of acceptable behavior C. Learn cognitive skills from one another D. Help one another socialize and define​ what's cool

B. Encourage one another to test boundaries of acceptable behavior

Mr. Simms is concerned about his​ students' high levels of math anxiety. He believes that action research might help him identify ways to help his​ students, but he​ doesn't know where to begin. What should you recommend as his first​ step? Question content area bottom Part 1 A. Develop a plan for analyzing data about​ students' math anxiety B. Gather preliminary information about the problem and identify specific questions to address C. Collect data about​ students' anxiety both in his class and in another​ class, such as English D. Significantly change his instructional strategies to reduce math anxiety before exams

B. Gather preliminary information about the problem and identify specific questions to address

As an assignment in his geometry​ class, Vladimir is trying to calculate the area of a​ half-circle. Which one of the following alternatives best describes how his brain is involved in this​ activity? Question content area bottom Part 1 A. Geometry involves visual material.​ Therefore, he is working primarily in his​ brain's right hemisphere. B. Many parts of his brain are actively collaborating as he works. C. This activity is occurring primarily in the back half of his cortex. D. Any mathematical calculation involves​ precise, sequential logic.​ Therefore, he is working primarily in his​ brain's left hemisphere.

B. Many parts of his brain are actively collaborating as he works.

Given the​ textbook's discussion of good assessment​ practices, which one of the following recommendations is the best one for teachers to​ A. Assess​ students' progress only​ infrequently, because assessment tasks inevitably limit the time available for instruction. B. Match assessment tasks to the kinds of study strategies you want students to use. C. Whenever​ possible, use tests and quizzes that professional test makers have published. D. Include a short​ paper-pencil quiz in every lesson.

B. Match assessment tasks to the kinds of study strategies you want students to use.

Though there is no​ "best" time to learn a second​ language, which of the following represents some of the benefits of early exposure to​ second-language instruction? Question content area bottom Part 1 A. Reseach shows that learning a second language early leads to future academic success. B. Research shows that learning a second language early facilitates achievement in other academic​ areas, sensitizes children to the multicultural nature of the​ world, and increases likelihood that they will enroll in foreign language classes in high school. C. Research shows that learning a second language early enhances​ children's abilities to conserve. D. Research shows that learning a second language early ensures that children will avoid the effects of subtractive bilingualism.

B. Research shows that learning a second language early facilitates achievement in other academic​ areas, sensitizes children to the multicultural nature of the​ world, and increases likelihood that they will enroll in foreign language classes in high school.

All of the following students are English language learners. Which one of these students is in an optimal bilingual education​ program? Question content area bottom Part 1 A. Mariana receives tutoring in English 1 day a week from a private tutor and attends regular classes taught in English at a public high school. She speaks Croatian with her family at home. B. Simon receives instruction in Spanish for classes in​ language-intensive academic subjects and joins his​ English-speaking class for art and band. Eventually he will receive more instruction in​ English-only classes. C. Midori is in an English immersion program in which all classes are taught in English and she does not speak her native Japanese language at school or at home. D. Kim goes to a private school in which she is taught entirely in her native Mandarin language. She speaks English among her American friends and neighbors.

B. Simon receives instruction in Spanish for classes in​ language-intensive academic subjects and joins his​ English-speaking class for art and band. Eventually he will receive more instruction in​ English-only classes.

With which of the following statements would Piaget likely​ disagree? Question content area bottom Part 1 A. Students should actively interact and experiment with their environments. B. Students absorb knowledge from their surroundings. This is the correct answer. C. Children adjust their current ways of thinking to make sense of novel information. Your answer is not correct. D. Children respond to or think about​ objects/events in ways that are consistent with their current ways of thinking.

B. Students absorb knowledge from their surroundings. This is the correct answer.

Victor's class visits the zoo on a field trip.​ There, Victor sees a timber wolf for the first time—but Victor calls it a​ husky, like the dog his family has at home. What might be true about​ Victor's thinking? Question content area bottom Part 1 A. Victor is experiencing disequilibrium. B. Victor is assimilating the new information with his current understanding of canines. C. Victor is accommodating the new information with his current understanding of canines. D. ​Victor's thinking is an example of conservation.

B. Victor is assimilating the new information with his current understanding of canines.

Jean just read about an interesting research study summarized in a professional journal. In the​ study, researchers collected information about​ students' reading abilities in 3rd​ grade, and then followed up years later to see how many graduated from high school. They found that students who had higher reading abilities were more likely to graduate. Jean tells her principal that 3rd grade reading abilities are the key to high school​ graduation, so the school needs to invest in strong reading instruction in​ kindergarten, first, and second grades. Has Jean made a mistake in her interpretation of the​ study? Question content area bottom Part 1 A. No. Because the researchers followed up with the same set of students years​ later, it is correct to say that third grade reading abilities are the key to high school graduation. B. Yes. This is a correlational​ study, which means that the researchers found a relationship between third grade reading abilities and high school graduation. Jean has misinterpreted this study and believes that third grade reading abilities are the cause of high school graduation. C. ​No, because ultimately investing in reading instruction will not be a bad thing for students. D. Yes. The school should also invest in reading instruction through grade 3.

B. Yes. This is a correlational​ study, which means that the researchers found a relationship between third grade reading abilities and high school graduation. Jean has misinterpreted this study and believes that third grade reading abilities are the cause of high school graduation.

Robert teaches​ pre-algebra to eighth grade students. He read a journal article that describes a research study involving middle school students and mathematics homework. The study gathered information from hundreds of students about the connection between​ (a) the frequency and length of homework assignments and​ (b) students'​ end-of-semester achievement levels. The study found that shorter but more frequent homework assignments were linked to higher math achievement. This is an example of​ a(n) _____ study. Question content area bottom Part 1 A. experimental B. correlational C. ​quasi-experimental D. descriptive

B. correlational

Vygotsky believed that children accomplish more difficult tasks when assisted by more advanced and competent individuals. Contemporary​ theorists, building upon​ Vygotsky's belief, encourage teachers to provide​ clues, reminders,​ encouragement, or examples to help children accomplish challenging tasks in instructional contexts. This is known as Question content area bottom Part 1 A. a zone of proximal development. B. scaffolding. C. ​co-constructed dialogue. D. a cultural tool.

B. scaffolding.

Manuel is an English language learner originally from Guatemala. At​ home, he speaks​ Spanish, and at​ school, his English is quickly improving.​ However, he often has trouble remembering not to use a double negative. For​ example, he might​ say, "I do not need no​ pencil." This is a problem of Question content area bottom Part 1 A. pragmatics. B. syntax. C. phonology. D. semantics.

B. syntax.

Ms. Burgette believes that her​ students' self-concepts are largely​ unimportant; what matters is how they actually perform in her class. Do you agree with​ her? Question content area bottom Part 1 A. ​Yes, because​ self-concepts are largely​ self-constructed, and teachers do not have an influence on what students believe to be true about themselves. B. ​No, because​ students' self-concepts are largely​ self-constructed, and may or may not be accurate. Beyond​ that, students tend to behave in ways that mirror what they believe to be true about themselves. Understanding this can help teachers support their students in making good choices. C. ​No, because teachers should aim to boost every​ student's self-esteem. D. ​Yes, because the level of academic success that students achieve will inform their​ self-concepts.

B. ​No, because​ students' self-concepts are largely​ self-constructed, and may or may not be accurate. Beyond​ that, students tend to behave in ways that mirror what they believe to be true about themselves. Understanding this can help teachers support their students in making good choices.

How do​ self-esteem and​ self-concept differ? Question content area bottom Part 1 A. They are the same. B. ​Self-esteem refers to judgments about​ one's own value and​ worth, whereas​ self-concept refers to assessments of​ one's characteristics,​ strengths, and weaknesses. C. They are the​ same, but​ self-concept refers specifically to students when they are at​ school, whereas​ self-esteem refers to a​ anyone's general​ self-assessment. D. ​Self-concept refers to judgments about​ one's own value and​ worth, whereas​ self-esteem refers to assessments of​ one's characteristics,​ strengths, and weaknesses.

B. ​Self-esteem refers to judgments about​ one's own value and​ worth, whereas​ self-concept refers to assessments of​ one's characteristics,​ strengths, and weaknesses.

Which one of the following teachers demonstrates effective​ decision-making about the use of research​ findings? Question content area bottom Ms. Atkins tells her colleague that she can ignore research findings published in a newsletter for educators because​ it's "just the same theories with new​ names." B. After participating in several professional development sessions to learn a new literacy​ strategy, Mr. Smith tells his colleagues that he will continue to use his previous strategies​ instead, because teachers need to wait at least a decade to see if fads​ "stick." C. After hearing his colleagues discuss a new approach to​ in-class science​ experiments, Mr. Roush reads some of the research about the strategy and decides to try it in his own classroom. D. Ms. Teft does not want to use a particular educational software program designed to help students understand abstract mathematical​ concepts, because her gut tells her that students will learn more from her typical lessons.

B. After hearing his colleagues discuss a new approach to​ in-class science​ experiments, Mr. Roush reads some of the research about the strategy and decides to try it in his own classroom.

Which one of the following students is most clearly working in his or her zone of proximal​ development? Question content area bottom Part 1 A. Arnold is learning to use correct grammar and punctuation when he writes short stories. He makes few errors. B. Calvin is playing the clarinet in the band. He finds that he can more easily keep the tempo if he taps the beat with his foot. C. Berta is learning basic woodworking techniques. She has trouble hammering a nail straight into a piece of wood unless her teacher stands beside​ her, reminding her of what to do. D. Doreen finds it virtually impossible to solve mathematical word​ problems, even when her teacher gives her helpful hints.

C. Berta is learning basic woodworking techniques. She has trouble hammering a nail straight into a piece of wood unless her teacher stands beside​ her, reminding her of what to do.

Which one of the Big Five personality traits is associated with being organized and likely to follow through on plans and​ commitments? Question content area bottom Part 1 A. Agreeableness B. Extraversion C. Conscientiousness D. Openness

C. Conscientiousness

Which one of the following statements is not substantiated by published research​ findings? A. Students often misjudge how much they know about a topic. B. Playing video games can enhance​ students' cognitive development. C. Instruction is most effective when​ it's tailored to​ students' individual learning styles. D. Anxiety sometimes helps students learn and perform successfully in the classroom.

C. Instruction is most effective when​ it's tailored to​ students' individual learning styles.

Which of the following teens is engaging in​ self-socialization? Question content area bottom Part 1 A. Lana asks her best friend what she is wearing to the first football game of the season. The two girls agree to wear jeans and jackets of similar style. B. Francisco tells his friend to spend his allowance on the video game that Francisco wants. Francisco​ doesn't have enough money to buy the game for himself. C. Kristina convinces her mother that she needs to restyle her hair to match the styles of the most popular girls in class. She believes this will make her peers accept her. D. Sean shows his new bike to his buddies and expects them to think​ it's really cool. When they act like​ it's just an ordinary​ bike, Sean is​ puzzled, but still thinks his bike is cool.

C. Kristina convinces her mother that she needs to restyle her hair to match the styles of the most popular girls in class. She believes this will make her peers accept her.

Which one of the following teachers is ​probably least​ effective as a​ subject-matter teacher? Question content area bottom Part 1 A. Ms. Carter regularly reads professional journals about teaching students who have recently immigrated from​ non-English-speaking countries. B. Mr. Gaston occasionally brings in guest speakers to address topics about which he has only limited knowledge. C. Ms. Chadwick continually reviews her class notes from her college courses to make sure that she still remembers what she learned back then. D. Mr. Matthews enjoys reading popular magazine articles about science and watching informative shows on the Science Channel.

C. Ms. Chadwick continually reviews her class notes from her college courses to make sure that she still remembers what she learned back then

According to​ Vygotsky, what is the role of play in​ children's cognitive​ development? Question content area bottom Part 1 A. Play impedes​ children's ability to function effectively in the real world. B. Play interferes with cognitive development by confusing reality with​ make-believe. C. Play helps children prepare for the adult world. D. Play is not relevant to​ children's cognitive development.

C. Play helps children prepare for the adult world

Which of the following strategies is most likely to accommodate diverse temperaments in the classroom and promote a productive classroom​ environment? Question content area bottom Part 1 A. Increase downtime for students with high energy levels. B. Reduce opportunities for highly sociable students to interact with classmates. C. Teach​ self-control strategies to students who act impulsively. D. Allow shy students to withdraw and keep to themselves rather than requiring group work.

C. Teach​ self-control strategies to students who act impulsively.

Immediately after lunch every​ day, a fourth grade teacher reads a chapter from a chapter book in which the characters go on many adventures. He occasionally stops to ask questions such​ as, "What do you think this character was thinking when she said​ that?" or,​ "What must the hero be feeling right​ now?" What aspect of the​ students' development is the teacher most likely fostering as he asks such​ questions? Question content area bottom Part 1 A. The development of moral reasoning B. The development of prosocial behavior C. The development of theory of mind D. The development of resilience

C. The development of theory of mind

Mr. Weiss teaches all academic subjects in his​ third-grade classroom. Most of the instructional time in his classroom is spent on language​ arts, math, and​ science, but he incorporates an art activity into every school day. He believes that art activities encourage development of the right side of the brain—something that language​ arts, math, and science fail to do. A. Artistic activities are processed almost exclusively in the left hemisphere rather than in the right hemisphere. B. Language​ arts, math, and artistic activities are all processed in the right hemisphere of the brain. C. The two hemispheres are actively involved in virtually all everyday tasks. D. Artistic activity is largely the result of ongoing synaptic pruning in both​ hemispheres, whereas language and math depend more on synaptogenesis and myelination.

C. The two hemispheres are actively involved in virtually all everyday tasks.

Which of the following is an example of effortful​ control? Question content area bottom Part 1 A. Javier has a wide range of​ hobbies, and actively seeks out learning about new ideas. B. When​ Zan's peers ask him a​ question, he is able to patiently answer and will even help them complete the task. C. When​ Kamala's teacher gives the class work​ time, she sets a​ short-term goal for the work that she plans to complete and stays focused until it is done. D. It is often hard for Ruby to keep herself on​ task, so she needs a timer and warnings from her teacher to finish her assignments.

C. When​ Kamala's teacher gives the class work​ time, she sets a​ short-term goal for the work that she plans to complete and stays focused until it is done.

A school principal has compiled statistics about the population of her​ school, including information about​ gender, ethnicity, and previous schools attended for each student. She also gives students a​ computer-based questionnaire that asks them to make checkmarks beside​ (1) their favorite academic subjects and​ (2) after-school programs they might be interested in joining. This study can best be described as an example of​ a(n) _____ study. Question content area bottom Part 1 A. correlational B. experimental C. descriptive D. ​quasi-experimental

C. descriptive

The most successful teachers have high​ self-efficacy. This means that they Question content area bottom Part 1 A. feel good about themselves as people. B. think that students are most likely to succeed if they are strongly motivated to learn when they come to class. C. have confidence that they can be effective teachers. D. base their goals for students on local or national mandates regarding prescribed curricula for each grade level.

C. have confidence that they can be effective teachers.

As a​ 14-year-old, Hansen is an avid reader and feels very confident that he can absorb the content of any reading assignments for all of his classes. When his literature teacher assigned reading in classical English​ literature, Hansen struggled to understand the meaning. This one incident of failure most directly affects what aspect of​ Hansen's sense of​ self? Question content area bottom Part 1 A. ​Self-concept B. Intelligence C. ​Self-efficacy D. ​Self-esteem

C. ​Self-efficacy

The following four statements reveal information about the instructional methods of four different teachers. Which one of the following teaching strategies is definitely an example of an ​evidence-based practice​? Question content area bottom Part 1 A. A high school art teacher encourages students to choose a medium​ (e.g., clay, watercolor​ paints) that they might best use to express themselves. B. A kindergarten teacher asks students to bring something from home that begins with the letter B. C. A seventh grade science teacher asks students to conduct experiments in which they must determine which one of several variables makes a pendulum swing quickly or more slowly. D. A fourth grade teacher uses a reading program that researchers have consistently found to be effective for fourth graders.D. A fourth grade teacher uses a reading program that researchers have consistently found to be effective for fourth graders.

D. A fourth grade teacher uses a reading program that researchers have consistently found to be effective for fourth graders.

In educational​ psychology, a theory can best be characterized as which one of the​ following? Question content area bottom Part 1 A. A statement that describes how a particular variable affects learning or development but​ doesn't necessarily explain why the variable has the effects that it does B. A detailed description of the results of a particular research study C. An objective measure of how different people behave in different environmental circumstances D. An explanation of how and why learning​ occurs; it enables predictions about future performance

D. An explanation of how and why learning​ occurs; it enables predictions about future performance

Which one of the following strategies is most likely to be effective when you read and study educational psychology and subsequently try to apply it to your own teaching​ practices? Question content area bottom Part 1 A. Trust your prior knowledge and current beliefs about a topic or issue. B. Make the time to power​ through, reading everything in a single sitting. C. Repeat material over and over until you have it memorized. D. As you​ read, regularly stop to check your newly acquired understandings.

D. As you​ read, regularly stop to check your newly acquired understandings.

Which one of the following strategies is most likely to be effective when you read and study educational psychology and subsequently try to apply it to your own teaching​ practices? Question content area bottom Part 1 A. Trust your prior knowledge and current beliefs about a topic or issue. B. Repeat material over and over until you have it memorized. C. Make the time to power​ through, reading everything in a single sitting. D. As you​ read, regularly stop to check your newly acquired understandings.

D. As you​ read, regularly stop to check your newly acquired understandings.

Which one of the following teachers is ​probably most​ effective as a​ subject-matter teacher? A. Ms. Norman skips the chapters that she​ doesn't know very​ well, because she​ doesn't want to confuse her students. B. Mr. Byron is an efficient Language Arts​ teacher; he simply reuses lessons from the first time he prepared the course about ten years ago. C. If Mr.​ Estrada's students struggle with a particular​ concept, he repeats the same activity that helped him understand the concept until it clicks. D. Because Ms. Sandoval has a high number of students who are considered gifted and talented this​ year, she regularly reads professional journals about teaching gifted students.

D. Because Ms. Sandoval has a high number of students who are considered gifted and talented this​ year, she regularly reads professional journals about teaching gifted students.

Which one of the following teachers is ​probably most​ effective as a​ subject-matter teacher? Question content area bottom Part 1 A. Mr. Byron is an efficient Language Arts​ teacher; he simply reuses lessons from the first time he prepared the course about ten years ago. B. If Mr.​ Estrada's students struggle with a particular​ concept, he repeats the same activity that helped him understand the concept until it clicks. C. Ms. Norman skips the chapters that she​ doesn't know very​ well, because she​ doesn't want to confuse her students. D. Because Ms. Sandoval has a high number of students who are considered gifted and talented this​ year, she regularly reads professional journals about teaching gifted students.

D. Because Ms. Sandoval has a high number of students who are considered gifted and talented this​ year, she regularly reads professional journals about teaching gifted students.

In her educational psychology​ class, Marita is learning new information about​ children's cognitive development at different ages. What is the most effective way for her to remember and apply this new​ learning? Question content area bottom Part 1 A. Revisit her notes from her educational psychology class before she starts teaching. B. Copy any statements presented on PowerPoint slides during a​ lecture, and add them to a​ "Class Notes" file on a laptop computer. C. Repeat the new facts over and over to ensure that each one becomes permanently embedded in her memory. D. Connect this new information to things she already knows and also possibly embellish on it.

D. Connect this new information to things she already knows and also possibly embellish on it.

Nakai and Shiye are​ 7-year-old Native American twins. When their mother became ill last​ summer, they moved to the city of Albuquerque with their uncle and were placed in a culturally diverse urban school for the first time. They have been taught in Navajo culture to show respect for​ adults, including their​ teachers, by looking down when teachers speak to them. Their new teacher expects them to look at her face when she speaks to them. She also expects them to speak up in class and compete with other students to receive the top grades. These behaviors conflict with their cultural ways. Nakai and Shiye are most likely experiencing which of the​ following? Question content area bottom Part 1 A. Attachment B. Effortful control C. Socialization D. Culture shock

D. Culture shock

Which of the following represents an example of foreclosure in identity​ development? Question content area bottom Part 1 A. ​Taylor's teacher asks him to complete an assignment that asks about his​ goals, and he realizes that​ he's never considered that question before. B. As an​ adult, Marcie feels fulfilled that her job is so closely aligned with her values. C. Sullivan has taken seven more​ electives, all in a different subject​ area, than he needs to graduate from​ college, and has yet to declare a major. D. Felicity says that she wants to be an​ engineer, because both of her parents and her grandfather are engineers.

D. Felicity says that she wants to be an​ engineer, because both of her parents and her grandfather are engineers.

How might a student named Bradley elaborate on new information he is learning about​ students' typical moral development in the elementary and secondary​ grades? A. Make a copy of any tables that the textbook presents related to moral development. B. Create his own chart to depict the various levels of moral development. C. Memorize general descriptions of each level of moral development. D. Generate new examples that illustrate various levels of moral development.

D. Generate new examples that illustrate various levels of moral development.

After struggling in her German​ classes, 15-year-old Calla wonders if​ it's even possible for her to learn a new language. What would you tell her about her​ brain? Question content area bottom Part 1 A. Calla should wait to learn German until she undergoes a sensitive period in brain development. B. Synaptic pruning may be the reason that Calla is struggling to learn German. Her brain may have discarded the synapses needed to develop this skill. C. Because language is critical for​ children's development, humans learn languages best when they are very young. D. Given the​ brain's plasticity, there​ isn't a​ "best" time to learn. With​ practice, people can learn new skills at any age.

D. Given the​ brain's plasticity, there​ isn't a​ "best" time to learn. With​ practice, people can learn new skills at any age.

The following statements represent various teacher opinions about whether and how often to base classroom​ decision-making on research findings. Which one of the following statements reflects the most defensible​ perspective? A. Research findings are useful only for the development of general theories about learning and​ development; they usually​ aren't applicable to​ day-to-day teaching practices. B. Research fads come and go so quickly that teachers should wait at least 15 years before incorporating any research findings into their own instructional methods. C. You should always compare research findings with your gut instincts. If a finding somehow​ "doesn't feel​ right," you​ shouldn't trust it. D. Good teachers base many of their classroom decisions on credible research findings.

D. Good teachers base many of their classroom decisions on credible research findings.

Nathan's temperament is energetic and adventuresome. For a​ 7-year-old, he is quite fearless and outgoing. What do psychologists say about the origin of​ Nathan's temperament? Question content area bottom Part 1 A. His temperament has been shaped and nurtured by the intentional actions of his parents and has environmental origins. B. His temperament is shaped by his interaction with peers and has social origins. C. His temperament is environmentally based and has origins in​ Nathan's surroundings. D. His temperament is biologically based and has genetic origins.

D. His temperament is biologically based and has genetic origins.

Mr. Donovan teaches high school students. According to​ Erikson, what is the developmental task that most of Mr.​ Donovan's high school students are trying to​ resolve? Question content area bottom Part 1 A. Intimacy versus isolation B. Industry versus inferiority C. Initiative versus guilt D. Identity versus role confusion

D. Identity versus role confusion

Which one of the following is the best example of qualitative​ research? Question content area bottom Part 1 A. Comparing average achievement test scores for students at three different schools B. Finding out how long it takes​ 6-year-olds to assemble challenging picture puzzles C. Looking at school attendance records to identify potential school dropouts D. Interviewing middle school students about social cliques at their school

D. Interviewing middle school students about social cliques at their school

Which one of the following teachers is most likely to help students develop healthy​ self-perceptions? Question content area bottom Part 1 A. Ms. Sharp assigns challenging homework to her classes to see who will take the initiative to learn new skills independently. B. Mr. Thibodaux reseats his math students every week on the basis of their scores from the previous​ week's math test. C. Ms. Munn provides numerous opportunities for students to compete with peers and gain confidence in their academic abilities. D. Mr. Conroe supports students and scaffolds learning when they set high goals for themselves and try new challenges.

D. Mr. Conroe supports students and scaffolds learning when they set high goals for themselves and try new challenges.

Which one of the following teachers is not necessarily using the data that he or she collects about students to draw appropriate​ conclusions? Question content area bottom Part 1 A. In​ January, Ms.​ Levine, who teaches fourth​ grade, is concerned about​ Felix's performance in math. His score have declined since October. After observing Felix during math​ lessons, Ms. Levine recalls that she used to teach math in the​ morning, but switched to teaching it immediately after lunch after the winter break. Ms. Levine wonders if Felix is struggling to focus because of the time of​ day, and decides to test this by switching math lessons back to the morning. B. Ms.​ Bradach, a tenth grade social studies​ teacher, tracks her​ students' assessment scores on learning assessments across the year. In​ February, she reviews the data and notices that all students score lower on learning objectives requiring them to analyze the decisions made by important historical figures. She decides to spend a week focusing on​ perspective-taking. skills C. Mr. Lin reviews a​ week's worth of​ free-write journal entries written by Javier. Mr. Lin notices that Javier consistently spells words like​ "cough" and​ "tough" using an​ "f" in place of the​ "gh." As Mr. Lin looks at the next​ week's spelling​ list, he anticipates that Javier may need some support to learn the words laugh​, graph​, and enough. D. Mr.​ Weinberg, a ninth grade Language Arts​ teacher, is reviewing the grades that his students received on their most recent expository essay. Several students earned only ​50%-​65% of the points available. Some of these students receive special education​ services, so Mr. Weinberg chalks up their low performance to their disability status.

D. Mr.​ Weinberg, a ninth grade Language Arts​ teacher, is reviewing the grades that his students received on their most recent expository essay. Several students earned only ​50%-​65% of the points available. Some of these students receive special education​ services, so Mr. Weinberg chalks up their low performance to their disability status.

Which of the following statements describes the role of neurons in​ learning? Question content area bottom Part 1 A. Neurons transmit messages by touching other neurons and dendrites. B. Neurons are impeded by myelin sheaths that make their transmission of impulses more sluggish. C. Neurons have​ unique, one-to-one relationships with neighboring neurons. D. Neurons transmit messages with electrochemical charges.

D. Neurons transmit messages with electrochemical charges.

Students go through hours of​ drivers' education and hear multiple warnings about unsafe driving practices such as​ speeding, drinking and​ driving, and driving while texting.​ However, many students think that these​ "warnings" are for others who are not as skilled or lucky as they are. What is this phenomenon​ called? Question content area bottom Part 1 A. Imaginary audience B. Foreclosure C. Moratorium D. Personal fable

D. Personal fable

Pippa, an​ 11-year-old, doesn't want her father to drop her off at school in the family minivan.​ Instead, she begs him to stop to let her out a block away. What developmental phenomenon might explain​ Pippa's request? Question content area bottom Part 1 A. Pippa could be experiencing low​ self-efficacy. B. Pippa could be experiencing the imaginary audience. C. Pippa could be experiencing moratorium. D. Pippa could be experiencing a personal fable.

D. Pippa could be experiencing the imaginary audience.

Mr. Donley is a kindergarten teacher who wants to use strategies that encourage linguistic development. Which of the following strategies is most likely to be​ effective? Question content area bottom Part 1 A. Ignore the​ students' inaccurate use of words they​ don't understand. B. Encourage talking at all times in the classroom. C. Use​ long, complex sentences to help students develop listening skills. D. Read storybooks to the students.

D. Read storybooks to the students.

alima and her family recently moved to the United States from​ Somalia, and she will be in Ms.​ Porter's classroom as an English language learner in the fall. There are many other families with Somali backgrounds in the school. What would not be an effective strategy that Ms. Porter could use to support Halima in her English language​ learning? Question content area bottom Part 1 A. Use bilingual software in the classroom. B. Pair Halima with other Somali speakers during​ small-group instruction. C. Recruit a volunteer from the community who speaks Somali to assist in providing instruction. D. Speak to Halima as she would a native English​ speaker, maintaining a typical conversational pace and frequently using​ colloquialisms, to create a total immersion experience.

D. Speak to Halima as she would a native English​ speaker, maintaining a typical conversational pace and frequently using​ colloquialisms, to create a total immersion experience.

High school math teacher Mr. Gualtieri begins his class one Monday with an important​ announcement: "Our school has just purchased a new instructional software program that we can use on our classroom computer tablets. This​ program, called​ Problem-Excel, will give you practice in applying the mathematical concepts and procedures​ we'll be studying this year. I strongly encourage you to use it whenever you have free time so that you can get extra instruction and practice with things you might be having trouble​ with." Mr. Gualtieri is firmly convinced that the new software will help his students better understand and apply certain concepts in his math curriculum this year. To test his​ hypothesis, he keeps a record of which students use the software and which students do not. He then looks at how well the two groups of students perform on his next classroom test. Much to his​ surprise, he discovers​ that, on​ average, the students who have used the software have earned lower scores than those who have not used it.​ "How can this​ be?" he puzzles.​ "Is the software actually doing more harm than​ good?" Question content area bottom Part 1 Which one of the following results would provide the most convincing evidence that the​ Problem-Excel software enhances​ students' mathematics​ achievement? A. A high school purchases​ Problem-Excel, but only four of the eight math teachers at the school decide to have their students use it. The students of these four teachers score at higher levels on a mathematics achievement test than the students of the other four teachers. B. All 10th graders at a large high school take a mathematics achievement test in September. At some point during the next 2​ months, each student spends 20 hours working with​ Problem-Excel. The students all take the same math achievement test again in December​ and, on​ average, get substantially higher scores than they did in September. C. Ten high schools in New York City purchase​ Problem-Excel and make it available to their students. Students at these high schools get higher mathematics achievement test scores than students at 10 other high schools that have not purchased the software. D. Students at a high school are randomly assigned to two groups. One group works with​ Problem-Excel, and the other group works with a software program called​ Write-Away, designed to teach better writing skills. The​ Problem-Excel group scores higher than the​ Write-Away group on a subsequent mathematics achievement test.

D. Students at a high school are randomly assigned to two groups. One group works with​ Problem-Excel, and the other group works with a software program called​ Write-Away, designed to teach better writing skills. The​ Problem-Excel group scores higher than the​ Write-Away group on a subsequent mathematics achievement test.

Three of the following tasks require the use of formal operations. Which task does not require formal​ operations? Question content area bottom Part 1 A. Students write about a utopian society in which they resolve the problem of hunger worldwide. B. Students develop hypotheses and systematically test variables to see if their hypotheses are true. C. Students identify actions done by one of the characters in a story that do not match that​ character's principles. D. Students conduct experiments with objects of different weights to understand gravity.

D. Students conduct experiments with objects of different weights to understand gravity.

A high school in a rural area has one of the highest dropout rates in the country. Which of the following is a good example of action research that professionals at the school might​ conduct? Question content area bottom Part 1 A. A teacher task force works together to learn the latest educational research about the best dropout prevention interventions for rural areas. B. The principal lobbies the school department and state officials to raise the legally acceptable dropout age from 16 to 18. C. Teachers work together to research and identify the underlying causes of the dropout rate at their school. D. The teachers and administration implement a new intervention program and assess its effectiveness at their school.

D. The teachers and administration implement a new intervention program and assess its effectiveness at their school.

n one high​ school, two teachers​ (Ms. Cheadle and Mr.​ Hendrix) have the​ highest-performing Algebra students in the​ district, while the students of the other two teachers​ (Mr. Rupp and Ms.​ Grimm) score right in the middle. Which of the following is a good example of action research that professionals at the school might​ conduct? Question content area bottom Part 1 A. The principal decides to have all students take Algebra from Ms. Cheadle and Mr. Hendrix. B. The superintendent asks Mr. Rupp and Ms. Grimm to take an online workshop explaining the importance of standardized testing. C. A committee is​ formed, including all of the Algebra​ teachers, to read articles about effective math instructional strategies. D. The teachers work together to compare lessons and​ assessments, and determine what content standards that they each teach differently. They then choose 3 key learning objectives that they will teach using the same strategies and​ materials, and meet each week to compare​ students' scores on exit​ tickets, homework​ assignments, and quizzes.

D. The teachers work together to compare lessons and​ assessments, and determine what content standards that they each teach differently. They then choose 3 key learning objectives that they will teach using the same strategies and​ materials, and meet each week to compare​ students' scores on exit​ tickets, homework​ assignments, and quizzes.

Sanya has two young​ children, daughter Jasmine​ (age 4) and son Daren​ (age 2). She has recently read a magazine article that encourages parents to expose children to math concepts before the age of 3 in order to boost cognitive development in this academic area. She feels that she has already passed the window of opportunity for​ Jasmine, but she wants to correct her mistake with Daren and so plans to give him daily exposure to​ math-related activities. A. The actual window of opportunity for boosting development in specific academic areas is ages​ 3-5 rather than before the age of 3. B. Children need early exposure to reading skills before the age of​ 3, but math skills can be postponed until a later age. C. Sanya should focus her efforts on Jasmine and include Daren as much as possible. Girls have greater need for help with cognitive development in math than boys. D. There is no evidence to indicate that sensitive periods exist for traditional academic subjects such as reading and mathematics.

D. There is no evidence to indicate that sensitive periods exist for traditional academic subjects such as reading and mathematics.

Which one of the following arguments is used by critics of​ Piaget's theory? Question content area bottom Part 1 A. ​Piaget's conclusions were not based on testing with actual children of different ages. B. The theory is based too heavily on the concept that children learn by interacting with adults and more advanced peers. C. Piaget overestimated​ children's abilities and used tasks that were too easy. D. There is some evidence that children can be taught to master skills such as conservation at an earlier stage than Piaget thought possible.

D. There is some evidence that children can be taught to master skills such as conservation at an earlier stage than Piaget thought possible.

Which one of the following strategies is least likely to be effective when you read and study educational psychology and subsequently try to apply it to your own teaching​ practices? A. Set concrete goals regarding that you want to accomplish in a study session. B. Tie abstract concepts to concrete examples. C. As you​ read, regularly stop to check your newly acquired understandings. D. Trust your prior knowledge and current beliefs about a topic or issue.

D. Trust your prior knowledge and current beliefs about a topic or issue.

Which one of the following novice teachers is not exhibiting behaviors that are most likely to result in​ long-term expertise as a​ teacher? A. Jia regularly records herself teaching so that she can observe any habits or assumptions that may be limiting her​ students' learning. B. Every​ Monday, Tamara skims the weekly editions of magazines for educators to find articles about recent research to discuss with her professional learning community. C. Dorothy meets with all of the Algebra teachers in her building once a week to review student work and plan upcoming lessons. D. Virginia creates her lesson plans a week ahead of time and then almost immediately edits them in an effort to perfect her lectures.

D. Virginia creates her lesson plans a week ahead of time and then almost immediately edits them in an effort to perfect her lectures.

Which of the following students is effectively tying abstract concepts and principles to concrete​ examples? Question content area bottom Part 1 A. When Trenton learns that the concept of​ "learning styles" is a​ myth, he reviews the instructional​ materials, periodically pausing to check whether he understands why the concept has been debunked. B. When Connie learns that the concept of​ "learning styles" is a​ myth, she reads several studies on the topic and considers what about her understanding of how students learn needs to be corrected. C. When Jackson learns that the concept of​ "learning styles" is a​ myth, he connects this information to concepts of cognition and development that he learned about in an introduction to psychology course. D. When Kim learns that the concept of​ "learning styles" is a​ myth, she generates several examples of skills and knowledge that she could not have learned meaningfully if the myth were true.

D. When Kim learns that the concept of​ "learning styles" is a​ myth, she generates several examples of skills and knowledge that she could not have learned meaningfully if the myth were true.

When students have a specific language impairment​ (SLI), they usually have Question content area bottom Part 1 A. significant learning disabilities. B. sensory impairments. C. a strong regional or ethnic dialect. D. otherwise typical development.

D. otherwise typical development.

Imagine that​ you're conducting a parent-teacher conference regarding one of the students in your middle school class. The parents mention that their child spends about two hours every day playing video games. Given what you have just learned about video​ games, which one of the following might be your best​ response? A. ​"If I were​ you, I would discourage video games as much as possible. Most of them encourage violent​ behaviors, which can ultimately increase your​ child's tendency to act aggressively in​ real-life social​ situations." B. ​"Virtually any video game can help a child gain technology skills that will be valuable in our​ 21st-century world, so the two hours each day is time well​ spent." C. ​"Some video games do help students practice basic academic​ skills, such as arithmetic and spelling.​ However, they​ don't really get students to think in productive​ ways." D. ​"Some video games are good for a​ child's cognitive​ development, but others have little or no benefit. What kinds of games is your child​ playing?"

D. ​"Some video games are good for a​ child's cognitive​ development, but others have little or no benefit. What kinds of games is your child​ playing?"

Ms. Turlough wants to help her third graders develop healthy peer relationships and promote social skills. Which of the following strategies is least likely to help her effectively meet her​ goal? Question content area bottom Part 1 A. Give​ in-class assignments for individualized work and then ask students to grade one​ another's papers and compare scores. B. Encourage students from diverse ethnic groups to interact and discuss topics that help them understand one​ another's perspective. C. Give students scenarios involving various conflicts with peers and guide them to interpret these peer interactions accurately and discuss their proposed resolutions. D. Teach specific social skills and let students​ role-play using these skills with one another.

A. Give​ in-class assignments for individualized work and then ask students to grade one​ another's papers and compare scores.

Ms. Carson explains each step as she demonstrates to Madeline how to prepare the chemistry lab stations for the next experiment. Then she coaches and provides additional tips as Madeline prepares one of the lab stations. Madeline explains what she is doing as she begins each step. Then she and Ms. Carson discuss​ Madeline's performance. This is an example of Question content area bottom Part 1 A. a cognitive apprenticeship. B. scaffolding. C. modeling. D. guided participation.

A. a cognitive apprenticeship.

Ms. Roldan and her students notice that a number of personal school supplies are mysteriously going missing. As a​ result, her students are becoming aggressively protective of their belongings. She would like to encourage her students to use prosocial skills in their treatment of one another. Which of the following suggestions is most likely to help her to do​ this? Question content area bottom Part 1 A. Hold a class discussion to promote perspective​ taking, asking students to brainstorm why someone might take​ supplies, as well as talk about how it makes them feel when their supplies are taken. B. Assign her students a story about a child who steals from others and loses friends as a result. C. Remove class privileges if the behaviors do not stop. D. Send home a letter asking parents to speak with their children about the consequences of stealing.

A. Hold a class discussion to promote perspective​ taking, asking students to brainstorm why someone might take​ supplies, as well as talk about how it makes them feel when their supplies are taken.

Which of the following children is least likely to demonstrate aggressive​ behaviors? Question content area bottom Part 1 A. Lori holds her feelings inside and​ doesn't know what to say or do when someone acts hostile toward her. B. Trevor likes to feel like he is in charge of every situation. With his​ self-serving goals, he​ doesn't care whether other kids like him or not. C. Carlisle thinks other children have hostile intentions when they do things like accidentally bumping into him. Such situations make him react. D. Sara does not know how to resolve conflict with peers or negotiate to share toys. She gets what she wants by barging into play settings.

A. Lori holds her feelings inside and​ doesn't know what to say or do when someone acts hostile toward her.

According to​ Vygotsky's sociocultural​ theory, children's cognitive development is enhanced most when they Question content area bottom Part 1 A. interact with others who are more advanced in their thinking. B. initiate interactions with objects in their environment. C. have opportunities to work with technological tools. D. interact with others who are on their own cognitive level.

A. interact with others who are more advanced in their thinking.

Nine-year-old Sonia clearly feels guilty when she accidentally spills paint all over a​ classmate's art project. What should a teacher conclude about​ Sonia's reaction? Question content area bottom Part 1 A. ​Sonia's guilt is a good sign that she is developing internal standards of right and wrong. B. ​Sonia's sense of guilt is likely to interfere with her ability to empathize with the​ classmate's plight. C. Sonia appears to have developed learned helplessness about her ability to do well in her art class. D. ​Sonia's feelings are harmful because they will have​ long-term adverse effects on her overall sense of​ self-worth.

A. ​Sonia's guilt is a good sign that she is developing internal standards of right and wrong.

Which of the following is a moral transgression according to mainstream Western​ culture? Question content area bottom Part 1 A. Carlotta tells her friend that she likes the​ friend's new​ haircut, but she really thinks the haircut makes her friend look like a potato head. B. Denise cheats on her final exam because she needs to keep up her GPA to maintain her scholarship. C. Marvin exaggerates the story of his summer camp adventures in order to make his friends laugh. D. Kyle bumps into his classmate in his rush to get out the door to his track practice and does not apologize.

B. Denise cheats on her final exam because she needs to keep up her GPA to maintain her scholarship.

Ms. Turlough wants to help her third graders develop healthy peer relationships and promote social skills. Which of the following strategies is least likely to help her effectively meet her​ goal? Question content area bottom Part 1 A. Teach specific social skills and let students​ role-play using these skills with one another. B. Give​ in-class assignments for individualized work and then ask students to grade one​ another's papers and compare scores. C. Give students scenarios involving various conflicts with peers and guide them to interpret these peer interactions accurately and discuss their proposed resolutions. D. Encourage students from diverse ethnic groups to interact and discuss topics that help them understand one​ another's perspective.

B. Give​ in-class assignments for individualized work and then ask students to grade one​ another's papers and compare scores.

Which of the following is a conventional transgression according to mainstream Western​ culture? Question content area bottom Part 1 A. Rich has been invited to a birthday party that he does not want to​ attend, so he claims that his mother​ won't let him go. B. Kylie races to her next class and does not hold the door for the next person leaving the room. C. Dennis intimidates the new student into giving him the dessert from his packed lunch every day. D. Shirley gently suggests that her friend might want to consider a different kind of haircut next time she visits the​ salon, and her friend becomes angry.

B. Kylie races to her next class and does not hold the door for the next person leaving the room.

Steph is an adolescent who prefers to be​ alone, doesn't seem to know how to engage in conversation with​ peers, and generally has low social status. Peers easily overlook her and​ don't consider her someone they particularly like or particularly dislike. Students like Steph are referred to as which of the​ following? Question content area bottom Part 1 A. Subculture students B. Neglected students C. Rejected students D. Controversial students

B. Neglected students

Eight-year-old Rebecca begins to cry when a character in​ today's read-aloud story loses her pet dog. She raises her hand and shares that her​ family's cat once went​ missing, but was found the next day. What should a teacher conclude about​ Rebecca's reaction to the​ story? Question content area bottom Part 1 A. Rebecca is​ self-centered and unable to consider other​ people's feelings, only her own. B. Rebecca is feeling empathy for the character in the story. C. Rebecca is feeling shame for thinking about her own situation instead of the​ character's. D. Rebecca is feeling sympathy for the character in the story.

B. Rebecca is feeling empathy for the character in the story.

Your​ colleague, Ms.​ Baruth, believes that students are highly adaptable and should be okay if asked to​ "jump right​ in" to new situations. She is concerned about​ Molly, who becomes anxious if the class deviates from their weekly routine. What would you suggest to Ms.​ Baruth? Question content area bottom Part 1 A. Ms. Baruth should clearly explain that she expects Molly to adapt to​ changes, because life is full of disruptions to routines. B. Ms. Baruth should provide Molly with opportunities to interact with other students who are more​ easy-going. C. Ms. Baruth should announce changes in the classroom routine as soon as she knows about​ them, and explain what the class will be doing during the new schedule of events. D. Ms. Baruth should give Molly a quiet space to work in the classroom.

C. Ms. Baruth should announce changes in the classroom routine as soon as she knows about​ them, and explain what the class will be doing during the new schedule of events.

Which one of the following is not a function of productive peer relationships in​ students' personal and social​ development? Question content area bottom Part 1 A. Help one another socialize and define​ what's cool B. Teach social skills and model them for one another C. Encourage one another to test boundaries of acceptable behavior D. Learn cognitive skills from one another

C. Encourage one another to test boundaries of acceptable behavior

Ms. Southam does several things that are apt to enhance​ students' perspective-taking ability. Which one of the following is the best​ example? A. She walks around the room as the students write down their thoughts about Dimmesdale. B. She models enthusiasm for the novel​ ("That is one of my absolutely favorite little​ Hawthornisms"). Your answer is not correct. C. She points out that Dimmesdale is​ "holding his hand over his​ heart, as though​ he's somehow suffering some​ pain." This is the correct answer. D. She agrees with​ Mike's description of Dimmesdale as having a guilty look on his face.

C. She points out that Dimmesdale is​ "holding his hand over his​ heart, as though​ he's somehow suffering some​ pain."

Which one of the following statements best illustrates postconventional morality as Kohlberg defined the​ term? Question content area bottom Part 1 A. ​"I would never download a research paper from the Internet. My parents would be too disappointed in​ me." B. ​"It's acceptable to cheat if you really need to make a high​ grade." C. ​"I skipped school to protest the unfair treatment of minority​ students." D. ​"As long as I​ don't get​ caught, nobody gets​ hurt."

C. ​"I skipped school to protest the unfair treatment of minority​ students."

Which one of the following statements best illustrates preconventional morality as Kohlberg defined the​ term? Question content area bottom Part 1 A. ​"I won't cheat on this test because I​ don't want my teacher to be mad at​ me." B. ​"I won't cheat on this test because I​ don't think I can get away with​ it." C. ​"I won't cheat on this test because I​ don't want to lose​ recess." D. ​"I won't cheat on this​ test, because the entire purpose is to help my teacher and me determine what I truly​ know."

C. ​"I won't cheat on this test because I​ don't want to lose​ recess."

Can the assessments that teachers design influence what students​ learn? Why or why​ not? A. ​No, because most students are likely to study by​ cramming, no matter what assessments teachers design. B. ​No, because​ in-class activities facilitate​ learning; assessments simply measure what students learned during those activities. C. ​Yes, because good assessments encourage students to prepare for them by using cognitive processes that are essential for​ high-quality learning. D. ​Yes, because administering assessments is the only way to insist that students learn the material.

C. ​Yes, because good assessments encourage students to prepare for them by using cognitive processes that are essential for​ high-quality learning.

Assessment of student achievement should occur Question content area bottom Part 1 A. only in accordance with a predetermined and well publicized evaluation schedule. B. only when students struggle to learn new concepts. C. ​frequently, using both formal and informal methods. D. primarily in​ year-end comprehensive​ examinations, such as standardized tests.

C. ​frequently, using both formal and informal methods.

Other​ people's behaviors can influence a​ child's sense of​ self-worth in a variety of ways. Which one of the following is least likely to have an​ impact, either directly or​ indirectly, on a​ child's sense of​ self? Question content area bottom Part 1 A. Adults communicate information about what the child should reasonably be able to accomplish. B. A child who is a member of a particular ethnic group sees the achievements of other group members. C. A​ child's peers demonstrate that certain skills and levels of performance are easily achievable for them. D. A child sees much younger children performing poorly on a task.

D. A child sees much younger children performing poorly on a task.

Manuel is given a graham cracker for snack. Luis is also given a graham​ cracker, but his is broken in half. Manuel complains to his teacher that Luis has more graham​ crackers, even though they both have the same amount. From​ Piaget's perspective, Manuel does not yet understand Question content area bottom Part 1 A. equilibrium. B. class inclusion. C. accommodation. D. conservation.

D. conservation.