EES095 exam 3

The most widely supported economic strategy for combatting climate change is: - Reforestation of parts of Brazil, Indonesia, and other areas where severe forest loss has occurred. - "Putting a price on carbon" through a carbon tax or "cap and trade" mechanism. - The "War on Coal," prohibiting coal production after 2025. - Placing large export tariffs on fossil fuels. - Forcing OPEC to increase oil production to avoid any fuel shortages.

"Putting a price on carbon" through a carbon tax or "cap and trade" mechanism.

In a landmark epidemiological study of ambient air pollution and mortality in six U.S. cities, Dockery et al. (1993) found a ____ higher mortality rate in the city with the highest pollution compared to the city with the lowest - 2.6% - 2600% - 26% - 260%

26%

According to the 2010 Global Burden of Disease Study (Lim et al., 2012), ambient particulate matter, one type of air pollution, was responsible for over _____ premature deaths and ________ of global disability-adjusted life years in 2010 - 320,000, 3.1% - 3,200,000, 3.1% - 3,200, 3.1% - 320,000, 31.0%

3,200,000, 3.1%

Each of the following is a vector-borne disease that has expanded its range in recent years, in a pattern consistent with climate change contributions, EXCEPT: - Dengue fever - Chikungunya - Polio - Lyme disease - Malaria

Polio

The impacts of climate change on food and agriculture include all of the following EXCEPT: - Increased production of staple crops in some parts of the world, such as parts of Canada and Russia. - Increased crop loss due to plant diseases. - Reduced production of wheat, maize, and other staple crops in much of the world, especially parts of Africa and Asia - Reduced nutrient content of some foods. - Reduced growth of most weeds, enhancing crop production.

Reduced growth of most weeds, enhancing crop production.

Which of the following statements about heat waves is true? - Risk factors for death during heat waves are well defined. - Heat waves in recent years have been most severe near the equator, and mild in norther latitudes. - Heat wave preparedness planning is ineffective in reducing deaths during heat waves. - Heat waves are more severe in rural areas than in urban areas.

Risk factors for death during heat waves are well defined.

Health concerns related to nuclear power include all of the following except: - Potential of weaponization of nuclear fuel - Potential of accidents at nuclear plants - Substantial contributions to climate change - Radiation exposure from nuclear waste

Substantial contributions to climate change

Ambient concentrations of an air pollutant can be highest under conditions of stagnant winds and ________ - Temperature inversions - Nighttime deposition - Seasonal transitions - Atmospheric turbulence

Temperature inversions

All of the following except which affect an air pollutant's ability to penetrate the respiratory system - Chemical properties - Size - Exercise - Weather

Weather

Major health impacts of fossil fuel combustion include all of the following EXCEPT: - Mercury exposure - Air pollution - Allergies - Contributions to climate change

Allergies

Each of the following sources of energy is considered renewable EXCEPT: - Solar - Wind - Natural gas - Hydroelectric

Natural gas

In general, which particle size category is likely to penetrate most deeply into the lung - PM2.5 - PM100 - PM10 - TSP

PM2.5

Global climate change contributes to each of the following EXCEPT: - Ocean acidification - Rising sea levels - Species extinctions - Peak petroleum production - More severe storms

Peak petroleum production

The "energy ladder" refers to a sequence of energy courses. In general, as a society moves up the energy ladder, each of the following increases EXCEPT: - Adverse health impacts - Cost - Cleanliness - Distance between the energy production and end user

Adverse health impacts

Which of the following is NOT a fossil fuel? - Coal - Petroleum - Natural gas - Biomass

Biomass

Which of the following is NOT a significant greenhouse gas that contributes to global warming? - Chlorofluorocarbons - Carbon monoxide - Carbon dioxide - Methane - Water vapor

Carbon monoxide

The vast majority of the world's energy comes from which of the following? - Coal and petroleum. - Biomass and diesel. - Nuclear and hydroelectric power. - Nuclear power and coal. - Natural gas and petroleum.

Coal and petroleum.

Which of the following air pollutants is NOT expected to increase as a result of climate change? - Allergens such as pollen - Dioxins - Ozone - Particulate matter from wildfires

Dioxins

Which of the following is NOT a primary energy source? - Wind - Coal combustion - Biomass combustion - Hydroelectric - Electricity

Electricity

Which of the following is true regarding public belief in climate change? - Beliefs about climate change are constant across political parties, religious affiliation, and age. - Health professionals are not trusted sources regarding climate change and its risks; public trust is higher for elected officials and sports and media personalities. - Family and friends are powerful determinants of a person's beliefs about climate change. - Providing authoritative scientific information about climate change is associated with substantial shifts in opinion. - Over 85% of Americans deny that climate change is occurring.

Family and friends are powerful determinants of a person's beliefs about climate change.

The extraction of unconventional gas involves which set of health related hazards: - Mercury emissions from combustion - Fracking flowback and production waters - Trucking and transportation risk - Flammable gas production

Fracking flowback and production waters

The process of hydrofracking seeks to: - Move oil from the swamp to the well. - Decrease porosity in open reservoir rocks though injection of high pressure fluids and soilds. - Increase porosity in tight reservoir rocks through injection of high pressure fluids and soilds. - Endanger health through introducing methane into groundwater

Increase porosity in tight reservoir rocks through injection of high pressure fluids and soilds.

Climate change may contribute to water contamination through all of the following mechanisms EXCEPT: - Coliform contamination from combined sewer outflows following severe rainfall - Contamination by cryptosporidium or giardia from increased non-point source runoff after storms - Vibrio contamination due to warmer marine waters - Harmful algal blooms - Increased chlorine concentrations due to water treatment malfunctions

Increased chlorine concentrations due to water treatment malfunctions

Which of the following statements about the human health impacts of energy use, at the scale of societies or countries, is true? - Increasing per capita energy use is associated with improved health, but only if fossil fuels provide most of the energy. - Increasing per capita energy use is associated with improved health but only up to a point; after that, increasing energy use confers no further health benefit. - Increasing per capita energy use is associated with improved health.

Increasing per capita energy use is associated with improved health but only up to a point; after that, increasing energy use confers no further health benefit.

All of the following are true about tropospheric ozone except: - Indoor concentrations are usually lower than outdoor concentrations - It is formed by the reaction of precursors (VOCs, NOx) and sunlight - It is a powerful oxidant that can trigger asthma attacks - It protects us from ultraviolet radiation

It protects us from ultraviolet radiation

The United States Clean Air Act mandates health-protective national ambient air quality standards for which group of key outdoor pollutants (i.e., the criteria pollutants) - Lead, toxic pollutants, volatile organic compounds - Lead, toxic pollutants, volatile organic compounds, biological pollutants - Lead, sulfur dioxide, carbon monoxide, nitrogen dioxide, particulates, ozone - Lead, sulfur dioxide, carbon monoxide

Lead, sulfur dioxide, carbon monoxide, nitrogen dioxide, particulates, ozone

Which of the following statements about climate change mitigation and adaptation is true? - Climate change adaptation is counterproductive because it distracts from climate change mitigation. - Climate mitigation is the responsibility of the energy and transportation sectors, while the health sector is primarily responsible for climate adaptation. - Mitigation occurs on a local scale, while adaptation occurs on a global scale. - Climate change adaptation may justifiably be deferred for future generations, because it will be far less costly in the future. - Mitigation includes both reducing the emission of greenhouse gases, and promoting the removal of greenhouse gases from the air through sequestration.

Mitigation includes both reducing the emission of greenhouse gases, and promoting the removal of greenhouse gases from the air through sequestration.