EHAP - All of Barron's prep

Louis XIV

5 years old when he became king, Anne of Austria, his mom, ran France in his name, she needed help so she hired Cardinal Mazarin; Mazarin uss the same policies as Richelieu, imprisoned during the Fronde, was an absolute monarch, used propaganda, believed in the divine right of kings, used Versaille to tame his nobles

Theodore Beza

A Calvinists leader who strongly supporter defending against tyranny.

Henrik Ibsen

A Doll's House [Nora leaves her narrow minded husband]

Triple Alliance

Alliance between Germany, Italy, and Austria, formed at the Congress of Berlin

Dreikaiserbund

Alliance between Germany, Russia, and Austria, a mutual defense pact against the Ottomans and the French

cubism

Artistic movement that succeeded impressionism and surrealism, led by Pablo Picasso and Georges Braque in which subjects were morphed into geometric shapes on the canvas

Edict of Fontainebleau

In 1540, this edict subjected all Huguenots to the Inquisition.

New Sculpture

In England, practitioners of what was called this mixed various materials in sensuous statues

Deism

"watchmaker theory"- that God created the universe, set all of the laws up, and then "winding it like a clock", he set the world in motion and he doesn't control anything afterwards

Kulturkampf

("cultural struggle") meaning the "battle for culture." the conflict between the Roman Catholic Church and the gov't of the German Empire in the 1870s; led by Bismarck; failed; was probably Bismarck's greatest blunder

Dante Alghieri

(1265-1321) author of Vita Nuova and Divine Comedy, which formed the cornerstones of Italian vernacular literature; was Boccaccio's teacher and friend

Hundred Years' War

(1337-1453) a war between France and England that lasted from the middle of the 14th century to the middle of the 15th, in which the kings of England invaded France, trying to claim the throne; France ultimately won; this war led to nationalism, which led to the Renaissance in France

Prince Henry the Navigator

(1394-1460) a Portuguese prince who was inspired to sponsor the Portuguese exploration of the African coast; his main object was the gold trade; supported the exploration of South Atlantic

Leonardo da Vinci

(1452-1519) personification of the "Renaissance man;" painter, sculptor, architect, engineer, writer, and scientist; creator of the Mona Lisa and Last Supper

Erasmus

(1456-1536)"prince of the humanists"; prepared short Latin dialogues for his student that became known as Colloquies; aspired to unite the classical ideals of humanity and civic virtue with the Christian ideals of love and piety; believed disciplined study of the classics and the Bible was the best way to reform both individuals and society (philosophia Christi- a simple ethical piety in imitation of Christ)

Michelangelo

(1457-1564) primarily a sculptor whose Pieta is often considered the most perfect marble carving; also created the sculptures of Moses and David, unrivaled masterpieces that reflect religiosity and real human emotions; also painted the Sistine Chapel; he glorified God by depicting the beauty of his earthly creations

Johann Tetzel

(1465-1519) a wondering friar who was authorized by Pope Leo X to sell indulgences, the proceeds of which would be used to rebuild St. peter's Church in Rome and to provide funds to local dioceses; was in great conflict with Martin Luther

Laura Cereta

(1469-1499) a well-known humanist and early feminist; taught moral philosophy at University of Padua, a center of Renaissance learning; wrote Familiar Letters, which were widely criticized for her criticism on gender bias

Albrecht Dürer

(1471-1528) challenged Italian Renaissance art by depicting everyday people instead of religious and aristocratic subjects; was one of the master artists of the era; his self-portraits and woodblock prints are still revered today; he was a mathematician who was painting landscapes and self-portraits at the age of 13

Nicolaus Copernicus

(1473-1543) a Polish astronomer, who upset the comfortable assumptions of the geocentric universe with his heliocentric (sun-centered) universe; wrote Concerning the Revolutions of the Heavenly Bodies; his theories were proven by Kepler and Galileo

Thomas More

(1478-1535) had fostered the "Erasmian" spirit in his Utopia, a book that criticized the correctable abuses of various institutions and that offered the blueprint for a perfect society; was Henry VIII's most trusted diplomat before he was executed by Henry

Raphael

(1483-1520) is considered one of the greatest painter of any era; his portraits and Madonnas epitomize the Renaissance style; The School of Athens is his grandly conceived portrayal of the great masters of Western philosophy; is also a perfect example of Renaissance technique

Martin Luther

(1483-1546) a Roman Catholic priest, Augustinian monk, and theologian at the University of Wittenburg in Germany; condemned the sale of indulgences; came to believe that the traditional means of attaining salvation (good works) were inadequate; nailed his 95 Theses on the door of Wittenburg church; was excommunicated, but established his own religious sect, Lutheranism

Ulrich Zwingli

(1484-1531) established Protestantism in Switzerland; was killed in a nationwide religious civil war; although his followers accepted most of Luther's reforms, they argued that God's presence during communion is only symbolic; Zwingli's reform guideline was very simple and effective: whatever lacked literal support in Scripture was to be neither believed nor practiced

John Calvin

(1509-1564) published his Institutes of the Christian Religion; accepted most of Luther's ideas, but differed on the role of the state in church affairs; believed in predestination (since God knows even before birth whether a person is saved or damned, there id nothing anyone can do to win salvation); replaced the Catholic hierarchy with a democratic system whereby each individual congregation elected its minister and governed its politics

Sir Francis Drake

(1540-1596) a famous privateer for Queen Elizabeth I; was the naval leader of the famous defeat of the Spanish Armada; his fleet was smaller, but more maneuverable on the turbulent seas

Tycho Brahe

(1546-1601) took the next major step toward the conception of a sun-centered system; did not embrace the Copernicus view of the universe, advocating for the geocentric universe; his labors produced a vast body of astronomical data from which his successors could work

Francis Bacon

(1561-1626) was an Englishman of almost universal accomplishment; was a lawyer, a high royal official, and the author of histories, moral essays and philosophical discourses; father of "empiricism"; advocated the inductive or experimental method: observation of natural phenomena, accumulating date, experimenting, drawing conclusions (scientific method)

Galileo Galilei

(1564-1642) was the first to turn a telescope on the heavens; wrote Starry Messenger and Letters on Sunspots; his telescopic observations validated Copernician theory

Johannes Kepler

(1571-1630) a German astronomer; was a convinced Copernician and rigorous advocate of the heliocentric universe; Kepler discovered that to keep ths sun at the center of things, he must abandon the circular components of Copernicus's model; he suggested that the motions of the planets were elliptical; wrote this theory down in The New Astronomy; but he couldn't prove why the planets moved elliptically that would be left to Galileo

Thomas HObbes

(1588-1679) the most original political philosopher of the 17th century; "life is nasty, brutish, and short"; believed that in a state of nature, might makes right, and that we agree to be governed to protect us from living in a state of evil nature; humans were ultimately evil; social contract: people give up some of their rights in order to gain some protection from the gov't; the role of state: the state prevents people from taking each other's property and killing each other; suggested an absolute monarchy

René Descartes

(1596-1650) a French philosopher whose wrote Discourse on Method; argued that everything that is not validated by observation should be doubted, but that his own existence is proven by the proposition that "I think, therefore I am," (cogito ergo sum); was also a gifted mathematician who invented analytic geometry; developed a scientific method that relied more on deduction than empirical observation and induction

Isaac Newton

(1642-1727) an Englishman; addressed the issue of planetary motion; established a basis for physics that endured for more than 2 centuries; published the Principia Mathematica; demonstrated that natural laws of motion, gravitation, accounted for the movement of heavenly bodies and earthly objects (which proved Copernican theory)

The Stuart Restoration

(1660-1688) marked the development of the Tory and Whig parties; Since the Tories prevailed, Anglicanism was restored by a series of laws that forbade dissenters to worship publicly, required gov't officials and military personnel to practice Anglicanism, and discriminated against other sects

thomas newcomen

(1663-1729) invented the first practical engine to use steam power. newcomen's machine was used by english mine operators to pump water out of coal and tin mines.

Francois Quesnay

(1694-1774) led the physiocrats; advocated a laissez-faire economy; believed that gov't should remove all restraints to free trade so that the natural laws of economics were free to operate for the good of society

Voltaire

(1694-1778) personified the "Age of Reason"; born in Paris at the height of Louis XIV's reign; he was more writer than philosopher, but his genius for social criticism helped inflame desire for change and set he stage for the Age of Revolution; preached against injustice, bigotry, and advocated human rights and science; "Ecrasez l'infame" (Crush the infamous); sought to separate church and state

Jean Jacques Rousseau

(1712-1778) the founder of the Romantic movement; emphasized the glorification of emotion; despised the rigid and inequitable class structure of the ancien regime and that life is the state of nature was purer, freer, and more virtuous; developed the idea of the "noble savage"; wrote the Social Contract "Man is born free, but everywhere he is in chains; he thought that "general will" should control a nation; this was intended to support a democratic view of gov't; also distrusted civilization; wrote Emile

Denis Diderot

(1713-1784) published the writings and popularized the idea of many of the philosophes in his Encyclopedia, a collection of political and social critiques rather than a compilation of facts

robert blakewell

(1725-1795). agricultural improver. pioneered new methods of animal breeding that produced more and better animals and more milk and meat.

emelyan pugachev

(1726-1775) led the largest peasant revolt in Russian history. he promised the serf lands of their own and freedom from the lords.

Adam Smith

(1727-1790) an English philosopher who wrote Wealth of Nations; defined capitalism; he stated that the economy is governed by natural laws such as supply and demand; in a free economy, competition will induce producers to manufacture most efficiently in order to sell higher-quality, lower-cost goods than competitors

Adam Smith

(1727-1790) an Englishman who wrote Wealth of Nations; refined and expanded the laissez-faire philosophy of the physiocrats; it is the book that defined capitalism; he stated that the economy is governed by natural laws such as supply and demand; in a free economy, competition will induce producers to manufacture most efficiently in order to sell higher-quality, lower-cost goods than competitors

Klemens von Metternich

(1733-1859) Austrian foreign minister; epitomized conservatism; was a major figure in the negotiations of the Congress of Vienna and was a major helper in the development of diplomacy; hated Napoleon; he felt liberals were imposing their views on society mostly due to the nationalist self-determination ideal of the liberals that threatened Austria

James Watt

(1736-1819) Scottish inventor and mechanical engineer, renowned for his improvements in steam engine technology

james watt

(1736-1819) perfected the the application of the steam engine in 1769. he allowed the steam engine to run textile machinery which allowed factories to be located in or near urban enters. made the combination of urbanization and industrialization possible.

henry cort

(1740-1800) in 1784 introduced a new puddling process that is a new method for melting and stirring molten ore. his process allowed the the removal of more slag and thus the production of purer iron. also developed a rolling mill that continuously shaped the still-molten metal into bars, rails, or other forms.

William Paley

(1743-1805) and Enlightenment writer; wrote Natural Theology; enshrined the belief that religion and science could work hand-in-hand

Jeremy Bentham

(1748-1832) a utilitarian thinker; sought to create codes of scientific law that were founded on the principle of utility-the greatest happiness for the greatest #; his work helped initiate the public health movement and the reorganization of cities

priscilla wakefield

(1750-1832) english writer who believed that the kinds of employment open to women had narrowed. she called for new occupations for women. "Priscilla Wakefield Demands More Occupations for Women"

Seven Years' War/French and Indian War

(1756-1763) fought by England and its allies against France; was the first war to be fought on multiple continents (North America, Europe, and Asia); British came to dominate India; resulted in the loss of France's North American possessions and in the growing independence of the British North American colonies

Jacques Danton

(1759-1794) a prominent leader in the Committee of Public Safety; provided heroic leadership in Sept. of 1792; strong republican

Saint-Simon

(1760-1825) was the earliest of the socialist pioneers; believed modern society would require rational management; private wealth, property, and enterprise should be subject to an administration other than that of its owners; management by experts would alleviate the poverty an social dislocation of the age

Thomas Malthus

(1766-1834) the first of the classical economists to try to explain why the mass of people did not benefit form the operation of the "natural laws" of economics; said that poverty existed because the population increased at a geometric rate while the food supply increased arithmetically

Robert Owen

(1771-1858) a Scottish textile manufacturer whose humane working conditions served as a model for capitalists who wanted to make a profit w/out exploiting workers

David Ricardo

(1772-1823) raised the theory of the "Iron Law of Wages": the natural wage is that which maintains a worker's subsistence (in other words, what is the lowest amount of money I can pay someone, but still have quality work); said that wages should be kept towards a minimum level

Charles Fourier

(1772-1837) French intellectual counterpart of Owen; advocated the construction of communities called "Phalanxes," in which liberated living would replaced the boredom and dullness of industrial existence; agrarian production would predominate these communities; no person would be required to perform the same kind f work for the entire day; did a lot of work on "boredom"

Charles Lyell

(1797-1875) geologist, who suggested that the earth is much older than the biblical records contended; By looking to natural causes, Lyell removed the miraculous hand of God from the physical development of the earth

August Comte

(1798-1857) a late child of the Enlightenment and a onetime follower of Saint Simon; developed POSITIVISM; writer of The Positive Philosophy; argued that human thought had developed three stages

Honore de Balzac

(1799-1850) portrayed the cruelty of industrial life and of a society based on money

Code Napoleon

(1804) Napoleon replaced varied and inequitable medieval law with a uniform legal system; was a model for codes of law in many European countries

Benjamin Disraeli

(1804-1881) was the Tory (conservative) minister of Great Britain, taking over Gladstone's position; turned the tables of the Whig reformers by enacting the Second Reform Bill

William E. Gladstone

(1807-1898) was the Whig (liberal party) minister of Great Britain; attempted to expand voter eligibility but was defeated; Tory gov't replaced, but then he came back after their defeat; enacted sweeping reforms: labor unions were legalized, secret ballot, free public education, and eventually universal male suffrage

David Strauss

(1808-1874) published The Life of Jesus; questioned whether the Bible provided any genuine historical evidence about Jesus; said that the story of Jesus was a myth that arose from the particular social and intellectual conditions of 1st century Palestine

Charles Darwin

(1809-1882) "Newton of biology"; wrote On the Origins of Species and the Descent of Man; drew off of the ideas of Alfred Wallace; formulated the principle of natural selection; in Descent of Man, he applied the principle of evolution by natural selection to human beings; said that humankind's moral nature and religious sentiments had developed naturally in response to the requirements of survival

Louis Blanc

(1811-1882) published "The Organization of Labor"; demanded an end to competition, but did not seek a wholly new society; urged workers to fight for universal suffrage and to overthrow the state peacefully

Charles Dickens

(1812-1870) portrayed the cruelty of industrial life and of a society based on money

Claude Bernard

(1813-1878) wrote Introduction to the Study of Experimental Medicine; influenced Emile Zola

Otto von Bismark

(1815-1898) single-handedly shaped the next thirty years of European history; was a German conservative prime minister, who perfectly strategized history to achieve German unification; he set up many wars against other nations b/c wars unify countries; famous for his "iron and blood" speech, which said that nothing would be achieved through speeches and majority decisions, but through "iron and blood"

Karl Marx

(1818-1883) a socialist philosopher who came up with the idea of "Communism"; wrote the "Communist Manifesto" which calls for radical solutions to the dilemma of mass poverty in the industrialized world

Herbert Spencer

(1820-1903) the most famous advocate of evolutionary ethics; a British philosopher; a strong individualist, who believed human society progresses through competition; struggle against one's fellow human beings became a kind of ethical imperative

Gustave Flaubert

(1821-1880) wrote Madame Bovary; was the first genuine realistic novel; was a story of colorless provincial life and a woman's hapless search for love in and outside of marriage; portrayed life w/out heroism, purpose, or civility

Gregor Mendel

(1822-1884) "Father of Genetics"; was an Austrian monk experimenting heredity on peas; received public attention

Ernst Renan

(1823-1892) in France; contended that human authors had written and revised the books of the Bible with the problems of Jewish society and politics in mind; the Bible was not an inspired book, but had been like the Homeric epics, written by normal human beings in a primitive society; dismissed Islam as a religion and culture incapable of developing science and closed to new ideas

Alfred Wallace

(1823-1913) originated the concept of evolution; formulated the principle of natural selection

Decembrist Revolt

(1825) the first rebellion in modern Russian history whose instigators had had specific political goals; they wanted constitutional gov't and the abolition of serfdom; was when the Moscow regiment marched into the Senate Square in St. Petersburg and refused to swear allegiance to Nicholas; called for a constitution and the installment of Constantine as Tsar

Thomas Huxley

(1825-1895) a popularizer in Britain, who worked for gov't support of scientific research and for the inclusion of science in the schools and universities; opposed Herbert Spencer; the great defender of Darwin; declared that the physical process of evolution as at odds w/ human ethical development

Henrik Ibsen

(1828-1906) Norwegian playwright who carried realism into the dramatic presentation of domestic life; wrote A Doll's House, Ghosts, and The Master Builder; attacked sentimentality, the ideal of the female "angel of the house," and the cloak of respectability that hung so insecurely over the middle-class family

The Great Reform Bill

(1832) a limited reform of the British House of Commons + an expansion of the electorate to include a wider variety of the propertied classes; abolished rotten boroughs; empowered the industrial middle class

Jules Ferry

(1832-1893) sponsored laws that would replace religious instruction in the public schools w/ civic training; # of public schools were expanded and members of religoius orders could no longer teach in them

James Whistler

(1834-1903) a painter that gave his work a musical title, Nocturnes

Ernst Haeckel

(1834-1919) a popularizer in Germany, who worked for gov't support of scientific research and for the inclusion of science in the schools and universities

Ernst Mach

(1838-1916) published the Science of Mechanics; urged that scientists consider their concepts descriptive of the sensations experienced by the scientific observer; scientists could only describe sensation, no the physical world

Walter Pater

(1839-1903) English essayist who set the tone of the modernist movement when he declared that all art "constantly aspires to the condition of music"

Emile Zola

(1840-1902) argued that he cold write an experimental novel in which he wold observe and report the characters and their actions as the scientist might relate a lab experiment; believed absolute physical and psychological determinism ruled human events; contributor in the Dreyfus affair, blatantly criticizing the gov't and officials

Julius Wellhausen

(1844-1918) in Germany; contended that human authors had written and revised the books of the Bible with the problems of Jewish society and politics in mind; the Bible was not an inspired book, but had been like the Homeric epics, written by normal human beings in a primitive society

Wilhelm Roentgen

(1845-1923) discovered X-rays, a form of energy that penetrated various opaque materials

Pierre Waldeck-Rousseau

(1846-1904) head of the radical gov't in France; suppressed the religious orders

William Smith

(1847-1894) in Great Britain; contended that human authors had written and revised the books of the Bible with the problems of Jewish society and politics in mind; the Bible was not an inspired book, but had been like the Homeric epics, written by normal human beings in a primitive society

Henri Becquerel

(1852-1908) discovered that uranium emitted a similar form of energy

Hans Vaihinger

(1852-1933) suggested the concepts of science be considered "as if" descriptions of the physical world

Crimean War

(1853-1856) the French and the English went to war to prevent the Russians from establishing dominance over the Black Sea; first war to be covered by war correspondents and photographers; the ill-equipped and poorly commanded armies became bogged down along the Crimean coast of the Black Sea; was costly on all sides

Henri Poincare

(1854-1912) French scientist who urged that the theories of scientists be regarded as hypothetical constructs of the human mind rather than as true descriptions of nature

JJ Thomson

(1856-1940) formulated the theory of the electron

George Shaw

(1856-1950) an Irish writer; was the greatest champion of Ibsen; made his own realistic onslaught against romanticism and false respectability; wrote Arms and the Man, Man and Superman, and Androcles and the Lion

Beatrice Webb

(1858-1943) British Fabian socialist; "Who will deny that the men of science were the leading British intellectuals of that period; that it was they who stood out as men of genius and international reputations

Max Planck

(1858-1947) pioneered the articulation of the quantum theory of energy, according to which energy is a series of discrete quantities rather than a continuous stream

Liberal Empire

(1860-1870) Louis Bonaparte's "liberal" term where he eased censorship and granted amnesty to political prisoners; permitted freer debate in the legislature; relaxed the press laws and permitted labor unions; agreed to a liberal constitution that made the minsters responsible to the legislature; lost control of the diplomacy of Italy; led to the collapse of the Second Empire

Second Reform Bill

(1867) put into effect by Disraeli; doubled the size of the electorate and gave the vote to many industrial workers; resulted in a step towards democracy

First Vatican Council

(1869) promulgated the dogma of papal infallibility; asserted centralized authority within the church; ended in 1870, when Italian troops occupied Rome at the outbreak of the Franco-Prussian war

Marcel Proust

(1871-1922) modernist writer; wrote In Search of Time Past; adopted a stream-of-consciousness format that allowed him to explore his memories; he would concentrate on a single experience or object and then allow his mind to wander through all the thoughts and memories it evoked

Ernest Rutherford

(1871-1937) explained the cause of radiation through the disintegration of the atoms of radioactive materials

Alexander I

(r. 1801-1825) began his reign by extending the reforms of Catherine the Great; modernized the functioning of his gov't and offered greater freedom to Jews; after his death there was a confusion of succession that led to the Decembrist Revolt

Alexander II

(r. 1855-1881) began his reign as a reformer and ended it as a conservative; announced the Emancipation Proclamation of 1861; was murdered by the Narodniks

Pope Leo XIII

(r. 1878-1903) sought to make accomadations in the modern age and to address its great social questions; looked to the philosophy of Thomas Aquinas to reconcile the claims of faith and reason; announced the Rerum Novarum

Pope Pius X

(r. 1903-1914) Leo XIII's successor; looked to resist modern thought and restore traditional devotional life; condemned Catholic modernism

Louis XVIII

(r.1814-1824) Bourbon monarchy is restored through him; issued a constitution but gave power to only a small class of landowners and rich bourgeois; absolutist pretenses were continued with his younger brother

Defenestration of Prague

The Protestant nobility in Prague responded to Ferdinand's decision to revoke the religious freedoms of Bohemian Protestants by throwing his regents out the window.

Igor Stravinsky

The Rite of Spring

Counter-Reformation

The Roman Catholic Church's attempt to combat the Reformation.

Ernst Mach

The Science of Mechanics

Ethiopia

The country that Mussolini attacked in 1935, requiring some retaliation from the League of Nations

Spain

The country where Francisco Franco led the Falangists to a fascist rule

concentration camps

Where did the Final Solution send Jews during WWII?

pagan

a follower of a polytheistic religion (as in ancient Rome or Greece)

white man's burden

a form of racist patronizing that preached that the "superior" Westerners had an obligation to bring their culture to "uncivilized" peoples in other parts of the world; Rudyard Kipling

Girondists

a group of Jacobins assumed leadership of the Legislative Assembly; they were determined to oppose the forces of counterrevolution; passed one measure ordering the emigres to return or suffer loss of property and other requiring the refractory clergy to support the Civil Constitution or lose their state pensions; this group and the monarchists wanted the war

Jesuits

a holy order that was organized in a military fashion that required of its members blind obedience and absolute faith; they swore to suppress Protestantism; served as advisers to Catholic kings, suppressed heresy through the Inquisition, established schools in Catholic nations to indoctrinate the young, and sent missionaries

studia humanatatis

a liberal arts program of study that embraced grammar, rhetoric, poetry, history, politics, and moral philosophy that the humanists advocated

Renaissance Views on Women

a loss of status for upper class and merchant women; the protections on their property and bodies were rescinded; penalty for rape was a fine payable to the father or husband (whosoever property had been damaged) instead of castration; women were banned from guilds; few women were allowed into institutions of higher learning

Pan-Slavic movement

a movement in which the Slavs sought independence for other ethnic minorities; brought about by the exclusion of the Slavic minorities from a voice in gov't; was an important cause for WWI

National Assembly

a new legislative body for members of the Third Estate; the Third Estate broke a voting deadlock in the Estates-General by declaring itself this; wanted a constitution for France; renamed itself the National Constituent Assembly; was composed of a majority of members drawn from all three orders, who shared liberal goals for the administrative, constitutional, and economic reform of the country

seigneur

a noble french landlord. peasants often owed money to these nobles for allowing them to use their fields to grow grain and use their kitchens to make bread.

Boxer Rebellion

a patriotic uprising by Chinese nationalists against Western encroachment, which was put down by the imperial powers in 1900

vingtieme

a payment nobles were technically liable for. "twentieth" resembled an income tax

Commercial Revolution

a period of European economic expansion, colonialism, and mercantilism which lasted from approximately the 1500s-1700s; helped to bring about and intensify the age of discovery and exploration; had its roots in the invention of banking by the Medici and the Fuggers

Reign of Terror

a period of remorseless repression or bloodshed, in particular, this period was in the F/R

The Hundred Days

a period of time that began on March 1, 1815 and ended on June 18, 1815; was when Napoleon managed to escape from his exile in Elba and make it to the south of France with a small honor guard; he marched to Paris and raised on army; he defeated a small Prussian army, but was defeated by the Duke of Wellington at Waterloo; was imprisoned on the island of St. Helena

secularism

a principle that involves two basic propositions: the strict separation of the state from religious institutions and that people of different religions and beliefs are equal before the law

Edict of Restitution

a proclamation that dramatically reasserted the Catholic safeguards of the peace of Augsburg; reaffirmed the illegality of Calvinism (unrealistic move); ordered the return of all church lands acquired by the Lutherans (also unrealistic)

Hohenzollern

a ruling family in Prussia that ruled the German territory of Brandenburg since 1417; the family lost some of their territory after the Treaty of Westphalia after the 30 years' war; most famous of this family were the many Frederick Williams

individualism

a sense of human power replaced religious awe; pleasure and accomplishment superseded the medieval dedication to the cloistered life of the clergy; people now valued involvement, a life of activity instead living a completely religious life

Maximilien de Robespierre

a shrewd and sensitive politician; a prominent leader in the Committee of Public Safety; became, for a time, the single most powerful member of the committee; strong republican; embodied the republic of virtue; had opposed the war in 1792 for fear that it might aid the monarchy; depended largely on the support of the sans-culottes; opposed de-Christianization b/c he was convinced it would prove a political blunder by alienating people from loyalty to the republic; orchestrated the Terror against republican political figures of the left and right (anybody that opposed his thoughts)

Narondniks

a socialist group who wanted Russia to return to the mythical ideal of village life; murdered Alexander II

Council of Blood

a special tribunal aka Council of Troubles that reigned over the Netherlands during the Duke of Alba's reign

mercantilism

a system developed by various European states to guarantee a favorable balance of trade with other European nations or with their colonies; by creating an imbalance of exports over imports, the difference was made up in gold or silver payments, a policy pursued to get precious metals from trading partners to pay for the costs of maintaining standing armies and gov't bureaucracies

Huguenots

a term derived from Besancon Hugues who led Geneva's political revolt against the House of Savoy; used to name French Protestants; watched carefully after Lutheran writings became available in France

neocolonialism

a term for when nations were dominated financially and politically rather than militarily

the Peasant's War

a war in Germany; Luther's theological dissent inspired a variety of radical religious sects to form and demand social reform based on the early Christian model; demanding abolition of manorialism (feudalism), German peasants used force against the landowners

Conspiracy of Amboise

abortive plot to kidnap young king Francis II ; strongly condemned by John Calvin

expressionism

abstract and nonrepresentational form of art, replaced impressionism

Catherine de Medicis

acted as her son's regent; France was so weak after her husband's death, powerful families began to compete for her son's ear; perpetually caught between fanatical Huguenot and Guise extremes, wanted a Catholic France but not a Guise dominated monarchy; eventually plotted against the Protestants with the Guises and lent support to the Saint Bartholomew's Day Massacre

Montesquieu

advocated that the gov't be made into a separation of three powers: executive, judicial, legislative

Protestant Resistance Theory

after facing suppression and defeat, Protestants sanctioned active political resistance

Christopher Columbus

an Italian explorer, navigator, and colonizer citizen of Genoa; he sought a direct route to Asia for the Spanish crown; discovered the Western Hemisphere and despite opening the "New World," he unknowingly laid the foundations for European's oppression and exploitation of native peoples

Concert of Europe/Quadruple Alliance

an agreement between England, Prussia, Russia, and Austria in Nov 1815; a coalition for the maintenance of peace as for the pursuit of victory over France; its aim was to maintain the status quo, by upholding the territorial boundaries and shoring up the monarchies of Europe against the spread of revolutionary ideas, such as republicanism)

Holy Alliance

an alliance between Austria, Prussia, and Russia; was formed to prevent the dual economic and political revolutions from occurring anywhere in Europe; they pledged to bring their armies to any area intent on destroying monarchies and the status quo; paired up with the Quadruple Alliance

sphere of influence

an area under the economic and military control of one imperial power

Frankfurt Assembly

an extralegal convention (not to be confused with the King's Legislative Assembly); established the nature of the future union of Germany

Tennis Court Oath

an oath to continue to sit on the National Assembly until they had given France a constitution; they were locked out of their original meeting place, and so the National Assembly moved to a nearby tennis court

open-field system

an utterly inefficient method of agricultural production; was replaced by "enclosure movement"; each manor or village had two or three large fields, which were divided into many narrow strips of land; the strips were cultivated by individuals or peasant families, often called tenants or serfs

Erasmus

ancient and contemporary proverbs in his Adages; used satire as a means of criticizing what he thought were the problems of the church; emphasized the idea of inner faith as opposed to the outer forms of worship, latin translation of the New Testement, reforming church not abandoning it

Olympe de Gouge

another early feminist; was the daughter of a baker and rose to run her own salon; she was an abolitionist; was executed during the Reign of Terror

Carlsbad Decrees/Diet

anti-subversive laws designed to get the liberals out of Austria, its press, and the universities; had a state secret police and attempted to control what was published and discussed at universities; drove liberalism and nationalism underground

imperialism

any instance of a more powerful nation or group of nations acting, or being perceived to be acting, at the expense of a lesser power, usually when the more powerful nation dominated militarily or economically

baroque

art that is a grandiose, three-dimensional display of life and energy

aristocrats

attracted to Calvinism primarily for aid to long sought political goals

Niccolo Machiavelli

author of the Prince; is the first meaningful treatise on political science, an observation of how gov'ts actually rule w/out moral judgement or exhortation; was written for Lorenzo de' Medici; wrote advice to rulers saying that "the ends justify the means"

Treat of Lodi

balance of power among the major Italian city-states; alliance between Milan and Naples and Florence, 1455

Fugger

bankrolled Hasburg rulers, lent Charles I of Spain more than 500,000 florines to buy his election as the Holy Roman Emperor in 1519; developed Mines in Austria and Hungary

Battle of Omdurman

battle in which the British led by General Kitchener killed 10,000 Ansar warriors and injured 13,000 more while losing only 48 men

Geneva

became a refuge for both Europe's persecuted Protestants and an international school for Protestant resistance that produced leaders fully equal to the new Catholic challenge

Margaret of Parma

became regent of the Netherlands, the richest of Philip's Hapsburg kingdom, for Philip II in his absence

Thirty Years' War

began as a religoius conlfict, evolved into a national struggle for dominance of Central Europe, and led to the destruction of vast areas in Germany and the decline of the regional hegemony of the HRE

John Locke

believed in the inherited goodness of people (against Hobbes's theory) and that they were born as a tabula rasa (blank slate); and that their environment changes them to be good or evil, not themselves

Thomas Hobbes

believed that humans were naturally evil and that they had to be controlled by the State

Energy innovations

coal-gradually replaced wood as both and fuel and for industrial processes; oil- (would come late 19th-20th century) refinement of petroleum allowed its uses as a fuel for internal combustion engines that propelled automobiles, locomotives, and ships

Thomas More

coined phrase "utopia" - nowhere; critical of many aspects of contemporary society and sought to depict a civilization in which political and economic injustices were limited by having all property held in common; highly critical of certain practices of his church but gave up his life for his beliefes

Escorial

combination palace, church, tomb and monastery sponsored by Philip II

Napoleon's Conquests and Defeats

defeated Italy (and left it in a separated state), Germany (reorganized into 300 independence political entities), Austria, Prussia, neutral Denmark and Portugal, and French satellite Spain

Utopian Socialism

early 19th century theories that sought to replace the existing capitalist structure and values with visionary solutions or ideal communities

civic humanism

education designed to promote humanist leadership of political and cultural life

Mercantilism

emerged as a new economic system in which the mother country trades with the colonies and the colonies are not allowed to trade with other nations; intended to lessen financial dependency on other European countries

Leopold I

emperor of the Habsburg Empire suppressed rebellion of Magyar

Emancipation Proclamation of 1861

ended serfdom under which peasants were bound to the land and virtually owned by the aristocratic landowners in Russia; under the rule of Alexander II

Treaty of Paris (1856)

ended the Crimean War; required Russia to surrender territory near the mouth of the Danube River, to recognize the neutrality of the Black Sea, and to renounce its claims of protection over Orthodox Christians; shattered the concert of Europe

Peace of Saint-Germain-en-Laye

ended the third french religious war, in which the crown acknowledged the power of the Protestant nobility and granted the Huguenots religious freedoms within their cities and the right to fortify their cities; after this the crown tilted manifestly toward the Bourbon faction and Huguenots

Executive

enforces the laws

jethro tull

english agricultural improver who devised the seed drill, which led to an increase in wheat crops by planting seeds deep in the soil rather than just casting it randomly on the surface.

Table of Ranks

equated a persons social position and privilege with his service

Ignatius of Loyola

established the Jesuits, a holy order that was organized in a military fashion; part of the Counter Reformation; wrote Spiritual Exercises, in which one would go through the suggested mental and emotional exercises to teach oneself of absolute spiritual self-mastery over one's feelings

Borgia

european papal family of Italian and Spanish origin; Pope Alexander VI, Cesare married sister of king of Navarre to enhance military strength, conquered cities of Rogma

Liberals

favored slower, gradual change to make things better (most democrats like this)

Enclosure Acts

fenced off the medieval common lands; was one of the most important changes that happened to legal rights in Europe during its history; changed the relationship people had with the land, production, and each other.

banalities

feudal dues that nearly all feudal french peasants were subject to.

Henry VII

first of the Tudor monarchs; established a strong central gov't; regulated trade and internal commerce through monopolies, charters, and licenses; raised revenues from the middle class; financed a standing army and kept the nobility in check; was levelheaded and tightfisted

Gutenburg

first to print using movable type, 1452-1453 printed approximately 200 bibles = significant increase in literacy = printing press great impact

Mary Wollstonecraft

first true feminist; was a defender of the Declaration of the Rights of Men; her daughter was Mary Shelley; believed that marriage was legalize prositution; got into a public debate with Edmund Burke about the French Revolution, and a private debate with Rousseau on the rights of Women

The Directory

five member executive; was established by the National Convention to run the gov't; when a Paris mob threatened the new gov't, Napoleon Bonaparte put down the riot and was rewarded with the command of the French armies

The Thirty-Nine Articles

followed Protestant doctrine and was vague enough to accommodate most of the English except the Puritans; the official statement of the beliefs of the church of England; established a moderate form of Protestantism; created by Elizabeth I

Conventicle Act

gave separatists the option of either conforming to the practices of the Church of England or facing exile or death

Baroque Period of Art

general intent of this period was to create a unity where all forms of art in a single expressive purpose could converge toward a single aim-to engage the viewer physically and emotionally; began in the late 1500s-to as late as the early 1800s in some areas; also refers to the 17th century as a whole; was the instrument of the Counter Reformation

textile production

generally textiles were produced to make clothing. this industry helped pioneer the industrial revolution and met the growing consumer demands and met the growing consumer demand. textile is a key example of industrialism emerging to supply the demands of an ever-growing market for everyday goods. the domestic form of textile production was a basic feature of a family economy.

Descartes

gives us the Cartesian coordinate system, which allows you to represent a point in space as a number/formula (aka algebra)

stadholder

governor

Peace of Beaulieu

granted Huguenots almost complete religious and civil freedom and truncated the very next year when the Catholic League forced Henry III to try and obtain religious unity once more; Catholic and Huguenot factions quickly returned to their accustomed anarchial military positions

Spanish Fury

greatest atrocity of the war for Netherland independence when mercenaries, unpaid and leaderless, left 7,000 dead in Antwerp; this led to the unification of ten largely Catholic provinces and seven largely Protestant provinces in opposition to Spain

Thirty Year's War

had four periods; last and most destructive of the wars of religion; each side was determined to sacrifice all for their religious beliefs and extension of political power

Elizabeth I

half sister and successor to Mary I; had remarkable and enduring successes in both domestic and foreign policy; with her advisor she guided a religious settlement through Parliament that prevented England from being torn by religious differences; established the Anglican Church; became supreme governor of spiritual and temporal affairs; pursued a middle way to avoid Catholic and Protestant extremisms; remained unmarried throughout her reign and refused Philip II's hand; showed little mercy to separatists who threatened the unity of her rule

Don John

his armies suppressed and dispersed the moors in Granada, and he was commander of a Holy League of Spain, won an impressive victory in Battle of Lepanto against the Turks

Suleiman the Magnificent

his attack on Austria was beaten back, and the Austrians eventually gained control of Bohemia, Hungary, and Transylvania

Cabral

his expedition helped establish trading posts in India when exploring the coast of Africa

Denis Diderot

his work, the "Encyclopedia" was a database of everything that you could ever want to know (get basic general ideas about a wide range of topics, but not detail)

the Diet of Speyer

in 1526, when each German territory was free to enforce the Edict of Worms (1521) against Luther "so as to be able to answer in good conscience to God and the emperor"; gave the German princes territorial sovereignty in religious matters and gave the Reformation time to put down deep roots

Falloux Law of 1850

in France; the local priest provided religious education in the public schools

May Laws of 1873

in Germany; required priests to be educated in German schools and universities and to pass state examinations; the state could veto the appointments of priests; the legislation abolished the disciplinary power of the pope and the church over the clergy and transferred it to the state

Education Act of 1870

in Great Britain; provided for state-supported schools run by elected school boards; new schools were to be built in areas where the religious denominations didn't provide satisfactory education; all churches opposed this b/c it raised tuition

Education Act of 1902

in Great Britain; the gov't provided state support for both religious and nonreligious schools, but imposed the same educational standards on each

Jean Paul Marat

incited the Parisian women to march on Versailles; was a radical; spent time in the Bastille; contracted some kind of horrible disease from being in the sewers; his skin was so bad that they would have to wheel him around in a bathtub; a woman (Charlotte Cordet) comes in to meet him one day, who says that she has some information regarding a conspiracy of the king, and she stabs him

Netherlands

inclined far more toward variety and toleration than obeisant conformity and hierarchial order; forced to pay higher taxes for the expense of the suppression of their revolt

appeal of calvinism

indirectly served the forces of political decentralization and became a way for aristocrats and discontented townspeople to be opposed to the Guise dominated French monarchy

enclosures

intended to use more land rationally and to achieve greater commercial profits. this involved the fencing of common lands, the reclamation of previously untilled waste, and the transformation of strips into block fields.

Sea Beggers

international group of anti-Spanish exiles, who took part in Nassau's independence movement

Judicial

interprets the laws

spinning jenny

invented by james hargreaves in 1765. machine that allowed 16 spindles of thread to be spun but by the close of the century it could spin 120 spindles.

richard arkwright

invented the water frame his invention was patented in 1769 but then his patent was revoked and then other manufacturers were allowed to use his invention freely.

Mary, Queen of Scots

involved in a scandal and an attempt on Elizabeth I's life; executed; whose death put Spain over the edge

mysticism

involved the belief that an individual unaided by church or sacraments could commune with God; Thomas à Kempis (author of Imitation of Christ) is one of the most famous mystic; sought to stay true to the church, but to offer a substance that transcended traditional religiosity

January Edict

issued by Catherine de Medicis, and granted Protestants freedom to worship publicly outside towns and hold synods, but came to an abrupt end when the duke of Guise surprised a Protestant congregation and proceeded to massacre them, marking the beginning of the french wars of religion

Edict of Toleration

issued by Catherine de' Medici; members of a given religion will not be persecuted for engaging in their religious practices and traditions; implies tacit acceptance of the religion

Edict of Nantes

issued by Henry IV which proclaimed a formal religious settlement; recognized and sanctioned minority religious rights within what was to remain an officially Catholic country; only transformed a long hot war into a long cold war still full of distrust

De-Christianization

it was one of the most dramatic departures of the republic of virtue, and one that illustrates the imposition of political values that would justify the Terror; proclaimed a new calendar dating form the first day of the French Republic; the Convention decreed the Cathedral of Notre Dame to be a "Temple of Reason"; this policy aroused much opposition and deeply separated the French provinces from the revolutionary gov't in Paris

Land, labor, capital, and markets

key ingredients for Capitalism

William of Nassau

known as the "Silent"; also the Prince of Orange; a politique; exiled then emerged as the leader of a broad movement for independence of the Netherlands from Spain, whose political resistance gained both inspiration and organization by merging with Calvinism; was made an outlaw by Philip II in a last attempt to break the back of Netherland resistance

Results of the Enclosure movement

large landowners became prosperous; surplus production enabled agriculture to support a larger population; the population of Britain doubled; small farmers moved to the cities and made up the growing force of factory workers

age of religious wars

late 16th C and first half of 17th C are described as this because of the bloody opposition between Catholics and Protestants initially due to a struggle for Lutherans to secure rights and freedom in central Europe; later shifting focus to western Europe when Calvinists struggled for recognition

de Gaulle

leader of Free French (resistance) movement in France (last name)

Petain

leader of Vichy Regime in France (last name)

Coligny

leader of the Huguenots after Conde's death; he was a far better military strategist than Conde; became great friends with the Charles IX; became his most trusted adviser and the crown tilted towards the Bourbons/Huguenot faction

Conflict w/ Church and State

leaders were afraid that religious people would listen to the pope before pledging allegiance to the state

Savonarola

led Florentine population in expelling the Medici rulers and then had established a puritanical state; convinced the fearful Florentines that the French king's arrival was a long-delayed and fully justified divine vengeance on their immortality = allowed Charles to enter Florence without resistence

Mahatma Gandhi

led the nonviolent resistance in India

Bourbons and Montmorency-Chatillons

lesser of France's power hungry families who developed a Huguenot following

Revolutions of 1848

liberal and nationalist revolutions that broke out in 1848 all across Europe except for in Britain and Russia

Whigs

liberal party in Great Britain

blitzkrieg

lightning-fast attacks

Declaration of Rights/Bill of Rights

limited the powers of the monarchy and guaranteed the civil liberties of the English privileged classes; prohibited Roman Catholics from occupying the English throne

Trans-Siberian Railroad

linked European and Asiatic Russia

Thirty Nine Articles

made a moderate Protestantism the official religion within the Church of England

Cardinal Richelieu

made all the important decisions during Louis XIII's reign, didn't want the Habsburgs to have power in France, wanted it all to be about Catholics in France

Peace of Augsburg

made the division of Christendom permanent; this agreement recognized in law what had already been well established in practice: Cuius regio, eius religio, meaning the ruler of a land would determine the religion of the land

30 Years' War

made up of 4 stages: Bohemian, Danish, Swedish, French-international (Swedish-French); the last and most destructive of the wars of religion; was so devastating b/c of the entrenched hatred of the various sides and their seeming determination to sacrifice all for their religious beliefs and extension of political power

Tories

made up of the nobles, the gentry and the Anglicans; were conservatives who supported the monarchy over Parliament and who wanted Anglicanism to be the state religion; wanted strong monarchy, low taxes for landowners, and firm support of the Anglican church

Whigs

mainly middle class and Puritan; favored Parliament and religious toleration; supported monarchy, but wanted Parliament to retain final soveriegnty; favored urban commerical interests well as the prosperity of landowners

Legislative

makes the laws

Advances in Primary Education

mass reading public; gov't funded education; the new primary education in the basic skills of reading, writing, and elementary arithmetic; did not concern secondary education yet; school-teaching profession grew rapidly

sans-culottes

meaning "without knee breeches"; the lower-middle classes and the artisans of Paris during the F/R

Guises

militant Catholics and strongest of France's power hungry families, who had little trouble establishing control over its young king

Reading Materials

newspapers, books, magazines, mail-order catalogs, and libraries; helped permit a popularization of knowledge!

zimmis

non islamic people in the empire- could practice the religion but were second class citizens and had to pay a tax

Baldassare Castiglione

offered a manual for the manners of the modern gentleman or "Renaissance man" called The Book of the Courtier; it was a civilized antidote to the crude social habits of the day

Boyars

old nobility in Russia

Madame Geoffrin

one of the leading Enlightenment personalities; used her husband's money to host the liveliest salon in France; her guests included most of the greatest philosophes of the time; women were treated like thinking people in these salons; it was the only way for a woman to lean about the world and the issues of the day; women play ed an important role in organizing salons; created an independent setting free form censorship where diverse educated people could form their opinion

Modern Devotion/Brothers of the Common Life

one of the most constructive lay religious movements in northern Europe on the eve of the Reformation; fostered religious life outside formal ecclesiastical offices and apart from formal religious vows; founded by Gerard Groote in the Netherlands

Results of Mercantilism

overseas colonization was encouraged by this policy; the Dutch, French, and English began surpass the Spanish and the Portuguese as far as colonization is concerned; the English colonial empire far surpassed that of any other nation; industrial revolution was able to occur

Medieval Common Lands

part of the open-field system; land owned collectively by a number of persons, or by one person, but over which other people have certain traditional rights, such as to allow their livestock to graze upon it, to collect firewood, or to cut turf for fuel

Boccacio

pioneer of humanist studies; his Decameron; enycyclopedia of Greek and Roman mythology

Bartholomew Diaz

pioneered eastern Portugese Empire after safely rounding Cape of Good Hope at tip of Africa in 1487

Women's Role in the Revolution

played a major role in the F/R; many women took part in rioting and demonstrating (most notably the March of Versailles) ; started to participate in meetings of political clubs and a guarantee of women's rights became a topic of discussion; was supported by Mary Wollstonecraft in her "Vindication of the Rights of Women" and Olympe de Gouge's "Declarations of the Rights of woman and the Female citizen.

politiques

politicians who would compromise religious creed to save the nation

corvee

practice of forced labor. this meant that the landlord required a certain number of days a year of the peasants labor.

Rousseau

prolific writer (more to do with the Romantic movement though); wrote "Emile" "Social Contract" and "Reveries of the Solitary Walker"

Edict of Nantes

promulgated by Henry IV of France; proclaimed a formal religious settlement; granted a large amount of religious liberty to his Protestant subjects (the Huguenots)

Paris Commune

radical socialist counter-gov't that sought to administer Paris separately from the rest of France

Burzschenchafts

radical student organizations, which were dedicated to the creation of a unified Germany that would be governed by constitutional principles; attempted the assassination of reactionary politicians

Julius II

raised Renaissance papacy to its peak of military prowess and diplomatic intrigue, drove Venetians out of Rogmagna, patronage of the arts

Corn Laws of 1815

raised prices at a time when Europe was war torn b/c importation of foreign grain was prohibited until the price rose above 80 shillings, helping the land owners who ran Parliament; there were may riots and political unrest; were repealed in 1846 by the Anti-Corn Law League

da Gama

reached the coast of India; when he returned to Portugal, he brought with him a cargo worth sixty times the cost of the voyage; his work helped establish trading posts in India

Wars of Fronde

rebellion of the nobility that started in Paris and spread throughout France against Mazarin and the policies of Richelieu; attacked Louis XIV when he was 5 years old, and influenced the rest of his reign: he became scared of all nobility, influencing his policy

Helsinki Accords

recognized the Soviet sphere of influence in Eastern Europe, but also recognized the human rights of the signers' citizens, which every government that signed agreed to protect

old regime

refers to the patterns of social, political, and economic relationships that had existed in France before 1789 as the ancien regime. this termed has come to be applied generally to the life and institutions of pre-revolutionary Europe

Indulgences

remission of the temporal penalty of punishment in purgatory that remained after sins had been forgiven; promised forgiveness of all outstanding un-repented sins upon the completion of certain acts

Cortes

representative assemblies for Spain

Council of Trent

responded to the challenge of Protestantism by defining Catholic dogma; pronouncements : salvation is by both good works and faith; 7 sacraments are still valid and transubstantiation was reaffirmed; sources of religious authority are the Bible, traditions of the church, and the writings of the Church Fathers; monasticism, with celibacy in the clergy, and the existence of purgatory was reaffirmed

The Great Fear

rumors had begun to spread that royal troops would be sent into the rural districts; the result was an intensification of the peasant disturbances; swept across much of the French countryside; saw the burning of the chateaux, the destruction of records and documents, and the refusal to pay feudal dues

Thomas Hobbes

said that the danger of anarchy > than the danger of tyranny

Machiavelli - the Prince

served Florence as diplomat and official in the chancellery; prince - resume of sorts in which Machiavelli tried to convince the Medici to partake of his services; fear over being loved

Compromise of 1867

set up a constitutional gov't with limited suffrage, granted the Hungarians internal autonomy, and created a dual monarchy (Austro-Hungarian Empire)

Pizarro

spanish soldier, followed Cortez's example; took over Inca Empire

Counter Reformation

sponsored a centralized episcopal church system, hierarchically arranged from pope to parish priest, that stressed absolute obedience to the person at the top

Berlin Conference of 1885

sponsored to prevent disputes among the imperialists in Africa; set up rules that diminished squabbles and encouraged the partition of the entire continent among the major European powers

Henry IV

started absolutism, people were fighting civil wars in France, Henry IV became Catholic in order to make the people happy (politique), passed the Edict of Nantes to make the Protestants happy, through religious settlement, Henry IV brought peace to France, got people to turn to the king, instead of nobles

Enlightenment

started in the 1700s; this movement was directed by a group of Frenchmen called philosophes; convinced European thinkers that human reason, unaided by the tenets and rituals of religion, could uncover the immutable laws of nature; argued that once the natural laws that governed nature and human existence were discovered, society could be organized in accordance with them and progress was inevitable; its ideas shook the old order to pieces and built in its place the democratic, humanistic Western World

genocide

state-sponsored murder to exterminate a people

King John III Sobieski

stopped the Turks siege at Vienna, Polish king

Maria Theresa

stops Frederick II, gives nobles control of serfs,daughter of Charles VI

Edict of Fontainebleu

subjected French Protestants to the Inquisition; French monarchy would remain a staunch foe of Protestants until Henry of Navarre took the throne in 1589

extraterritoriality

subjected Westerners to their home country's laws rather than China's

gentry

superior status was held up by various game laws. could take civil legal action against wealthier poachers, such as rich farmers who rented land, and thus saddle them with immense legal fees. also employed gamekeepers to protect game from poachers.

Saint Bartholomew's Day Massacre

supported by Queen Catherine, but only after she was panicked by a marriage of Henry of Navarre that increased Protestant power and the failure of an assassination plot against Coligny she was part of; so she convinced the king Coligny had inspired a Huguenot coup and only a swift execution of them all could save Paris from an attack; Coligny and 3,000 Huguenots were butchered and in the next 3 days 20,000 were executed; Philip II rejoiced; Protestants now saw an internal contest turn into an international struggle to the death for survival

Zollverein

tariff union of 17 German states; was set up by Prussia to eliminate internal tariffs and set the tone for greater union

Feminism

the advocacy of women's rights on the grounds of political, social, and economic equality to men; the first wave of feminism emerged during this time; goals included gender equality in opportunity, legal rights, and voting

Social Darwinism

the application of Darwin's concept of "the survival of the fittest" to explain evolution in nature to human social relationships

Small Germany (kleindeutsch)

the argument that the German-speaking portions of the Hapsburg empire should be excluded in a united Germany and to have Prussia lead the union

Large Germany (grossdeutsch)

the argument that the German-speaking portions of the Hapsburg empire should be included in a united Germany and to have Hapsburg emperor rule over the union

family economy

the basic structure of production and consumption in preindustrial Europe.

First Estate

the clergy; made up considerably less than 1% percent of the population, but the Roman Catholic Church of France owned 20% of the land; the clergy and the church were exempt from taxes

Brunswick Manifesto

the commander of a Prussian army, about to invade France issued this manifesto; threatened the people of Paris if any harm came to the king

colonialism

the control of overseas colonies by imperialist powers

Papal infallibility

the doctrine that the pope is infallible when pronouncing officially in his capacity as head of the church on matters of faith and morals, enumerated by the 1st Vatican Council

Consubstantiation

the doctrine that the transformation of the bread and wine was not literal but that God was somehow actually present in more than a symbolic way; taught by Luther

Class struggle

the dominant class in every society is a thesis with an antithesis that will overthrow the old order (Marx Theory)

corporatism

the economic core of Italian fascism; labor unions manage and control industry; authority flowed from the top; labor unions organized into syndicates

Mercantilism

the economic theory that a favorable balance of trade is made up of gold and silver and therefore increases the store of the precious metals ->which is what a nation's wealth is measured by

(Execution of) Louis XVI

the execution of ________ by guillotine; was a major event of the F/R and a message from the French revolutionaries to the rest of the European monarchies

The Compromise

the first fusion of religious and political opposition was found in 1564 toward Margaret of Parma's government; this was because Philip II wanted the decrees of the Council of Trent to be enforced in the Netherlands and a lot of them were Protestant; hence this covenant was drawn up...a solemn pledge to resist the decrees of Trent and the Inquisition, almost leading to a rebellion against Margaret, stopped only by the lack of support from the higher nobility of the Netherlands

Chartist Movement

the first large-scale European working-class political movement; sought political reforms that would favor the interests of skilled British workers in the 1830s and the 1840s; represented demands by radical + working-class activists

Estates General

the legislative body in France until 1789; represented the three estates of the realm

Chamber of Deputies

the lower house of the two-chamber French Legislation that was created in 1814; elected by universal male suffrage

Third Estate

the middle class (bourgeoisie), urban artisans, and peasants; made up of over 95% of the population; was subjected to a variety of oppressive taxes; the bourgeoisie was disenchanted by its lack of influence in a system that it disproportionately supported

The Old Regime

the monarchic, aristocratic, social and political system established in the Kingdom of France from approximately the 1400s-late 1700s under the late Valois + Bourbon dynasties; built on a belief of absolutism and "divine right of kings"

the Medici family

the most famous dynasty of those merchants and bankers who used their vast wealth both to govern the city-states and to patronize illustrious creators in the arts; GCL (Giovanni, Cosimo, Lorenzo) were the most important in this time period

Modernism

the movement in the arts and literature in the late 19th and early 20th c. to create new aesthetic forms and to elevate the aesthetic experience of a work of art above the attempt to portray reality as accurately as possible

National Convention

the new assembly under the French Republic

Consulate

the new gov't formed by Napoleon after he overthrew the Directory in a coup d'etat; made up of three consuls with Napoleon as head consul

aristocratic resurgence

the nobility's reaction to the threat to their social position and privileges that they felt from the expanding power of the monarchies.

Second Estate

the nobles; numbered between 2-4% of the population and also owned about 20% of the land; exempt from taxes

Austro-Slavism

the notion developed in the Prague Conference by which the Slavic groups within the empire would remain part of the empire, but also set up autonomous national gov'ts; before it could be enacted, a series of Austrian victories restored Hapsburg authority

SS (Schuzstaffel)

the official police force of Nazi Germany

Liberum Veto

the opposition of any member requires the obdy to disband "exploding the diet"

Popular Front

the party of Leon Blum (France); opposed fascism, supported reform, upheld republic

Age of Metternich

the period between the fall of Napoleon (1815)-Revolutions of 1848

Positivism

the philosophy of Auguste Comte that science is the final, or positive, stage of human intellectual development b/c it involves exact descriptions of phenomena, w/out recourse to unobservable operative principles (such as gods/spirits)

Absolutism

the political doctrine and practice of unlimited, centralized authority and absolute sovereignty, as vested especially in a monarch or dictator; "rule by divine right" goes hand in hand with this concept of gov't

nepotism

the practice among those with power or influence of favoring relatives or friends, especially by giving them jobs; used by Napoleon during his reign

neoclocalism

the practice of moving away from home. young men and women would leave home and eventually marry and form their own independent households.

effective occupation

the principle by which the European powers established their claim to a territory prior to the Berlin Conference

agricultural revolution

the raising grain prices gave landlords an opportunity to increase their incomes and lifestyle. landlords wanted to achieve these ends so the landlords in western europe began a series of innovations in farm production that became a series of events. this caused the landlords to commercialize agriculture and thereby challenge the traditional peasants ways of production, thus causing peasant revolts.

humanism

the scholarly study of the Latin and Greek classics and of the ancient church Fathers both for its own sake and in the hope of a rebirth of ancient norms and values; a literary movement distinct from the writings of the late Middle Ages; dealt with issues of politics and personal concern outside the realm of religion

Relativity

the scientific theory that time and space exist as a combined continuum whose measurement depends as much on the observer as on the entities that are being measured

Congress of Vienna

the settlement after the collapse of the Napoleonic Empire; representatives of the major powers of Europe (including France) met to redraw territorial lines and restore the social and political order; to prevent future expansion, France was surrounded by a number of strong states; In Germany, Napoleon's reorganization remained, and the 300 states were reduced to 39; the Hapsburg HRE was not reestablished; the settlement of eastern Europe sharply divided the victors though, causing some problems

Utilitarianism

the theory associated with Jeremy Bentham that the principle of utility, defined as the greatest good for the greatest number, should be applied to the gov't, the economy, and the judicial system

Keynesian Economics

the theory of John Keynes that gov'ts could spend their economies out of a depression by running deficits to encourage employment and stimulate the production and consumption of goods

Marxism

the theory of Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels that history is the result of class conflict, which will end in the inevitable triumph of the industrial proletariat over the bourgeoisie and the abolition of private property and social class

Anarchism

the theory that gov't and social institutions are oppressive and unnecessary and society should be based on voluntary cooperation among individuals; August Blanqui (advocated terror) and Proudhon (advocated peace) were two examples of anarchists

Anschluss

the union of Germany and Austria before WWII

Women during the Age of Absolutism

there were a few powerful female monarchs (Elizabeth I and Catherine II); Elizabeth lead troops into battle during the Spanish Armada and her speech was a rousing testament to what women can accomplish; Catherine overthrew her husband and ushered in the most enlightened era Russia had seen; otherwise, no increases in freedom or importance before the law

Science undermining Christianity

this blow was cruel b/c the Enlightenment thinkers had said that Christianity and scientific examination buttressed each other; new theories by Darwin and others cast doubt on the Bible's realism and Creation (in particular)

water frame

this invention by richard arkwright took the cotton textile manufacture out of the home and and put it into the factory. patented in 1769 this water powered device designed to permit the production of purely cotton fabric, rather than a cotton fabric containing linen fiber for durability. this allowed the cotton industry to reach its ever-expanding demands. cotton output expanded by 800% between 1780 and 1800.

enclosure movement

this was in the 1600s when English farmers accelerated the process of fencing off, or enclosing, common lands into individual holdings, largely for the benefit of the already wealthy landholders; despite the social cost, productivity increased dramatically; enabled large landowners to employ crop rotation

new papists

to critics, Calvinists may have looked like this because they were equally dogmatic, aggressive and irreconcilable as a church system as the Catholics, and because they dominated Geneva

The Thermidorean Reaction

took place during the month of Thermidor (August 18-Sept. 16) on the new non-Christian calendar, returned the moderate bourgouise reformers to power

Mary I

treated Protestants horribly, and married Philip II of Spain; during her reign she repealed Edward's Protestant statutes and reverted to the Catholicism of her father Henry VIII; aka "Bloody Mary"

Edward VI

tried to bypass Mary I as an heir by making Lady Jane Grey his successor; however she was dethroned after only a few days with the crown

Count of Egmont and William of Nassau

two members of the council of the state who formed a stubborn opposition to the Spanish overlords who sought to reimpose their traditional rule; got the Dutch nobility on their side and gained Granvelle's removal from office; however, after he left the aristocratic control of the Netherlands was woefully inefficient

Spain

under the reign of Philip II was a powerful country, with New World riches, increased population but mistreated/taxed peasants, an efficient bureaucracy and military and supremacy in the Meditteranean

Pacification of Ghent

union of ten Catholic provinces and seven Protestant provinces after the Spanish Fury that declared internal regional sovereignty in matters of religion, a key clause that permitted political cooperation among the signatories who were not agreed over religion; Netherland version of the Peace of Augsburg

Open Door Policy

urged the Europeans to allow free trade within China while respecting its territorial integrity

farthest the ottomans got

vienna

Radicals

wanted complete rapid, and total change in gov't (those who overthrow the gov'ts... aka anarchists)

Conservatives

wanted no changes in governance (those against change... most republicans like this)

Reactionaries

wanted things to be they were in a previous time (those who wanted things like they used to be; ex.Clarence Thomas and the KKK)

Russo-Japanese War

war between Russia and Japan that proved Russian weakness

Spanish-American War

war in which the United States gained Cuba, Puerto Rico, Guam, and the Philippines

French-Algerian War

war with France and one of its colonies that led to a mass exodus of French settlers in 1962; drained French resources for other wars

Opium Wars

wars in China in which the British gained the rights to sell opium, to stay in China all year, and to trade without the co-Hong

Cosimo De' Medici

wealthiest Florentine, natural statesman; controlled the city internally from behind the scenes, manipulating the constitution and influencing elections; head of the office of Public Debt

Child Labor Laws

were enacted after the first three decades of the 19th century to limit the number of hours children could be required to work; forbade the employment of children under 9 years old, limited the workday of children aged 9-13hours; required to be given 2 hours of education

Moderates

were in favor of only a little slow and steady change

Dreyfus Affair

when a French military court found Capt. Alfred Dreyfus guilty of passing secret information to the German army because he was a Jew; the affair provoked near-hysterical public debate; divided France; conservatives were on the defensive as they had been found guilty of forgery, embracing violent Anti-Semitism, and convicting an innocent man to hide their comrade

Huguenot persecution

when the French king was captured by Emperor Charles V, it provided a motive for the first wave of this in France in order to pacify Emperor Charles V and get their king back; once Protestants put up anti Catholic posters in French cities, mass arrests followed and this continued, finally driving out John Calvin and his followers

Capitalism

where you use money to make money; "capital" is another term for money used as an investment; instead of investing labor, an individual invests capital ie some venture in order to make a profit

Allies

The name given to Britain, France, Russia, Italy (1915), and the United States during WWI

Central Powers

The name given to Germany, Italy (pre-1915) , Austria-Hungary, Turkey, and Bulgaria during WWI

Axis Powers

The name given to Germany, Italy, and Japan during WWII

North Atlantic Treaty Organization

The organization formed by the United States and Western countries opposed to communist domination (full name)

Descartes

said that the reason we know that we are real and that the world is real is b/c we are aware of our thinking; we know we are real b/c we think

deism

saw God as a kind of cosmic clock-maker who created a perfect universe that he does not have to intervene in (grew out of Newton's natural law theories)

Michelangelo

sculptor and painter; four different popes commissioned him - Julius II's tomb, Sistine Chapel, Final Judgement; Pieta, David

Descartes

"Cogito Ergo Sum"- "I think therefore I am"

Sir Francis Bacon

"Father of Empiricism"; empiricism-the use of experimentation and observation derived from sensory evidence to construct scientific theory or philosophy of knowledge; also urged people to experiment on their own rather than rely on traditoin

Petrarch

"Father of Humanism;"considered the first "modern" writer; he wrote sonnets in Italian and Latin, and he used writing to consider the ebb and flow of his life and in the human condition itself

Charles Darwin

"Newton of biology"

India

"crown jewel of the British Empire"

Bolsheviks

"majority"

Mensheviks

"minority"

Renaissance

"rebirth"; was a period of artistic, cultural, and intellectual revival; the revival of ancient learning and the supplanting of traditional religious beliefs by new secular and scientific values that began in Italy in the 14th and 15th century

Rasputin

"the mad monk"

edmund cartwright

(1743-1822) invented the power loom for machine weaving in the late 1780s.

Thomas Mann

(1875-1955) wrote Buddenbrooks and The Magic Mountain; explored both the social experience of middle-class Germans and how they dealt w/ the intellectual heritage of the 19th c.

Albert Einstein

(1879-1955) publishedhis first epoch-making papers on relativity in which he contended that time and space exist as a combined continuum

Pablo Picasso

(1881-1973) a famous artist associated with cubism; constructed paintings that viewed objects from a variety of angles at the same time and drew inspiration

James Joyce

(1882-1941) wrote Ulysses; born in Ireland; transformed not only the novel, but also the structure of the paragraph

Igor Stravinsky

(1882-1971) wrote the famous ballet The Rite of Spring; combined jazz, rhythms, dissonancee, and anthropological theory

Werner Heisenberg

(1901-1976) suggested his uncertainty principle, in which the behavior of subatomic particles is a matter of statistical probability rather than of exactly determinable cause and effect

Johann Gutenberg

(ca. 1400-1468) popularized the printing press; he was the first one to make interchangeable movable type from lead molds; the introdution of the printing press had a massive impact on society b/c it became easier to spread ideas, propaganda, and education

Pope Leo X

(r. 1513-1521) revived a plenary Jubilee Indulgence that had first been issued by Pope Julius II, whose proceeds were to rebuild St. Peter's Basilica

Pope Paul III

(r. 1534-1549) assumed office as the first of the "reform popes"

Henry II

(r. 1547-1559) successor of Francis I; actively persecuted the Huguenots (French Calvinists); after his death, France went into the wars of religion with the succession of his son Francis II; husband of Catherine d' Medici

Frederick William

(r. 1640-1688) became known as the Great Elector; he established himself and his successors as the central uniting power by breaking the local noble estates, organizing a royal bureaucracy and establishing a strong army; made a deal with the Junkers (noble landlords of Prussia), in exchange for their obedience they would receive the right to demand obedience from their serfs

Peter the Great

(r. 1696-1725) expanded the power of the state and of the czars by establishing a powerful standing army, a civil service, and an educational system to train technicians in the skills developed by western science and technology; imposed economic burdens, western ideas, and social restrictions on the peasants to further his power; erected the city of St. Petersburg; was the most reformist of all Russian czars

Frederick William I

(r. 1713-1740) first "King of Prussia"was both the most eccentric and one of the most effective Hohenzollerns; political aims seem to have been the consolidation of an obedient, compliant bureaucracy and the establishment of a bigger army; established the Kabinett Gov't

Charles X

(r. 1824-1830) Bourbon; his repressive measures led to rioting in Paris in the summer of 1830, a year when abortive insurrections broke out all over Europe; his abdication caused a rift between radicals and bourgeoisie

Nicholas I

(r. 1825-1855) Alexander I's younger brother; some confusion as to his ascension; came to symbolize the most extreme form of 19th century autocracy; he was afraid of change, but he knew that Russia needed economic growth and social improvement in order to reform; literary and political censorship and a widespread system of secret police flourished during his reign

Louis Philippe

(r. 1830-1848) Bourbon-Orleans, "Citizen King" Chief Minister; became the "bourgeosie king" by agreeing to honor the Constitution of 1814; his reign empowered the bourgeoisie, but left the proletariat unrepresented

Frederick William IV

(r. 1840-1861) a Prussian king; brother to William I (first king of Germany); reacted to the Revolutions of 1848 by calling a nominal legislative assembly rather than using military force; granted a constitution that established a House of Reps.; was offered the crown of a united Germany by the Frankfurt Assembly, but declined

Pope Pius IX

(r. 1846-1878) the brief hope for a liberal pontificate vanished when he fled the turmoil in Rome in Nov 1848; launched a counteroffensive against liberalism

Louis Napoleon Bonaparte

(r. 1848-18870) Napoleon's nephew; was elected President of the Second Republic; dedicated his presidency to law and order, the eradication of socialism and radicalism, and the interests of the conservative classes; proclaimed himself Emperor Napoleon III of the 2nd French Empire; he was popular for most of his reign until the Liberal Empire; foreign affairs was his downfall

Franz Joseph

(r. 1848-1916) replaced Emperor Ferdinand I; conservative forces within the gov't centralized power and suppressed all opposition

Peters four major drives

1) taming boyars/streltsy 2) Achieving secular control of church 3) Reorganizing domestic administration 4) Developing economy/waging war

Tamed boyars/streltsy in 3 ways

1) Shaved beards 2) Table or Ranks 3) Supressed revolt of streltsy

Whigs traditionally stand for:

-pro monarchy but wanted Parliament to have final sovereignty -favored Urban commercial interests as well as propertied landowners -Religious Toleration

Tories traditionally stand for:

-strong monarchy low taxes for landowners and firm support for Anglican church

bourgeoisie

...

crop rotation

...

domestic system

...

impact of steel

...

open field method

...

patricians

...

plebians

...

Louis XV events

1) Bubble Scandal 2) nobles limit power of the monarch through parlements

4 Reasons for Dutch Demise:

1) No unified Political leadership after death of William III 2) Naval supremacy had passed to Britain (Treaty of Dover) 3) Stagnation in home industries 4) Disunity of proninces

Statute of the Six Articles

1. the seven sacraments were upheld 2. Catholic theology was maintained against the tenets of both Lutheranism and Calvinism 3. the authority of the monarch replaced the authority of the Pope; these statutes were put into place by Henry VIII

Henry the Navigator

1415, captured North African port of Ceuta from Muslims; created interest in Africa; inspired him to sponsor a navigational school in Lisbon and series of expeditions to develop trade routes with Africa, India and Far East

Vasco de Gama

1498, reached coast of India; portugese defeated the Arab fleets that patrolled the Indian Ocean by being the first to successfully mount cannons on their ships and also by deploying their ships in squadrons rather than individually; portugese established themselves on the western coast of India and controlled spice trade

Ferdinand Magellan

1519, circumnavigate the globe; died in Philippines; proved that territory Columbus landed was not part of the Far East, entirely new continent that spanish planned to conquer

Cortez

1519, landed on coast of Mexico and arrived at Aztec Empire, seized capital city, aztec ruler Montezuma; 1521 Cortez declared the former Aztec Empire to be New Spain

Treaty of Nysted

1721, ended Great Northern war, Russia got Estonia, Latvia and part of Finland

Theological, metaphysical, positive

3 stages of human thought, according to Comte

Virginia Woolf

A Room of One's Own

John Knox

A Scottish religious reformer and founder of Presbyterianism in Scotland. Wrote "First Blast ofthe Trumpet Against the Terrible Regiment of Women" tp provoke a revolt against Mary Tudor. IT was published in the year of Elizabeth's coronation; Elizabeth thought it was against her and she never truly forgave him.

anti-Semitism

A belief that Jewish people are inferior and worthy of discrimination

Berlin

A conference, held in this city and led by Bismarck, set the rules for carving up Africa

Moroccan Crisis

A conflict in which Germany antagonized the French colonies in Morocco; ultimately brought the French and British closer together

Mary I

A devout Catholic queen. She married Philip II of Spain, upsetting English

fascism

A governmental nationalist system in which the state and big business partners eliminate worker rights and any resistance to governmental or corporate power. It is also sometimes called nationalism on steroids.

Treaty of the Pyrenees

A humiliating treaty forced on Spain, making France Europe's dominant power.

naturalism

A literary movement of the early 20th century that recognized the human struggle with nature and humans as typified by Emile Zola

Compromise

A national covenant in the Netherlands. It was designed to resist the degrees of Trent and the Inquisition.

New Economic Policy (NEP)

A plan that allowed limited capitalism, after a certain quota of goods was produced

Conspiracy of Amboise

A plot hatched by Protestant leaders to kidnap Francis II.

Coligny

A powerful Huguenot leander of the Montmorency-Chatillons. He took command once Conde was dead. He was killed as a part of a Catholic plot and this caused the St. Bartholomew's Day Massacre.

Five-Year Plans

A series of plans that promoted rapid industrialization. All dissidents would be shot.

Politique

A smart political ruler who puts the political survival of the state of religious unity.

Tenth penny

A tax imposed by Spain on the Netherlands. It was a 10% sales tax that met plenty of resistance.

Pacification of Ghent

A union between Catholic provinces and Protestant provinces against Spain. It declared internal regional sovereignty in matters of relgion.

Union of Arras

A union of southern provinces that made peace with Spain.

kulak

A wealthy peasant farmer

Orthodox Church Reform

Abolishes position of Patriarch and establishes procurator general to rule church in adherence to secular requriements

enlightened despotism

Absolute rule justified by the monarch's paternalistic outlook for the best interests of his of her people. It was used to rationalize and organize several states from the top down during the age of the Enlightenment. Examples include Catherine the Great, Frederick the Great, and Joseph II of Austria

Walter Pater

All art "constantly aspired to the condition of music."

Dual Alliance

Alliance between Germany and Austria, 1879-1918

mercantilism

Also called bullionism, The economic system of trade based upon a belief that a national economy must be strong and self-sufficient. It focused on a "favorable" balance of trade in which a nation exports more than it imports. It was meant to result in an accumulation of bullion. Government participation was imperative so mercantilism was opposed by the capitalists who wanted freedom from all government involvement in the economy

Marie Stopes

An Englishwoman who pioneered contraception clinics in the poor districts of London

Herbert Spencer

An advocate for improving women's lot, though he thought they could never achieve equality with men.

Treaty of Nonsuch

An agreement between England and the Netherlands. England gave money and troops to Netherland in exchange for land. Philip saw this as a declaration of war by England, prompting the Spanish Armada.

communism

An economic system that puts all power in the hands of the government ostensible to manage the country for the good of the "people." The original ideas were Karl Marx's. It was butchered in Russia by Lenin and his successors who built a ___ society that diverged greatly from Marxism. and had not met Marx's requirements before the revolution

William of Orange

An exile in Germany, he emerged as the leader of a broad movement for the Netherlands' independence from Spain.

colonialism

An idea tied to imperialism in which a mother country controls colonies for economic growth, political power, and military bases

Sea Beggars

An international group of anti-Spanish exiles and war criminals, they captured the port city of Brill.

George Bernard Shaw

Androcles and the Lion [pilloried Christianity]

Third Balkan War

Another name for World War I (no, not just the acronym)

Babington Plot

Anthony Babington sought Spanish support for an attempt on Elizabeth I's life. Mary Queen of Scots was involved in this plot and as punishment, was executed.

May Laws

Applied to Prussia, but not to the entire German Empire; targeted Catholic priests

the Diet of Worms

April 1521; was convened to deal with Martin Luther; Luther presented his views before this diet, over which the newly elected Emperor Charles V presided; he ordered Luther to recant, but Luther declared that to do so would be to act against Scripture, reason, and his own conscience; he was placed under the imperial ban and became an "outlaw" to secular as well as religious authority

steam engine

Arkwright 1780s, powered the looms and required factory production of textiles

George Bernard Shaw

Arms and the Man, Man and Superman [heaped scorn on the romantic ideals of love and war]

Pablo Picasso

Artist associated with cubism

impressionism

Artistic movement beginning in France with Monet in which and impression of the scene infused with the painter's emotion was depicted; it was reaction to realism and the invention of photography

futurism

Artistic movement observed in pre-WWI Italian painting and sculpture. Sometimes identified with fascism, it opposed traditionalism and tried to depict dynamic movement through the elimination of conventional form, balance, and rhythm; it also stressed the violence and speed of the machine age

realism

Artistic movement of the 19th century that depicted the horrors of everyday life for the common person. Grew out of romanticism.

romanticism

Artistic movements of the mid to late 19th century that depicted the beauty of nature and lamented its passing as the Industrial Revolution began; scenes of industrial waste as well as common workers ravaged by the pace of change were popular in graphic and written arts alike. The emotionality and "storm and stress" or nature were emphasized

St. Bartholomew's Day Massacre

August 24, 1572; Coligny and 3,000 fellow Huguenots were butchered in Paris under the decree of Catherine de' Medici; murdered by the Guises

positivism

Auguste Comte's contribution to philosophy states that ideas must be tested and became the basis for modern critical thinking in the social sciences

Dutch retained dominance in this area

Banking

Verdun

Battle associated with "They shall not pass" phrase (just the location)

Emile Durkheim and Graham Wallas

Became interested in the necessity of shared values and activities in a society

Lady Jane Grey

Before Edward VI died, he made this woman the next in line to take the throne in England, depriving Mary I of her rightful rule. Days after her crowing, she was removed and beheaded. Mary I became queen.

Herbert Spencer

Believed human society progresses through competition

Friedrich Nietzsche

Beyond Good and Evil

Four periods of war

Bohemian, Danish, Swedish, and Swedish-French

Henry of Navarre

Brilliant politique king of France who brought the religious wars to a close. He passed the Edict of Nantes, which helped bring tranquility to the state. He purified the Catholic League by making France a Catholic country that tolerated Huguenots, although he was Protestant.

Gallipoli Campaign

Britain's plan to knock out Turkey in WWI by landing at the Dardanelles

Bloomsbury Group

British group including Virginia Woolf, Leonard Woolf, Duncan Grant, Lytton Strachey, and John Maynard Keynes

Thomas Mann

Buddenbrooks

Union of Brussels

Catholic and Protestant provinces joined in an alliance that tolerated religious differences but had political unity. It was the Netherland's unified opposition to Spain.

Catholicism vs Calvinism

Catholics were in favor of absolute monarchy while Calvinists were in favor of political decentralization, which shows in their religion's clergy structure, respectively; Catholic churches were ornate while Calvinist were not

Friedrich Nietzsche

Challenged Christianity, democracy, nationalism, rationality, science, and progress

Keynesian economics

Challenged much of the structure of nineteenth-century economic theory

Houston Stewart Chamberlain

Championed biological determinism through race, but believed that through genetics the human race could be improved and even that a superior race could be developed

William Whewell

Coined the word "scientist"

Ho Chi Minh

Communist that lead Indochina (predominantly Vietnam) to independence

Jean Colbert

Controller General of Finance under Louis XIV; successively took on nearly all the State functions; regarded as a skillful administrator; was in charge of the development of trade, industry, the royal navy, the urban development of Paris and the advance of science; one of the king's most trusted advisers.

Britain

Country with Contagious Diseases Acts

Germany

Country with the Catholic Center Party

Britain

Country with the Education Act of 1870

Britain

Country with the Education Act of 1902

Cardinal Granvelle

Created a plan for ecclesiastic reorganization of the Netherlands. It was to tighten control of the Catholic hierarchy over the country and to accelerate its consolidation as a Spanish ward.

Kulturkampf

Culture Struggle

First Vatican Council

Dealt with papal infallibility

Thomas Henry Huxley

Declared that the physical process of evolution was at odds with human ethical development

Wilhelm Roentgen

Discovered X rays

Henri Becquerel

Discovered that uranium emitted a similar form of energy

Montmorency-Chatilions

Huguenot family with much influence on the French wars of religion. They were led by Admiral Gaspard de Coligny.

Max Weber

Dismissed Islam as a religion and culture incapable of developing science and closed to new ideas

Perpetual Edict

Don John of the Spanish forces had to sign this when the Union of Brussels defeated his forces. It provided for the full removal of Spanish troops from Dutch soil.

Bloody Sunday

During the Revolution of 1905, Nicholas II ordered his troops to fire on the peaceful protesters in St. Petersburg, which became known as this.

capitalism

Economic system in which the means of production is controlled by private individuals who engage in business to earn a profit and whose competition created the best mix of output for consumers. This is the development of Adam Smith's laissez-faire principles outlined in his definition of ___, An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations

the expansion of money created prosperity, advanced science and technology, and supported the growth of the nation-state

Effects of capitalism

Jamal al-din Al-Afghani

Egyptian intellectual who argued that over time, Islam would eventually produce cultures as modern as those in Europe

Francis II

Eldest son of Henry II, husband of Mary Queen of Scots. Huguenots tried to kidnap him in the Conspiracy of Amboise.

cotton gin

Eli Whitney (American) 1793, separated seed from raw cotton fiber and increased supply of the raw material

Puritans

Elizabeth dealt cautiously with them; wanted to make Protestant doctrine more precise by the retention of Catholic ceremony and vestments within the Church of England and the continuation of the episcopal system of church governance; led by Thomas Cartwright and enjoyed wide popular support; worked through Parliament to create an alternative national church of semiautonomous congregations governed by representative presbyteries, hence Presbyterians

Lytton Strachey

Eminent Victorians

Paul de Lagarde and Julius Langbehn

Emphasized the supposed racial and cultural dangers posed by the Jews to German national life

Sir Francis Drake

English navigator and explorer. He shelled the port city of Cadiz, inflicting damage on Spanish ships. He also raided the coast of Portugal, postponing Spain's planned invasion of England.

Desert Fox

Erwin Rommel was known as...

Gobineau

Essay on the Inequality of the Human Races (last name only)

Act of Settlement

Established Hanoverian Dysnasty

shift of power

European power shifted from France to Spain due to internal French conflict, starting with an accident in which the French king was mortally wounded when a lance pierced his visor during his daughter's wedding, leaving the throne to his sickly teenage boy

Charles Darwin

Explained natural selection

Ernest Rutherford

Explained the cause of radiation through the disintegration of the atoms of radioactive materials

Big Three

FDR, Churchill, and Stalin made up this group

Poverty

Factory workers in the beginning of the I/R lived in______.

Gregor Mendel

Father of genetics; worked with heredity

Auguste Comte

Father of positivism

Edict of Restitution

Ferdinand of Bohemia ordered the return of all Catholic property seized by Protestants since 1552. Nullified by the Treaty of Wesphalia.

Iron Curtain

Referred to Soviet domination of Eastern Europe (Churchill's words)

March Revolution

Food riots in Petrograd led to the abdication of Nicholas II during this time

absolutism

Form of government in which the monarch has complete control. Examples include Russia under Peter the Great and France under Louis XIV

Catholic League

Formed by ultra-Catholics in 1576 with the goal of exterminating heresy and putting a true Catholic champion (Henry, duke of Guise) on the French throne.

Alfred Russel Wallace

Formulated the principle of natural selection

Houston Stewart Chamberlain

Foundations of the Nineteenth Century

Concordat of Bologna

Francis I granted the Pope the right to collect "annates" (the first year's revenue from Church offices) in return for the power to nominate high officials in the French church, effectively nationalizing the church in France and increasing the power of the monarchy

theories of resistance

Franco-Gallia by Francois Hotman, On the Right of Magistrates over their Subjects by Theodore Beza, Defense of Liberty Against Tyrants by Phillipe du Plessis Mornay

Bourbons

French Protestant family with much influence on the French wars of religion. Louis de Conde was their leader.

Huguenots

French Protestants.

Henry III

French king who struck an alliance with Henry of Navarre to attack the Guise stronghold but was killed by a Jacobin friar before he could do so

Emile Zola

French writer with different beliefs on alcoholism, prostitution, and labor strife (Dreyfus affair)

Caris de Conde

Huguenot leader of the Bourbons. Led Protestant forces during the religious wars. Killed in the second religious conflict.

Columbus

Genose sailor, August 2, 1492, to find eastern route; believed he would fulfill medieval religious prophesies that spoke of converting the whole world to Christianity; after 33 dy voyage from the Canary Islands landed in eastern Bahamas which insisted was an undeveloped part of Asia; friendly = easy to enslave

Peace of Prague

German Protestant states, led by Saxony, reached a compromise with Ferdinand with this treaty.

Lebensraum

German word meaning "living space"

Austria

Germany gave this country a "blank check," leading to the start of WWI

USSR

Germany signed a nonaggression pact with this country prior to the war (not Poland)

Battle of the Bulge

Germany's last offensive

Schlieffen Plan

Germany's strategy during WWI, which failed. Involved quickly defeating France/Western Front before launching an offensive attack on the East.

Henrik Ibsen

Ghosts [A respectable women must deal with a son suffering from syphilis inherited from her husband]

Charles VI

Habsburg emperor, had no male heir, passed pragmatic sanction

Archduke Franz Ferdinand

Heir to the Austrian throne, shot in Sarajevo by a Serbian nationalist

Edict of Chateaubriand

Henry II passed this edict to further persecute Protestants.

Day of the Barricades

Henry III tried to rout the Catholic League in Paris

Duke of Sully

Henry IV's advisor, made it possible for trade, good business climate, merrchants were happy with Henry IV because of this guy, lowered the peasants' taxes, established paulettes- fees nobles paid in order to guarantee heredity, got the economy going to make people, mercantilism

agrarian communalism, feudalism, bourgeois commercialism, capitalism, socialism, communism

History progresses from _______, to ________, to _______, to _________, to _________, to ________, to _______, and finally to _______ (according to Marx)

Frederick II

Hohenzoller, invaded Celesia, stopped by Maria Theresa, the first servant of the state

France

Home of Falloux Law

Henry II

Husband of Catherine de Medici. King during the end of the Habsburg-Valois War. Catherine passed the Edict of Chateaubriand.

socialism

Idea that government should manage the economy or aspects of the economy for the good of the people. Nineteenth-century socialists agreed that workers were unfairly treated. They opposed competition as a principle of economic behavior, rejected laissez-faire, and questioned the validity of the concept of private property

republicanism

Idea that people should be rules through representative democracy in a republic

Max Weber

Regarded the emergence of rationalism throughout society as the major development of human history

Suez Canal

Important Egyptian link for the British to India

Battle of Pavia

In 1525, Francis I of France was captured by Charles V. This caused the first war of Protestant persecution in France.

March on Versailles

In Oct 1789, a Paris mob, mostly of women, was incited by Jean Paul Marat to march on Versailles and force the king to relocated to Tuileries, the royal residence in Paris; 7,000 women armed with pikes, guns, swords, and knives marched to Versailles demanding more bread; intimidated by the Parisian women, the king agreed to sanction the decrees of the assembly; was the first example of a popular insurrection employing the language of popular sovereignty directed against the monarch

Marcel Proust

In Search of Time Past

Second Balkan War

In this conflict, Serbia attacked Bulgaria in hopes of gaining a seaport. Turkey, Romania, Serbia, the other Balkan states, and Russia vs. Bulgaria and Austria-Hungary

Zimmerman Note

In this, Germany promised Mexico some of its former American holdings if it entered the war on Germany's side against the US.

Frederick William I

Initiated Kabinett system-lower officials must submit all relevant documents to him and he alone made decisions, taxed the nobility

Claude Bernard

Introduction to the Study of Experimental Medicine

Salafiyya movement

Islamic movement that believed there was no inherent contraction between science and Islam

Mahdist, Sanussiya, Wahhabi

Islamic movements that rejected the West and modern thought

Quattrocento

Italian for 15th century

Amerigo Vespucci

Italian merchant; employed by the Medicis, sent him to look after their ship-outfitting; whom America is named

Dante

Italian vernacular literature, friend of Giovanni Boccaccio

spinning Jenny

James Hargreaves 1769, mechanized the spinning wheel

Order of the Stuart kings

James I->Charles I->Puritan Republic (Cromwell)->James II-> William + Mary

utilitarianism

Jeremy Bentham's idea of the "greatest good for the greatest number" led to running water throughout England and eventually the world

fly shuttle

John Kay 1733, cut manpower needs on the looms in half

Ferdinand and Isabella

King of Aragon and Queen of Castille; religious uniformity, conquered islamic states and expelled Jewish population

Philip II

King of Spain and a devout Catholic. Under his reign, Spain became a world power. Spain reached the peak of its influence as he directed explorations around the globe, prompting Spanish colonization.

Francis I

Kng during the Habsburg-Valois Wars. He was captured by Charles V at the battle of Pavia. Anti-Protestant.

European Economic Community

Known as the Common Market, aimed to end internal tariffs and the free exchange of money and workers between members

Pre-Conditions for war

Lack of German unity, religious division, and Calvinists.

Mississippi Bubble Scandal

Law issued shares of stock in exchange for gov't bonds which fell sharply in value. Investors tried to cash in stock for gold there wasn't enough gold to pay them

Falloux Law

Law stated that the local priest provided religious education in the public schools

Nuremberg Laws

Laws directed against Jewish people

Lech Walesa

Leader of Solidarity in Poland

Benito Mussolini

Leader of the Blackshirts, March on Rome

Vladimir Lenin

Leader of the Bolsheviks; instituted the NEP

Adolf Hitler

Leader of the Brownshirts (Nazis), author of Mein Kampf

Ramsay MacDonald

Leader of the first Labour Ministry in Britain

Auguste Ficke

Leader: General Austrian Women's Association

Josephine Butler

Leader: Ladies' National Association for the Repeal of the Contagious Diseases Acts

Frederick I

Lent his army to the HRE during the War of Spanish Succession in exchange for a royal title

Gustave Flaubert

Madame Bovary

South Sea Company

Management of British National Debt had been assigned to the SSC which exchanged govt bonds for company stock. Stock crashed in 1720 . Walpole saves financial intergrity by taxing the nobles

Dialectical materialism

Marx's adaptation of Hegelian dialectic; argued that society is a reflection of economics; history progresses from class struggle -> inevitable revolution -> Communism

Industrial Revolution (I/R)

Mechanization of the European economy that began in Britain in the second half of the 18th century; given birth by the growth of commerce, the development of capitalism, the introduction of improved technology, and the unique political climate in Britain during the 18th century

Metternich (Austria), Castlereagh (England), Czar Alexander (Russia), Prince Hardenberg (Prussia), Talleyrand (France)

Men at the Congress of Vienna

Guises

Militant Catholic family of France. They were a major influence on the French wars of relgion.

Id, superego, ego

Model of the internal organization of the mind as an arena of struggle and conflict [Name the 3 parts]

Carl Jung

Modern Man in Search of a Soul

Streltsy

Moscow Guards

Defeat of the Spanish Armada

Most epic naval turnaround in history. Spain's large ships could not land troops on English shores. Swifter English and Dutch ships outmaneuvered Spain.

steam engine, waterframe, and power looms

Most influential machines in the I/R

Zionist

Movement calling for a separate Jewish state

Modernism

Movement concerned with the aesthetic or beautiful

radicalism

Movement that began in England where people called for immediate universal male suffrage, but it eventually came to be associated with any movement calling for rapid significant change.

Virginia Woolf

Mrs. Dalloway

George Bernard Shaw

Mrs. Warren's Profession [prostitution]

The Big Three

Name given to Wilson of the US, David Lloyd George of Britain, and Georges Clemenceau of France

Continental System

Napoleon's plan to cut off all British trade with the European continent and thus to cripple British commercial and financial power; badly hurt the European economies; despite initial drops in exports and domestic unrest, the British economy survived; British control of the seas assured access to the growing markets of North and Sough America and of the eastern Mediterranean

William Paley

Natural Theology

October Manifesto

Nicholas promised reform, a constitution, civil liberties, and a Duma (legislature) in this.

Kristallnacht

Night when Nazi mobs wrecked Jewish shops and temples

James Abbott McNeill Whistler

Nocturnes

Union of Utrecht

Northern provinces created this in response to the union of Arras.

Henrik Ibsen

Norwegian playwright

Morality questioned in Christianity

OT God vs NT God; the morality of the OT God, which depicts his cruelty and unpredictability did not fit well with the tolerant, rational values of the liberals; the morality of the NT God, which would sacrifice for his own satisfaction the only perfect being ever to walk the earth

Battle of Leipzig

Oct 1813; Napoleon was defeated by the combined forces of Russia, Prussia, and Austria; also known as the Battle of Nations

Fall of the Bastille

On July 14 1789, more than 800 people marched to the Bastille in search of weapons for the militia; the Bastille was a fortress that symbolized royal injustice; the troops in the Bastille fired into the crowd, killing 98 people and wounding many others; the crowd stormed the fortress and eventually gained entrance; they released the 7 prisoners inside and killed several troops and the governor

Charles Darwin

On the Origin of Species

D-Day

On this day, American, British, and Canadian troops stormed the beaches of Normandy

George Bernard Shaw

One of Ibsen's greatest champions

Georges Sorel

Reflections on Violence

Friedrich Nietzsche

Overman (Ubermensch)

Peace of Beaulieu

Passed by Henry III. Allowed Huguenots full religious and civil freedoms. Pressure from the Catholic League forced him to shorten it.

Edict of Nantes

Passed by Henry IV. Allowed Huguenots public worship, right of assembly, admission to public offices and universities, and permission to maintain fortified towns. Exercised within their own towns and territories.

baroque artists

Peter Paul Rubens, Gianlorenzo Bernini

Duke of Alba

Philip of Spain dispatched this man to suppress the Dutch revolt.

Toward a 20th c. state of mind

Philosophers, sceintists, psychologists, and artists began to portray physical reality, human nature, and society in ways different from those of the past; new concepts challenged the major presuppositions of mid 19th c. science, rationalism, liberalism, and bourgeois morality

Friedrich Nietzsche

Philosophy of Ubermensch; people are limited by religion; existentialism

idealism

Plato first defined this as a system of belief that relies on the mental plan rather than the material one. It has come to mean belief in the idea that one can make the world better and that things can work out well.

appeasement

Policy which sought to placate the aggressors with concessions in the hopes that they would be satisfied

liberalism

Political philosophy originating in the 19th century based upon the idea that political change can make society better than what it has been. The idea originally supported democratic rule, laissez-faire economic practices, and the removal of the Corn Acts, and also led to utilitarianism and the reform movement

Henry III

Politique king who passed the Peace of Beaulieu, allowing Huguenots complete civil and religious freedom. But France was not ready for this, and the Catholic League freed him to reject it. He teamed up with Henry of Navare, and the planned the successful assassinations of the Duke and cardinal of Guise. When the planned an invasion of Paris, he was killed.

Pope Pius X

Pope that hope to resist modern thought and restore traditional devotional life

Pope Leo XIII

Pope that sought to make accommodations to the modern age and to address its great social questions

Higher

Population of people in the cities during the I/R was _______ than that of the previous era.

Two things Peter is sure of

Power of Czar must be secure from Boyar/Streltsy, Military power of Russia must be increased

Irish Question

Problem questioning the Irish right to home rule/freedom for Southern Ireland

Gustavus Adolphus

Protestant combatant in 30 years war, prevented Russia from having a Baltic Port, economy based in unreliable iron exports

Marian Exiles

Protestants who fled England during the reign of Mary I. They settled in Germany and Switzerland and worshiped in their own congregations, wrote contracts justifying armed resistance and waited for a time when a Protestant counteroffensive could be launched in their homelands.

Pragmatic Sanction

Provided the legal basis for a single line of inheritance through Maria Theresa

Gustave LeBon

Psychologist who explored activity of crowds and mobs

Max Planck

Quantum Theory of Energy

Max Planck

Quantum theory of energy

Pierre Waldeck-Rousseau

Radical French government leader, terminated Napoleon Concordat

Da Vinci

Renaissance Man; military engineer, architect, sculptor, scientist, inventor, painter; The Last Supper, Mona Lisa

Jules Ferry

Replaced religious instruction in French public schools with civic training (person)

Pope Leo XIII

Rerum Novarum

increased production and availability of manufactured goods

Results of the I/R

water frame

Richard Arkwright, 1769, improved thread spinning

Ernst Renan

Said Islam was, like Judaism, a manifestation of the ancient Semitic mentality, which had given rise to the powerful montheistic vision

Count Arthur de Gobineau

Said race was the major determinant in human history

Brezhnev Doctrine

Said the USSR had the right to interfere with the economies of other communist countries

Julius Wellhausen, Ernst Renan, William Robertson Smith

Scholar who contended that human authors had written and revised the books of the Bible with the problems of Jewish society and politics in mind

Ralphael

School of Athens - classical structure; deep, single-point perspective characteristic of High Renaissance

John Law

Scottish mathematician and gambler in charge of kings finances

New World

Spain benefited greatly from colonies here and gave Philip II the great sums needed to pay his bankers and mercenaries, but STILL owed money

Elizabeth I

She helped England recover from the bellicose reign of Mary I, her successor. She firmly established Protestantism, encouraged English enterprise and commerce, and took a strong stand against Spain.

Purges

Stalin's efforts to keep his enemies dead

Uses of Coal

Steam pump (Thomas Newcomen 1702) rid coal mines of water seepage; Condensing chamber steam engine (James Watt 1763); this rock was plentiful and boosted iron production, giving rise to heavy industry

Transportation innovations

Steamship (Robert Fulton 1807) and the Railroad Steam engine (Stephenson 1829) enhanced an already efficient system of river transportation

Sigmund Freud and Josef Breuer

Studies in Hysteria

Hans Vaihinger

Suggested the concepts of science be considered "as if" descriptions of the physical world

Charles Lyell

Suggested the earth is much older than the biblical records contend

Charles XII

Swedish King fought in the Great Northern War against Russia eventually Russia got a large section of the Baltic

Pope Pius IX

Syllabus of Errors

Friedrich Nietzsche

The Birth of Tragedy

October Revolution

The Bolshevik leaders overtook the provisional government during this time.

Ellen Key

The Century of the Child

Warsaw Pact

The Communist version of NATO

Castiglione

The Courtier 1528 - such a person would be a man who knew several languages, familiar with classical literature, and skilled in the arts = Renaissance Man

Charles Darwin

The Descent of Man

Friedrich Nietzsche

The Genealogy of Morals

Frederick William

The Great Elector-was one of the princes who elected the HRE

Sigmund Freud

The Interpretation of Dreams

Theodor Herzl

The Jewish State, leader of Zionist movement

David Strauss

The Life of Jesus

Thomas Mann

The Magic Mountain

Henrik Ibsen

The Master Builder [An aging architect kills himself while trying to impress a young woman]

Auguste Comte

The Positive Philosophy

Max Weber

The Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism

Ellen Key

The Renaissance of Motherhood

Alencon

The Union of Utrecht rejected Philip II as their ruler. They turned to Catherine's youngest son. Tried to take control of the provinces, but was returned to France.

nationalism

The idea that people with the same language. traditions, ideas, ideals, culture, heritage, and beliefs should have their own nation and love that nation

Marxism

The adherence to the communist theory devised by Marx and Engels in which the state owns the means of production and citizens contribute what they are capable of to society while society gives to each citizen what he or she needs

anarchism

The belief and political movement holding that the absence of government is better than any form of government yet conceived

deism

The belief that an all-powerful entity created the universe with rules and stepped back to watch it work

Social Darwinism

The concept could be applied to justify the avoidance of aiding the poor and the working class or to justify the domination of colonial peoples or to advocate agressive competition among nations

First Balkan War

The conflict in which Serbia took Macedonia. Bulgaria, Greece, Serbia, Montenegro vs. Turks

Zionism

The idea that the Jewish people should have a national homeland in Israel.

Cold War

The cooling of the relationship between the USA and USSR after WWII

Keynesian economics

Theory that depression would end when a government spent its way out

Mary Queen of Scots

The daughter of King James V of Scotland and Mary of Guise. She was a devout Catholic. A public scandal forced her abdication from the throne and she went to England. Elizabeth I ordered her execution for her part to kill her.

imperialism

The doctrine that states that more powerful nations can dominate less powerful ones militarily, economically, politically, and spiritually, as seen in England's actions toward India and Belgium's actions in the Congo

Thomas Henry Huxley

The great defender of Darwinism

Spanish Fury

The greatest atrocity of the war between Spain and the Netherlands. Spanish mercenaries ran amok in Antwerp, leaving 7,000 people dead.

Margaret of Parma

The half-sister of Philip of Spain became a regent in Philip's absence due to his trip back to Spain.

Austro-Slavism

The idea that all the Slavs are better off protected by Austria than being conquered by Russia or exterminating each other was popular in the early 20th century

conservatism

The idea that change is bad and should be slowed or fought completely

nihilism

The idea that nothing but science exists supported by the 19th century Russian intellectual elites such as Turgenev

individualism

The idea that the desires of each person are important and that every person is important and that neither the state nor other individuals have the right to subvert any individual's desire

totalitarianism

The idea that the government can and should control all aspects of the lives of its citizens, leaving them few choices in life. It was practiced by Stalin and Hitler.

pan-Slavism

The idea that there should be a nation for the Slavic people which was supported by Russia

relativism

The idea that truth is not absolute but rather subjective; it maintain the basis for judgement depends on the events, people, or circumstance surrounding a given situation

humanism

The ideal of human possibilities that came from the revival of Greco-Roman literature and other artistic works was an important influence in the Renaissance and continued to influence the liberal view today

Social Darwinism

The ideas of Darwin's evolution applied to the classes, implying that those at the top were more fir rather than better connected

decolonization

The loss of colonies from the former great powers after WWII

militarism

The massive build-up of arms and weapons, including artillery shells, bombs, rifles, and artillery

Wladysaw Gomulka

The person who liberalized Poland

materialism

The philosophical belief that only the tangible is real

containment

The policy in which stopping the spread of communism was the primary goal, but no direct military conflicts were involved

Aryans

The pure race of Germans were called...

Sir William Cecil

The shrewd adviser of Elizabeth I. Together, they guided a religious settlement through Parliament that prevented England from being torn asunder by religious differences.

James VI/I

The son of Mary Stuart. She was forced to surrender the throne to him. He became Elizabeth's successor as the king of England.

Don Carlos

The son of Philip II of Spain. Mad and treacherous, he died under suspicious circumstances. Some contemporaries suggest Philip had him executed.

Holocaust

The systematic extermination of Jews from Europe

Treaty of Versailles

The treaty that ended WWI, a complete failure. It included the "war guilt clause," a reduction of German military, the Rhineland demilitarization, and large reparations.

Albert Einstein

Theory of Relativity

Albert Einstein

Theory of relativity

J.J. Thomson

Theory of the electron

Sudetenland

This territory was given to Germany during the Munich Conference

Act of Uniformity

This act mandated a revised version of the second "Book of Common Prayer" for every English parish.

Act of Supremacy

This act repealed all the anti-Protestant legislation of Mary Tudor and asserted Elizabeth's right as "supreme governor" over both spiritual and temporal affairs.

Tehran

This conference agreed that after a win, Germany would be demilitarized and occupied by Allied powers

Yalta

This conference agreed that: Eastern Europe would have coalition governments Germany would be divided into 4 zones Russia would enter the war with Japan United Nations would be set up

West Germany

This country is associated with a "miracle economy" after WWII

Germany

This country used unrestricted submarine warfare during WWI.

Russia

This country was the biggest proponent for pan-Slavism

January Edict

This edict allowed Protestant in France to worship outside towns publicly and privately inside them.

Peace of Saint-Germain-en Laye

This ended the 3rd war of religion allowed Protestants full religious freedoms within their territories and the right to fortify their cities.

Elizabethan Age

This era was the epoch in English history of Queen Elizabeth I's reign (1558-1603); Historians often depict it as the golden age in English history

Marshall Plan

This gave financial aid to any of the countries devastated by WWII that wanted to accept it

St. Bartholomew's Day Massacre

This occurred when Catherine de Medici and the Guise family made an attempt on Coligny's life. When it failed, a nervous Catherine convinced Charles IX that a Huguenot coup was a foot. The execution of several thousand Huguenots was ordered.

Khrushchev

This person denounced Stalin in a "secret speech"

Lusitania

This sinking of this ship helped to bring the Americans into the war.

Treaty of Westphalia

This treaty brought all hostilities within the Holy Roman Empire to an end. Rescinded Ferdinand's Edict of Restitution.

Alexander III

This tsar rolled back the reforms of his father through "Russification, orthodoxy, and autocracy"

Sigmund Freud

Three-Part Personality Theory; id, ego, superego

Friedrich Nietzsche

Thus Spake Zarathustra

Virginia Woolf

To the Lighthouse

Treaty of Brest-Litovsk

Took Russia out of WWI (document)

existentialism

Twentieth-century philosophy wherein each individual is though to be responsible for adding meaning to his or her existence.

superpowers

USA and USSR became known as this after WWII

James Joyce

Ulysses

Werner Heisenberg

Uncertainty Principle

Don John

Under his command, a Holy League of Spain, Venice, and the Pope formed to check Turkish belligerence in the Mediterranean. He later took control of Spanish land forces and was defeated. Had to sign the humiliating Perpetual Edict and which removed Spanish troops from the Netherlands.

Henri Poincare

Urged the theories of science be regarded as hypothetical constructs of the human mind rather than as true descriptions of nature

Mayor Karl Leuger

Used anti-Semitism as a major attraction for his Christian Socialist Party

Russo-Japanese War

War between Japan and Russia which resulted in a humiliating loss for the latter

total war

War that involves a mass civilian population effort; often requires rationing, employment of both sexes in war plants, and propaganda

Russian Revolution

What happened in Russia 1917?

Realism

What type of literature did these people write: Charles Dickens, Honore de Balzac, George Eliot

Catherine de Medici

Wife of Henry II. Powerful queen of France who ruthlessly played the Huguenots and Guises against each other to expand influence.

Fourteen Points

Wilson's ideas that called for a number of things, including free trade, settlement of colonial claims, and the establishment of a League of Nations

Union of Atrecht

formed by the northern provinces of Netherlands after the southern ones broke the Union of Brussels, and removed William of Orange as their ruler once he was declared an outlaw

Ernst Haeckel

Worked for government support of scientific research

Sigmund Freud

Worked with Martin Charcot in hypnosis

Bourbons

a French ruling family; developed strong Huguenot sympathies, largely for political reasons; the restoration of this family was temporarily popular and a non-vindictive boundary settlement was designed to keep France calm and satisfied during the Congress of Vienna; Louis XVIII was the reinstatement

Francis I

a Valois rival of the Holy Roman Emperor, Charles V; battled unsuccessfully to weaken the Habsburgs; managed to consolidate absolutism in France by instituting the taille (a direct tax on land and property)

Communism

a classless society in which the workers own the means of production and gov't is unnecessary; "the withering away of the state"; private property will cease to exist and economic exploitation will stop all things bad (Utopia) according to Marx's theory

Boccaccio

a contemporary of Petrarch and like him a Florentine; most famous for his Decameron, entertaining tales that reflected upon the human condition; the Decameron is both a stinging social commentary and a sympathetic look at human behavior

Third Republic

a republican form of gov't in France after the Second Empire; the political structure proved much stronger than many citizens suspected; after MacMahon's resignation, dedicated republicans controlled the national gov't despite lingering opposition

Inevitable Revolution

a result of the capitalists' increasing profits by lowering the worker's wages for labor to the point that the proletariat cannot afford to consume the products of manufacture; economic depression occurs and lays hardship on the working class until revolution; a dictatorship will establish a socialist gov't to wipe out capitalism (Marx Theory)

Cardinal Granvelle

aka Antoine Perrenot; hoped to check Protestant gains by internal church reforms and planned to breakdown the autonomy of Netherland provinces by establishing in its place a centralized royal government directed from Madrid; however, the provinces were Europe's most independent and most were Calvinist strongholds

First Coalition

an alliance of Austria, England, Netherlands, Prussia, and Spain to combat the French advance

Discourse on Method

argued that everything that is not validated by observation should be doubted, but that his own existence is proven by the proposition that "I think, therefore I am," (cogito ergo sum).

Mary Wollestonecraft

argued that women weren't subservient to men, and that they only appeared that way b/c women weren't given the same educational opportunity that men were

Conde and Coligny

aristocrats whose military organization merged with the religious organization of the French Huguenot churches, creating a potent combination; their confluence of secular and religious motives cast suspicion on the religious appeal of Calvinism

Peace of Westphalia

brought all hostilities within the HRE; revoked Edict of Restitution and firmly reasserted the major feature of the religious settlement of the Peace of Augsburg; Switzerland and Holland were made independent states; German princes were made sovereign rulers, which limited the power of the Holy Roman emperor

Realist and naturalist writers

brought scientific objectivity and observation to their work; confronted readers w/ the harsh realities of life

worker guilds

by the eighteenth century rarely exercised the influence of their predecessors had in medieval or early modern europe. the guilds were not to be ignored, they played a conservative role. they tried to preserve the jobs and skills of their members. provided a framework for a social and economic advancement. chief protection of artisans against the workings of the commercial market.

Prague Conference

called by the Czechs in response to the all-German Frankfurt Conference; developed the notion of Austro-Slavism

Cardinal Fleury

chief minister of French court under Louis XV, worked to block undue influence of nobility, brought peace and prosperity to France-established new industries, never could draw from nobles tax revenues needed

Bloomsbury Group

chief proponents of modernism in England; consisted of Virginia Woolf, Leonard Woolf, Vanessa Bell, Duncan Grant, Lytton Strachey, and John Keynes; challenged the values of their Victorian forebears

Ferdinand Magellan

circumnavigated the globe for Spain; showed that the lands Columbus had found were new lands, and not the outermost territory of the Far East

ghetto

communities that might be distinct districts of cities or jewish villages primarily in the countryside.

Beccaria

concerned with the criminal justice system in Europe; he was against the death penalty, cruel and unusual punishment, and torture (these were radical ideas for his time)

Cortés

conquered the great American Aztecs in the name of Spain; through guns, germs, and steel he was able to easily defeat them

Pizzaro

conquered the great American Incas in the name of Spain; through guns, germs, and steel he was able to conquer these people easily

Tories

conservative party in Great Britain

seed drill

created by Jethro Tull. this tool increased wheat crops by allowing farmers to plants the seeds deeper in the soil rather than just randomly casting them onto the soil.

Sir Francis Bacon

creates the scientific method

Elizabeth I

daughter of Henry VIII and Anne Boleyn; was the last and greatest of the Tudor monarchs; known as the "Virgin Queen"; had to prove her mettle in the face of the prejudices agianst her line, parentage, and gender; her natural intelligence had been honed by education; had a powerful personality; refused Phillip II's advances on her

Peace of Augsburg

did not extend recognition to non-Lutheran Protestants

Duke of Alba

dispatched by Philip II to supress the rebellion of the Netherland regency with his army of 10,000 in a show of Spanish and papal might

Civil Constitution of the Clergy

drafted in 1790; convents and monasteries were abolished; all clergymen were to be paid by the state and elected by all citizens; the clergy was forbidden to accept the authority of the pope; alienated by this decree, half of the priests of the Gallican Church (French Roman Catholic Church) refused to accept it

John Knox

exiled Scottish reformer who wrote First Blast of the Trumpet Against the Terrible Regiment of Women, in which he had the Catholic Queen of England in mind

Natural selection

explained how species had changed or evolved over time; theory that organisms evolve through a struggle for existence in which those that have a marginal advantage live long enough to propagate their kind

Industrial Proletariat

factory workers, which became the great majority of people after the Agricultural/Industrial Revolution

Giotto

father of Renaissance painting; painted more of natural world

Petrarch

father of humanism; left career as lawyer and study literary classics; coined the phrase "Dark Ages"; learned classical Latin, sought out classical texts and read the original; wrote love sonnet "Laura"; classical and christian views can coexist; inspired "civic humanists" a group of wealthy young Florentines

Robert Walpole

first prime minister "Let sleeping dogs lie"

War of the Roses

fought between 1455-1485; were a dynastic struggle for the English crown which pitted the Houses of Lancaster and York against each other; fighting for control of the throne; ended with the ascension of Henry VII and the beginning of the Tudor dynasty

scientific revolution

from 1500-1600; redefined astronomy and physics; significant advances took place in mathematics, medicine, and learned societies; the development of science transformed the intellectual life of Europe by convincing people that human reason could understand the secrets of the universe and transform life without the help of organized religion

Henry VIII

heir of Henry VII; well known for his need to maintain legitimacy by having a male heir, which led him to make those decisions that led to the English Reformation; was originally married to Catherine of Aragon, but asked for a divorce to marry Anne Boleyn

Sadler Commission

helped to initiate legislation to improved working conditions in factories in Great Britain

Marquis de Lafayette

hero of the American Revolution; gave the National Guard a new insignia: the red and blue stripes of Paris, separated by they white stripe of the king; became the revolutionary cockade (badge) and eventually the flag of revolutionary France

Cardinal Mazarin

hired by Anne of Austria to help run France, used the same policies as Richelieu, but wasn't Richelieu, so the Fronde occurred which was a rebellion against his policies, and he fled from France

Women during the Reformation

mixed blessings from this era; did rise in status as Luther and the Protestants preached that there was merit in all work in the eyes of the Eternal; ministers were allowed to marry; on the other hand, there was considerable misogyny, which led to witch trials; were still burned at the stake

Congregationalists

more extreme Puritans who wanted every congregation to be autonomous

Hegelian dialectic

named after Georg Hegel; in every historical era a prevailing ideal (thesis) conflicts with an opposing ideal (antithesis) and results in a new ideal (synthesis); this becomes the thesis of the next era and the process continues

Urbanization

one the of I/R's most important socioeconomic effects; movement of people from the countryside to the city

Tories

opened discussion with Stuart pretender

Diaz

opened the Portuguese empire in the East when he rounded the Cape of Good Hope in 1487; his work helped establish trading posts in India

Copernicus->Brahe->Kepler->Galileo-> Newton

order of famous scientists

George Eliot (Mary Evans)

paid close attention to the details of her characters; included imagination and artistry

SEJM

polish diet included only the nobles

Millets

religious units

Perpetual Edict

signed by Don John after he lost to the unified Netherlands; provided for the removal of all Spanish troops from the Netherlands; effectively ending any plans Philip II may have had in using the Netherlands as a staging area for an invasion of England; however the Spanish were persistent and went after the southern provinces afterwards

Whigs

sought Hanover favor

mercantilism

term used to describe close government control of the economy that sought to maximize exports and accumulate as much precious medals as possible to enable the state to defend its economic and political interests.

divine right theory of rule

that a king has come to the throne through God's graces and that he must be treated as God's chosen one

Thomas Hobbes

the "social contract" under his theory is that you give up everything to the state, and the state should have the power of the Leviathan to maintain order

Protestant Reformation

the 16th century religious movement that sought to reform the Roman Catholic church and led to the establishment of Protestantism; marks the beginning of modern Europe and that it influenced the development of Western civilization

Transubstantiation

the Catholic belief that while the bread and wine of the Mass maintain their appearance, they are transformed into the literal Body and Blood of Christ; was opposed by Luther

Concordat of 1801

the Pope agreed to renounced claims over church property seized during the Revolution and was allowed to nominate bishops; in exchange, those priests who had resisted the Civil Constitutions of the clergy would replace those who had sworn an oath to the state

Flight to Varennes

the flight of the royal family, in order to raise a counterrevolutionary army, was stopped and the king and queen became prisoners of the Parisian mob

collectivization

the grouping of kulaks into Communes to modernize agriculture

Agricultural Revolution

the innovations in farm production that began in the 18th century and led to a scientific and mechanized agriculture

taille

the land tax. was not paid by most nobles. basic tax of the old regime.

The Glorious Revoluiton

the largely peaceful replacement of James II by William and Mary as English monarchs in 1688; marked the beginning of constitutional monarchy in Britain; forced to sign the Declaration of Rights, Habeas Corpus Act, the Petition of Rights, and the English constitution

House of Commons

the lower chamber of Parliament in Britain

Constitution of 1791

the product of the National Constituent Assembly's deliberations, established a constitutional monarchy; the major political authority of the nation would be a unicameral Legislative Assembly

Jacobins

the radical republican party during the French Revolution that displaced the Girondists; they were the most advanced political group int he National Constituent Assembly and had pressed for a republic rather than a constitutions monarchy

Third Section

the secret police who prevented the spread of revolutionary or Western ideas; set up by Nicholas I of Russia

detente

this policy was started by Nixon and helped to ease the tensions between the United States and the Soviet Union

city-states

towns that had expanded into independent ________ that ruled wide areas of the surrounding countryside

Mary Tudor

was Henry VIII's and Catherine of Aragon's daughter; became queen when Edward died at the age of sixteen; she was unpopular b/c she was married to Philip II and was Roman Catholic; earned the name Bloody Mary after burning hundreds of Protestants at the stake

Olympe de Gouges

was a big time advocate of women's rights, but she wasn't a "feminist" b/c she wasn't trying to get the vote for women, but rather she wanted equality for women legally

Ivan the Terrible

was an autocratic expansionist who limited the power of the nobles (boyars), expanded the realm, and solidified the role of czar; The Romanov dynasty was established by the nobles after his rule

League of Schmalkalden

was formed by newly Protestant princes to defend themselves against the Holy Roman emperor; the Church lost all opportunity to reunite Western Christendom with this league

Index of Prohibited Books

was instituted in Catholic countries to keep heretical reading material out of the hands of the faithful

Declaration of Pillnitz

was made by the king of Austria; threatened military action to restore order in France and encourage the radical revolutionaries who wanted to overthrow the monarchy

Declaration of the Rights of Man and the Citizen

was the "Death Certificate of the Old Regime"; freedom of speech, thought and religion were guaranteed; due process of law was guaranteed; taxes could be imposed only by consent f the governed; the right to rule was said to be not just the king's but the whole nation's

Thomas Hobbes

wasn't so much part of the Enlightenment, but his ideas are WHAT the Enlightenment was in reaction to

Catherine de Medici

wife of Henry II; was a regent to her sons as they attempted to rule France; she tried unsuccessfully to reconcile the Protestant and Catholic factions; feared the power of the Guises; ended up having to deal with Guises in order to rule; supported the St. Bartholomew's Day Massacre

"Wealth of Nations"

written by Adam Smith; "the Bible of capitalism" and is the foundation of classical or laissez-faire economics, which opposed the regulations imposed by mercantilism by arguing that certain natural laws govern an economy and should be free to operate

Sir Francis Bacon

wrote "Advancement of Learning," "Novum Organum," and the "New Atlantis"

Voltaire

wrote "Candide," "Letters on England," and "Philosophical Dictionary"

Beccaria

wrote "Crimes and Punishments"

Descartes

wrote "Meditations on First Philosophy" and "Discourse on Method"

Thomas Hobbes

wrote "The Leviathan"; which was a metaphor for what the state should be, "absolutist"

Mary Wollestonecraft

wrote "Vindication of the Rights of Women"

Olympe de Gouges

wrote Declaration of the Rights of Women; gets her head chopped off in the F/R

Denis Diderot

wrote the "Encyclopedia"