EES1 final exam
How long ago did the dinosaurs become extinct?
65 million years ago
Understand the difference between an anticline and a syncline
Anticline folds away from the crest Syncline folds toward the crust
What do these terms mean? Aphanitic, phaneritic, porphyritic?
Aphanitic- small crystals Phaneritic- large crystals Porphyritic- rock contains crystals or crystalline particles embedded in a fine grain groundmass
What are the three types of load in a stream?
Bed load- stuff on the bottom Suspended load- stuff floating in water Dissolved load- water soluble
What happens when two continental plates collide? Two oceanic plates?
Continental- plates tend to lift up like mountains Oceanic- plates tend to push down
What is the internal structure of the earth? what are the layers?
Crust, mantle, core, inner core
Know the layers of earth and general composition of the different layers
Crust- basalt rocks Mantle- silicate materials Core- solid iron
What are the plate tectonic boundaries? where can examples of each be found?
Divergent- mid atlantic ridge, east african riff Convergent- Himalaya, andes mountains Transform- San Andreas fault
Know three minerals and their uses
Feldspar- rock forming mineral Fluorite- hydrochloric acid Quartz- polarization of light; ultraviolet
What are the physical properties of minerals?
Hardness, cleavage, luster, crystal form
which magma type is hottest? Coldest?
Hottest- Gabbro/Basalt Coldest- Granite
What is the principle of cross cutting relationships?
Igneous intrusion is always younger than the rock it cuts
How does crystal size relate to cooling rate?
Igneous rock cooling from magma. faster cooling- small crystals slow cooling- large crystals
What is the difference between magma and lava?
Magma is molten rock in earths crust Lava is magma that reaches earths surface
Know contributions of Andrija Mohorvicic, Beno Gutenburg, ans Inge Lehman to geology
Mohorovicic- found the crust- mantle boundary Gutenburg- Found the core- mantle boundary Lehman- Found the inner/outer core boundary
Types of volcanos
Mt. Shasta- stratovolcano Mauna Loa- Shield volcano Long Valley- Caldera Yellowstone- supervolcano
Which is denser, oceanic crust or continental crust?
Oceanic crust because of subduction zone
What is the difference between Richter magnitude and MMI magnitude?
Richter- measures of energy release MMI- the amount of damage done by the earthquake
What types of deformation can occur due to compression
Rock squeezes inward
What type of rock are associated with Shield, Composite, and caldera-type volcanos?
Shield- basalt Composite (strato)- andesite Caldera- Rhyolite
What dictates the velocity of a river?
Slope/gradient, shape of channel and how smooth the channel is
What is the relationship between plate boundaries and earthquake depth?
Subduction zones have the deepest earthquakes. Divergent boundaries have the shallowest earthquakes
What types of faults are associated with compression, tension and shear?
compression- reverse fault tension- normal fault shear- strike slip fault
What is the difference between a confined and unconfined aquifer?
confined- has impermeable layers on the top and bottom of the aquifer unconfined- just has one impermeable layer on the bottom
How is obsidian created?
formed when felsic lava extruded from a volcano cools rapidly with a minimum crystal growth
What are the types of mechanic (physical) weathering
frost wedging and foot wedging
Where do deep-focus earthquakes occur?
in subduction zones
how does mechanical weathering affect chemical weathering?
increases surface area of exposed rock
What is the age of invertebrates? Age of dinosaurs and age of mammals?
invertebrates- Paleozoic Dinosaurs- Mesozoic mammals- Cenozoic
What is the difference between meandering and braided stream?
meandering- remains in one channel with natural levees braided- more coarse sediment, erodible banks, multiple channels and very little clay
What is viscosity
measure of fluid friction
What is the definition of a mineral
naturally occurring inorganic, have crystal form. Definite chemical composition
What is an ice mineral
naturally occurring substance with a defined chemical formula and crystal structure
What is the law of superposition
oldest rocks are at the bottom
what are the types of chemical weathering?
oxidation, hydrous and dissolution
Which seismic waves are the fastest?
p waves
what is porosity?
percent of pore space in a rock
when was the largest mass extinction on earth?
permian triassic boundary 250 million years ago
What is the difference between relative and absolute dating?
relative puts things into a sequence of events absolute(numerical)- assigns an age
What is an unconformity
represent gaps in geologic recors. Age difference between sedimentary rocks and igneous/metamorphic
What is permeability?
rocks ability to transmit fluid
what is an isotope?
same number of protons, different number of neutrons
What is liquefaction
soil is made weak by shaking or rapid loading from earthquakes
What is mass wasting?
soil, sand, rock move downslope typically as a mass under force of gravity/water
What is catastrophism?
the idea that the earth has been shaped by major catastrophes. allows for a young 6000 year old earth
What is the principle of uniformitarianism?
the present is key to the past
what is the difference between an unaltered fossil and an altered fossil?
unaltered- fossil has not been replaced by another substance (mummification, amber entombment and freezing) altered- original material is replaced by other substances (recrystallization)
what factors contribute to a volcanos eruption intensity?
viscosity and gas content. Both related to composition of magma
what is infiltration?
water on the ground surface enters the soil
