Egyptian Period Style

Amon

The God of thebes; sacred animal, the ram and goose.

The loincloth (shenti)

The Pharaohs wore the same shenti as their subjects, but it was made of rich cloth and supported at the waist by different kinds of girdles.

Imhotep

The first recorded artist of western history, architect to Zoser. Enjoyed the status of a court official and was later defied.

Pharaoh

The rulers of ancient Egypt are customarily known as...

Mut

Wife of amon; originally the vulture goddess, later depicted as a woman.

sarcophagus

a stone coffin, especially one bearing sculpture, inscriptions, etc., often displayed as a monument.

Mastaba

an egyptian tomb made of mud brick, rectangular in plan with sloping sides and a flat roof.

Stela/Stele

an upright stone slab or pillar bearing an inscription or design and serving as a monument, marker, or the like.

Law of Frontality

face must look straight ahead and each side must be exactly like the other, although the hands and feet are in profile eyes, shoulders in front view

Loggia

roofed gallery

Portico

roofed porch upheld by column

Lotus

signifies upper egypt

Plaster

was the primary surfacing material applied to a base of brick or mud; stone and glazed tiles were used by affluent buildings.

Shawl

white or saffron-coloured, worn by women to protect them from the coolness of the air and the heat of the sun.

Priest

A separate hierarchy of ____________ helped the rulers to carry out the religious rituals, especially those concerned with ensuring their immortality. A class of judges settled disputes, especially over land ownership, although some priests also served as judges.

Calasiris

A sleeved tunic, made of very fine, light linen, diaphanous and pleated. It edges were seamed, with slits for the head and arms, and a narrow cord served as girdle. Worn as an outer garment over a loincloth (shenti).

Hieroglyphics

A system of writing with picture symbols. This allowed history to be written

Karnak

A vast religious complex on the east bank of the Nile near the modern city of Luxor, it contains an immense temple complex dedicated to Amun-Ra and a slightly smaller complex devoted to the goddess Mut.

Tutankhamun

After the death of Akhenaton his successor, __________, gave up this early attempt at monotheism, restored the temples, and revived the rites familiar to the priests and the people. By a quirk of fate, He would become the most famous pharaoh in the modern world.

Kemet

Black land, very fertile land

Khufu

Builder of the Great Pyramid at Al-Jīzah , the largest single building to that time.

Necropolis

City of Mastabas

Pschent

Coloured girdles, multicoloured ribbons, ornaments and jewels of gold and enamel all enhanced the royal dignity of the Pharaohs, as did the tiered head-dresses symbolizing their power. This tiara or truncated conical cap, the pschent, which King Akhenaton and Queen Nefertiti wear fitted very closely to the head, was white in Lower Egypt and red in Upper Egypt ; none of the texts allows us to specify its material.

Memphis

Commercial center and administrative capital, located on the west bank of the Nile near the junction of Upper and Lower Egypt and 12 miles (19 km) south of Cairo, it contained the royal residence and administrative offices, the building for embalming the sacred bull, or Apis, the fallen colossus of Ramses II, and two temples devoted to Ptah.

Akhenaton

During the Eighteenth Dynasty the pharaoh ___________ challenged ancientEgypt's polytheism by instituting a cult of sun worship centered on Aten to the exclusion of all other gods. __________ closed all temples devoted to the worship of other gods, smashed their statues, and impounded their revenues. New temples were built at Karnak for the worship of Aten, followed by a whole city at Amarna.

Hapshepsut

During the New Kingdom, the pharaoh____________ ruled Egypt from about 1473 to 1458 B.C.E. Hatshepsut wasEgypt's first female pharaoh. Under her rule, Egyptian art and architecture flourished. Hatshepsut was also known for encouraging trade. Promoter of Egyptian Trade

The Old Kingdom

Dynasties I-X 3000 -2130 BC

The Middle Kingdom

Dynasties XI-XVII 2130 -1580 BC

The New Kingdom

Dynasties XVIII-XXX 2130 -1580 BC

Situla

Egyptian bronze Called a _________, this bucket held holy water for sprinkling at religious ceremonies. It is decorated with images of gods and ancestral rulers.

Predynastic Era

Egyptian history is usually divided into periods roughly corresponding to 30 dynasties of kings. The period before c. 3100 BC, a time for which no written records exist, is called the...

Thebes

Extensive site in Upper Egypt on both sides of the Nile, including the modern cities of Luxor and Gurna, it contains the tombs of the Eleventh Dynasty kings, the mortuary temples for the Eighteenth to Twentieth Dynasties, the valley of the kings, and the tombs of the nobles, and was prominent in the Middle and New Kingdoms as an administrative center.

Horus

Falcon-God; originally the sky god; identified with the king during his lifetime; son of Osiris and Isis

Isis

God/Goddess symbolized by Blue

Osiris

God/Goddess symbolized by Green

Horus

God/Goddess symbolized by white

Hypostyles

Great Columned Walls

Bes

Helper of women in childbirth. Protector against snakes and other.

42

How many Nomes(Provinces)are in Ancient Egypt?

Ankh

In Egypt, the circle topped cross representing life. Some forms incorporate a cat on top of a circle.

Kepresh

In battle the Pharaoh wore either a coat of cloth or leather trimmed with bone or metal scales, or a corslet decorated with bands of varying colours, for example linen ornamented with animal figures woven in cotton and gold thread. On his head he wore the tiara (kepresh), painted blue in Lower Egyptian paintings, often white and red in Upper Egypt.

Egyptian Chair

In this Egyptian chair of wooden construction, beautifully crafted joints (made with stone tools) form a wide back and frame the seat, which is of woven rush caning. The low seat height suggests that cross-legged seating was the norm.

Anubis

Jackal-god; patron of embalmers, god of necropolis

Pyramid of Khufu

Largest Pyramid

Hierakonpolis

Largest and most developed urban complex of the Predynastic Period, located in the southern part of Upper Egypt, it contains a mud-brick enclosure, a painted tomb, and a temple dedicated to Horus, as well as many statues and votive offerings.

Dado

Lowest Portion of a Wall

Abydos

Major religious site on the west bank of the Nile in Upper Egypt, containing First and Second Dynasty royal tombs, as well as New Kingdom temples of Seti I and Ramses II.

Sun-dried mud bricks, Granite, and limstone

Materials for Buildin Construction

Campaniform flower

Open Papyrus flower with base representing lotus.

Pylon, Colonnaded Courtyard, Hypostyle Hall, Barque, Sanctuary

Parts of the Temple

Theocracy

Pharaoh thought to be a god

Temples

Post and lintel construction characterized as forest of columns

Pyramid of Khafre

Second Largest Pyramid

Papyrus

Signifies Lower Egypt

Vulture with Outstretched wings

Signifies protection

Muslin Gown

Slave girls, such as flower-pickers, are represented naked; female musicians are clad in muslin gowns.

Pyramid of Menkaure

Smallest Pyramid

Ka

The Egyptians believed that the soul, or __, came into being with the body and remained in the body until death.

Aten

The God of of the sun-disk; worshipped as the creator god bu Akhenaten.

Osiris

The God of the underworld; identified as the dead king; depicted as a mummified king.

Isis

The divine mother; one of the protector- goddesses, protecting coffin and canopic jars.

Seth

The god of storms and violence. Brother and murderess of Osiris, rival of Horus; depicted as a pig, ass, hippopotamus, etc.

Hapi

The god of the nile flood; depicted as a man with female breasts.

Hathor

The goddess of children; depicted as cow, or as awoman with cow'shorns. Goddess of love and beauty.

Maat

The goddess of truth;depicted as a woman with ostrich feather on her head.

Vizier

The king was aided by a _________, or chief minister, or often by one vizier for Upper Egypt and one for the Nile Delta. They headed a large and increasingly elaborate class of scribes who collected dues and taxes, supervised the construction of temples and other public works, and kept government records.

Field

The middle portion of the wall

Frieze and cornice

The part of a wall close to the ceiling

Ramses II

The pharaoh Ramses II ruled during the New Kingdom. Called the Great, he is one of the most famous pharaohs. He reigned for more than 60 years, longer than almost any other pharaoh. He is best known for his military leadership and for building numerous monuments. Military Leader and Master Builder . He had over 100 wives, and more than 100 children.

Ra

The sun god of Heliopolis; supreme judge; depicted as Falcon-headed

Narmer

Unified Upper and Lower Egypt and established his capital at Memphis around 3000 B.C. By the time of the Old Kingdom, the land had been consolidated under the central power of a king, who was also the "owner" of all Egypt.

Obelisk

a tapering, four- sided shaft of stone, usually monolithic and having a pyramidal apex.

Long Robe

accentuated the squareness of the shoulders, the narrowness of the waist and hips, and the general elongation of the figures

Amenhotep IV

came to the throne he was apparently determined to resist the priesthood of Amon. Supported by his family he ultimately made a clean break with the worship of Amon-Re.

Wig

common to both sexes but men seem to wear them most during religious feasts and ceremonies.

Wool

considered impure, forbidden in temples and for burial

Leopard SKin

costume used for religious rituals

Thutmose III

created an absolute government based on a powerful army and an Egyptian empire extending far beyond the Nile Valley.

Relief

design is made prominent by raising it from the surface or the background of the material

Papyrus bundle

from papyrus, the plant symbolizing lower Egypt suggest the presence of a temple; can have a circular or ribbed shafts

Incised

inside of the outline is the one that is carved out

Contropposto

leg forward giving life to the structure

Faience

material almost look like kaolin. Made of powdered quartz and coated with vitreous paste, it was an earthen ware fired to a glass like shine in almost all colors.

Sphinx

mythical beast of ancient Egypt, frequently symbolizing the pharaoh as an incarnation of the sun god Ra. The sphinx was represented in sculpture usually in a recumbent position with head of a man and a body of alion, although some were constructed with ram's heads and other with hawk's head.

sacred beetle or scarab

symbolize eternal life

Ptah

the creator god of Memphis; patron god of craftsmen; depicted as a mummified king.

plaster

walls of the cliff tombs of the Middle Kingdom were smoothed over with a coating of....

Cleopatra

was an Egyptian Queen and the last pharaoh of Ancient Egypt. Embroiled in the internal politics of the Roman Empire she was the lover of both Julius Caesar and Mark Anthony. King Ptolemy XII named his daughter _______, which in Greek means "her father's glory." She joined a dynasty that had ruled Egypt for more than 250 years.

Nefertiti

was an Egyptian queen and the Great Royal Wife (chief consort) of Akhenaten, an Egyptian Pharaoh. Nefertiti and her husband were known for a religious revolution, in which they worshiped one god only, Aten, or the sun disc. With her husband, she reigned at what was arguably the wealthiest period of Ancient Egyptian history.

The Amarna Period

was ruled by a religious reformer Akhenaton (Amenhotep IV), who carried royal absolutism to an extreme. During his reign, all endowments were transferred to a single god.