EHAP FRENCH REVOLUTION TEST 1/26
Who led the black slave revolt?
Toussaint L'Ouverture
T/F: France invaded Belgium but was defeated and sent back to defend Paris
True
T/F: In 1791, the National Convention, guided by the ideals of equality, abolished slavery in the colonies
True
T/F: Most of the lands of the church were confiscated because of the need for money
True
T/F: Napoleon defeated a large Russian army under Tsar Alexander I & some Austrian troops at Austerlitz
True
T/F: The Catholic Church is considered an enemy to the revolution
True
T/F: Napoleon was well read
True (philosophy Rousseau, military matters, Alexander the Great, Charlemagne)
Where was the king captured after he was caught fleeing France to Austria?
Varennes
What were the 5 revolutionary virtues celebrated by festivals on the last 5 days of the year?
Virtue, Intelligence, Labor, Opinion, and Rewards
Fought for independence, the Revolutionary War was also a civil war because?
many colonists were loyal to the king (loyalists)
After the fall of the Bastille, who did Louis confirm to be the commander of the National Guard (a newly created citizens' militia)?
marquis de Lafayette
Who was the commander of the Bastille?
marquis de Launay (wanted to negotiate)
What were the new republican calendar years of de-Christianization?
no longer from the birth of Christ but instead from Sept. 22, 1792 (so the start of the calendar was the year II)
What did Napoleon want within his empire?
obedience (because he needed a common front against the British & because of his ego), and acceptance of legal equality, religious toleration, & economic freedom
What was the actual cause of the French Revolution?
old political grievances
Which citizens could vote in the National Assembly? (even though passive citizens also had the same civil rights)
only active citizens (men 25+ years paying taxes equal to 3 days' unskilled labor) could vote for electors (men paying taxes equal to 10 days' labor who chose deputies)
sans-culottes (without breeches)
ordinary patriots in plain clothes (even though many of the people weren't commoners) that made up the Paris Commune
What was the church's role in the First Estate?
owned 10% of land & agreed to pay a "voluntary" contribution every 5 years to the state
What were the peasants' relics of feudalism?
payment of fees for use of village facilities & tithes to clergy, nobility also had right to hunt on peasants' land
Vendée
peasants who revolted against the draft - "long live the king and our good priests and the old regime"
Napoleon's Merit system
people rose to power by their work ethic not birth and those who rose to power were more likely military then nobility
What were some of the problems of the French monarchy?
periodic economic crises, bad harvests (1787-1788), and a manufacturing depression resulting in food shortages, rising prices, & unemployment in cities; also Enlightened philosophes and authors such as Rousseau
What were created in Nantes to maintain order after crowds had seized the chief citadels?
permanent committees & national guards
Olympe de Gouges
playwright & pamphleteer who refused to accept the exclusion of women from political rights and wrote *Declaration of the Rights of Woman and the Female Citizen* (was ignored by the National Assembly)
How did the American Revolution impact Europe?
provided new arrangements in international politics, proved Enlightenment ideas were not crazy and that America would become the most formidable power in the world
Who opposed the French Revolution abroad?
Emperor Leopold II of Austria & Frederick William II of Prussia
In 1804, what did Napoleon crown himself as?
Emperor Napoleon I
Civil Code
Equality within, Right to choose your profession, Freedom of religion, Abolition of serfdom & feudalism, Property rights protected, Outlawed unions & strikes, Fathers controlled the family, Divorce was difficult & few rights to women (seen as inferior to men)
Where did Napoleon defeat the Russian forces?
Eylau and Friedland
T/F: the new king had a lot of support
False
T/F: Before the Revolution, France had a single set of laws
False, France had some 300 different legal systems
T/F: there were tax exemptions due to birth, status, or special arrangement granted
False, NO ONE was exempt from taxes
T/F: Napoleon won this battle at Waterloo
False, he was bloodily defeated
T/F: Napoleon came back again
False, he was never heard of again; only his memory would continue to haunt French political life
T/F: Napoleon was well liked
False, he wasn't well like at all (short, Italian accent, poorer)
T/F: Napoleon's Grand Empire lasted for centuries, like he hoped
False, it collapsed as quickly as it had been formed
T/F: France had a central bank to borrow from (like Britain)
False, it relied on private loans, which raised its debts to 4 billion livres ($40 billion) from spending on the American Revolution & royal extravagance
T/F: the Articles of Confederation provided a strong central gov't
False, it was revised to form the constitution (approved in 1788)
T/F: the National Convention now ruled all of France
False, parts of France still resisted the National Convention
What was the Estates-General made up of?
First & Second Estates had 300 representatives each, Third Estate had 600 with strong legal/urban representation
How did the French help America's war against the British?
France supplied arms & money to the rebels and French officers/soldiers served in Washington's Continental Army
How was the French Revolution different from the American Revolution?
French Revolution more complex, more violent, & more radical in trying to build a new political & social order
Jean-Paul Marat
French doctor, political theorist, inciter
aristocratic marquis de Lafayette
French officer who served with Washington during the American Revolution; returned to France with ideas of individual liberties & notions of republicanism & popular sovereignty; became member of the Society of Thirty; in charge of the National Guard of France
Where was the abolition of slavery opposed and why?
French planters in the West Indies because they profited greatly from the use of slaves on their sugar plantations
What club advocated and successfully abolished slavery?
Friends of the Blacks
Which British army surrendered?
General Cornwallis surrendered to a American & French army & French fleet under George Washington at Yorktown; the British gov't quit
Who was the minister of justice of the Paris Commune?
Georges Danton
What 2 factions did the National Convention split into?
Girondins and the Mountain (both Jacobins)
What was the world's greatest colonial power at the end of the Seven Years' War?
Great Britain
What caused the fall of Napoleon?
In 1812, he invaded Russia with 600,000 men but Russia burned their own villages & crops & retreated, leaving the French hungry, disease ridden & without shelter
What happened at Waterloo on June 18th?
Napoleon met a combined British & Prussian army under the *duke of Wellington*
Battle of Ulm in southern Germany
Napoleon surrounded an Austrian army, which quickly surrendered
Who was the First Consul (for life)?
Napoleon; he directly controlled the entire executive authority of gov't
What radical group took power after the National Assembly?
Paris Commune
What was the role of women during the French Revolution?
Played a very large role in some regard but by most was still seen as more important for them to be homemakers than involve themselves in politics
What name did the powers who defeated Napoleon call him?
"Enemy and Disturber of the Tranquility of the World"
What radical journal did Jean-Paul Marat publish?
"Friend of the People"
What did Napoleon call himself?
"I am the Revolution" or the Son of the Revolution
What was everyone addressed by?
"citizen"
De-Christianization
(ended up backfiring) No authority higher than the National Convention and the people
Who assassinated Jean-Paul Marat and why?
*Charlotte Corday* (A Girondin sympathizer); she felt his death would help squash/lighten the Revolution
Where was Napoleon finally exiled?
*Saint Helena* (small, forsaken island in the South Atlantic)
How did Lyons & Marseilles make an example for their defiance?
1,880 were guillotined, houses burned, cannon fire, etc.
What happened from de-Christianization?
1. All words saint were removed 2. Churches were robbed and closed down 3. Priests encouraged to marry 4. *Notre Dame* became the "Temple of Reason" 5. Worship *Reason* rather than Christianity
the *Concordat* arranged by Napoleon with the pope (the Catholic Church is no longer an enemy of the French gov't)
1. the pope gained the right to depose French bishops (gave him little real control) 2. the Catholic Church permitted to hold processions again & reopen the seminaries 3. the pope acknowledged the accomplishments of the Revolution by signing, the pope agreed not to raise the question of the church lands confiscated during the Revolution 4. the clergy & Protestant ministers would be paid by the state
How many months/weeks/days did the new calendar have?
12 months; each month had three 10-day weeks called décades and the tenth day of each week was a rest day; eliminated Sundays & Sunday worship services
First Estate
130,000 people, included clergy (divided between aristocratic families who shared idea of nobility & parish priests who were poor commoners) exempt from the *taille*
Loyalists (in America)
15%-30% of pop.; loyal to the king and questioned whether British policies justified the rebellion, tended to be wealthy, older, & politically moderate
When did Napoleon Bonaparte dominate Europe?
1799-1821 (became dictator of France at 30 yrs old)
Where did Napoleon crush the Prussian forces?
2 battles at Jena and Auerstadt
Central/federal gov't powers under Constitution
3 branches w/checks and balances: executive (president for executing laws, vetoing, supervising foreign affairs, & directing military forces); legislative (Senate elected by state legislatures & House of Representatives elected by the people); and judicial (Supreme Court/other courts)
The Directory
5 directors elected by the Council of Elders ⅔ chose from their ranks. This time period was an era of materialistic reaction to the suffering from the previous regime. Undistributed wealth, fashionable clothing, etc.
the Republic's army (a nation in arms)
650,000 -1,169,000 at its height (a nation in arms) the largest Europe had ever seen
commoners/peasants (Third Estate)
75%-80% of pop., owned 35%-40% of land
bourgeoisie/middle class (Third Estate)
8% of pop. (2.3 million people), owned 20%-25% of land, included merchants, industrialists, bankers, & professional people (lawyers, holders of public offices, doctors, & writers); were often excluded from social/political privileges monopolized by nobles
What did European intellectuals see as the embodiment of the Enlightenment's political dreams?
American Revolution
What was the first "peace" Napoleon got after a victorious battle?
Amiens, leaving France with new frontiers & territories
Who did the Legislative Assembly declare war on April 1792?
Austria
What countries were against France?
Austria, Prussia, Spain, Portugal, Britain, & the Dutch Republic
Under who did Prussia embark on a series of political & military reforms (abolition of serfdom, election of city councils, & creation of larger standing army)?
Baron Heinrich von Stein & later Prince Karl von Hardenberg
How did Europeans get info about America?
Books, newspapers, & magazines provided the newly developing reading public and from returning soldiers (esp. French officers)
Where did Russians stop, fight, and get defeated?
Borodino
American vs. British ideas of empire
British: 1 empire with Parliament as supreme authority throughout (make laws) Americans: own representative assemblies because they believed the king and Parliament didn't have any right to interfere in their internal affairs and that no tax could be levied without the consent of an assembly whose members actually represented the people
What ranks did Napoleon go through?
Captain (captured Toulon) then brigadier general (saved National Convention from Parisian mob) then Major General
Who was the controller general of finance?
Charles de Calonne
Where was Napoleon born?
Corsica (an Italian island annexed by France)
Who was married to Napoleon?
Josephine de Beuharnais (widow of a guillotined general)
French revolutionary slogan
Liberty, Equality, Fraternity
Who ruled after the exiling of Napoleon?
Louis XVIII (18th), brother of Louis XVI
What were some of France's major provincial cities that broke away from central authority?
Lyons, Marseilles, Nantes
the French national anthem:
Marseillaise
What group defends Paris?
Marseilles
What was the fall of the Committee of Public Safety?
Robespierre was guillotined beginning a reaction that ends the radical stage of the Revolution
What were the political enemies of the Directory?
Royalists (wanted to restore the monarchy) vs. Jacobins (hopes of power revived by continuing economic probs)
When Napoleon became consul, what second coalition was France at war with?
Russia, Great Britain, & Austria
Third Coalition countries
Russia, Great Britain, Austria, & Prussia
In which French sugar colony did black slaves, inspired by the ideals of the revolution in France, revolt against their plantation owners?
Saint-Domingue
What were the 3 paintings by Jacques Louis David?
The Tennis Court Oath, Death of Marat, and The Coronation of Napoleon
What brought Napoleon to power 10 years after the French Revolution?
a coup d'etat
assignats
a form of paper money issued based on the collateral of the newly nationalized church property
What was the gov't formed as a result of the coup d'etat?
a new Republic is formed; Bicameral Legislation, executive power was given to Three Consuls
Maximilien Robespierre
a small town lawyer and member of the Estates-General who gets a little too radical and happy chopping off heads
The Great Fear
a vast panic that spread like wildfire through France's countryside July 20-August 6; fear of invasion by foreign troops and an aristocratic plot caused the formation of more militias & committees
What did this military disaster lead to?
a war of liberation all over Europe, ending in Napoleon's defeat in April 1814
"Great Retreat"
abandoned a burning Moscow & headed for home through a terrible winter, only 40,000 troops survive
What were the National Convention's first steps?
abolish the monarchy & establish a republic
How did the National Assembly restructure France?
abolished all the old local and provincial divisions and divided France into 83 departments which were divided into districts & communes supervised by elected councils & officials who oversaw all institutions
How were the months renamed?
according to seasons, temperature, or state of vegetation
What was the last time in the Revolution that Paris attempted to impose its wishes on the central gov't?
an insurrection that was dispersed after fierce combat by an army contingent under the artillery general Napoleon Bonaparte
After French soldiers succumbed to the slave forces, the western part of Hispaniola...
announced its freedom and became the first independent state in Latin America, calling itself *Haiti*
the Parisian Women March for Bread
armed with swords, pistols, muskets, & pitchforks, they begged for bread for their starving children; they violently kill the guards and display their heads on pikes
What happened to presumed traitors and overcrowded prisons?
arrested, massacred, had mass executions
*"Republic of Virtue"* (ruled by 12 men): Why did the Committee of Public Safety send "representatives on mission?"
as agents of the central gov't to all departments to explain the war emergency measure and to implement the laws dealing with wartime emergency
Johann Gottlieb Fichte
at first welcomed the French Revolution for freeing the human spirit, then became part of the German national spirit
Napoleon's *Continental System* (failed)
attempted to prevent British goods from reaching the European continent in order to weaken Britain economically & destroy its capacity to wage war
*1789*
beginning of the U.S. and the start of the French Revolution
July 1790: Civil Constitution of the Clergy
bishops & priests of the Catholic Church to be elected by the people & paid by the state; all clergy required to swear an oath of allegiance to the Civil Constitution (most bishops refused)
How did the French arouse nationalism?
by making themselves hated oppressors (arousing the patriotism of others in opposition to French nationalism) and also by showing Europeeans what nationalism was and what a nation in arms could do
calling of the Estates-General
called after Calonne's unsuccessful assembly, the gov't had to convene the French parliamentary body that hadn't met since 1614, admitting that they needed to raise taxes
Nobility of the sword
claimed to be descendants of the original medieval nobility
Society of Thirty
club of people from Paris salons, were "lovers of liberty" & influential in early stages of French Revolution
Continental Army
commander in chief: George Washington; soldiers were undisciplined amateurs
Nationalism
common language, religion, & culture that led to the rise & fall of Napoleon; it helped the Revolution spread to other countries: Prussia, Spain, & Britain
What was the Parlement of Paris?
consisted of nobles of the robe, advocated voting by order: each order voted separately, each has veto power over the other 2, guaranteeing aristocratic control over reforms
What did the Mountain want to happen to the king?
death of the king
Committee of Public Safety
dominated by Danton; Robespierre was an important member
What was voting by head?
each delegate having 1 vote
the Law of the General Maximum
established price controls on goods declared of first necessity (food, clothing, fuel)
Constitution of 1795
establishes a National Legislative Assembly (2 Chambers) lower house (500) upper house (250) chosen by electors
What was the king forced to do after capture?
forced the Legislative Assembly to suspend the monarchy and call for a national convention, chosen on the basis of universal male suffrage, to decide on the future form of gov't
Permanent Committee
formed because of increased mob activity in Paris, but they needed arms so they captured Invalides and attacked the Bastille (held 7 prisoners), both royal armories
What did the National Convention do to the king?
found him guilty of treason & sentenced him to death; the king was executed and destruction of the old regime was complete
Society for Revolutionary Republican Women
founded by an actress & chocolate manufacturer; composed of working-class women; vowed "to rush to the defense of the Fatherland"
Nobility of the robe
got status from officeholding, a pathway that enabled commoners to attain noble rank; dominated royal law courts & important administrative offices
Who opposed the Parlement's proposal?
group of reformers called patriots/"lovers of liberty," made up of bourgeoisie and nobes
Bill of Rights (first 10 added to Constitution)
guaranteed freedom of religion, speech, press, petition, & assembly; right to bear arms, protection against unreasonable searches & arrests, trial by jury, due process of law, and protection of property rights
Why did Calonne convene an "assembly of notables" in 1787?
he proposed a revamping of the fiscal & administrative system of the state and needed support; the gathering refused to cooperate
What did Napoleon do when he became bored on Elba?
he slipped back into France, and troops were sent to capture him, but none did; the troops went over to his side and Napoleon entered Paris in triumph
What did Napoleon do about the slave revolt?
he thought it represented the savage nature of blacks so he reinstated slavery in the French west Indian colonies and imprisoned L'Ouverture
What did Gracchus Babeuf want?
he was shocked by the misery of the common people and wanted to abolish private property & eliminate private enterprise; his Conspiracy of Equals was crushed & he was executed
Who did Napoleon decide to strike first?
his enemies - attacked Belgium
Throughout his Italian campaign, how did Napoleon win the confidence of his men?
his energy, charm, and ability to comprehend complex issues quickly and make decisions rapidly
Where was the most notorious act of violence?
in Nantes, where victims were executed by sinking them in barges in the Loire River
Where was the Terror at its most destructive?
in the Vendée
French Revolution (1789-1799)
institutions of the "old regime" were destroyed and a new order was created based on individual rights, representative institutions, and an idea of loyalty to the nation (not the monarch)
Declaration of Pillnitz
issued by Leopold & Frederick William which invited other European monarchs to help the king (failed)
What was the Commune's organized demonstration?
it invaded the National Convention, forced the arrest & execution of the leading Girondins, leaving the Mountain in control of the convention
What did Leftists hope would happen from the war with Austria?
it would unite the Revolution at home and spread it to all of Europe
What group did the National Convention turn against?
its radical Parisian supporters, executing the leaders of the Paris Commune
What did the Girondins want to happen to the king?
keep the king alive under arrest
What did Napoleon make his brother, Jerome?
king of the new German state of Westphalia
National gov't powers under Constitution
levy taxes, raise a national army, regulate domestic & foreign trade, and create national currency
What political group captured the king?
radical Parisian political groups
The Jacobins
radical group including elite, artisans, & tradespeople; started out as deputies forming clubs with Parisians; wanted to kill the king to save the Revolution; conducted a reign of terror
Treaty of Paris
recognized independence of the American colonies & granted Americans control of the western territory from Appalachians to Mississippi River
The Declaration of the Rights of Man & Citizen
reflected Enlightenment & American ideas; affirmed natural rights: *liberty, property, security, & resistance to oppression*, the destruction of aristocratic privileges, and restriction to the monarchy
Germaine de Staël
refused to accept Napoleon's growing despotism and wrote books denouncing Napoleon's rule as tyrannical, so Napoleon banned her books in France and exiled her to the German states
Legislative Assembly
representatives were men of property and had gained experience in the new revolutionary politics & prominence in their local areas through the National Guard, the Jacobin clubs, & the many elective offices
Who were victims of the Terror?
royalists, Marie Antoinette, Girondins leaders, Olympe de Gouges, thousands of peasants: 16,000 - (50,000) people were killed in 9 months by the guillotine
What did skilled artisans, shopkeepers, & other wage earners in cities (Third Estate) see?
saw consumer prices & rent rise faster than wages, formed mobs to protest high bread prices
What did people search for as fears of invasion grew?
scapegoats (people blamed the king, generals, outsiders, etc.)
What else did Napoleon do that showed his increasingly arbitrary despotism?
shut down newspapers, the gov't must approve publications, and mail was opened
Treaties of Tilsit
signed by Napoleon & the rulers of Prussia and Austria; ended the fighting and gave the French emperor the opportunity to create a new European order
What did the crowning of Napoleon as emperor provide?
stabilized the regime and provided a permanence not possible in the consulate
cahiers de doléances
statements of local grievances drafted throughout France during the elections to the Estates-General; advocated a regular constitutional gov't that would abolish the fiscal privileges of the church & nobility as the major way to regenerate the country
What was the most important code Napoleon did out of his 7 codes?
the *Civil Code* (aka Code Napoléon or Napoleonic Code)
What was the start of Nationalism?
the *Republic's army* because it was the first time an army was tied to a country or a movement of the people
Which monarchy was restored to France?
the Bourbons
What happened at Trafalgar?
the British navy decisively defeated a combined French-Spanish fleet
What old and implacable enemy of the Revolution did Napoleon make peace with?
the Catholic Church (Pope Pius VII)
What 2 things did the domestic policies of Napoleon involve?
the Church and the Code of Laws
Law of 14 Frimaire
the Committee of Public Safety sought to centralize the administration of France more effectively & to exercise greater control in order to check the excesses of the Reign of Terror
The Tennis Court Oath
the First Estate declared in favor of voting by order so the the Third Estate voted itself a "National Assembly." The First Estate locked the Third Estate out of meetings, so they went to a nearby tennis court and swore that they would continue to meet until they produced a French constitution
3 major parts of Napoleon's Grand Empire:
the French Empire, a series of dependent states (Spain, Netherlands, Italy, Swiss Republic, & the Grand Duchy of Warsaw, & the Confederation of the Rhine), and allied states (Prussia, Austria, & Russia)
What caused the financial problem?
the French parlements (13 law courts) failed to make reforms because Louis XIV forced them into submission; then they started defending the nobility & pushed their own interests
Who instituted the Reign of Terror to meet the domestic crisis?
the National Convention and Committee of Public Safety
Declaration of Independence
the Second Continental Congress approved a declaration of independence written by Thomas Jefferson on July 4, 1776; affirmed the Enlightenment's ideas of natural rights, *"life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness"*
Thermidorean Reaction
the Terror lessened, the National Convention curtailed the power of the Committee of Public Safety, shut down the Jacobin club, & attempted to provide better protection for its deputies against the Parisian mobs; churches were reopened and economic regulation was dropped
Who was Jacques Necker?
the assistant to Calonne and published an account of the French monarchy's finances
Prefects
the central gov'ts agents appointed by Napoleon and supervised local gov'ts & collected taxes
Who saved the Third Estate from the king's attempt to stop the Revolution?
the common people
What made it clear that a lot of equality had been lost?
the creation of a new aristocracy, the strong protection accorded to property rights, and the use of conscription for the military
What was the symbol of triumph over despotism?
the fall of the Bastille
Where was Napoleon first exiled to?
the island of *Elba*, off the coast of Tuscany
After they were escorted by the Parisian women with wagons of flour and guards' heads, who became prisoners of Paris?
the king & queen
Because of Napoleon's reforms, what do some historians view Napoleon as?
the last of the enlightened absolutists
What did the Directory have to rely on for its survival?
the military and control
Second Estate
the nobility, 350,000 people, owned 25%-30% of land, held leading positions in gov't, military, law courts, & higher church offices; also controlled heavy industry through investment/ownership of mining & metal enterprises; exempt from taxes too
What did Napoleon try to destroy in the inner core and dependent states of his Grand Empire?
the old order (nobility/clergy lost special privileges and he decreed equalities of opportunity)
Why did Napoleon's Grand Empire collapse so quickly?
the survival of Great Britain (b/c of its seapower) & the force of nationalism
What did Reactionaries hope would happen from the war with Austria?
they hoped it would cool off the Revolution because France would probably lose and might even lead to a restoration of the old regime
What did the National Assembly do about the king's flight?
they ignored it and pretended he had been kidnapped because they were afraid of the popular forces in Paris calling for a republic
What was one of the first acts of the National Assembly/Constituent Assembly?
to destroy the relics of feudalism/aristocratic privileges
Ségur Law
tried to limit the sale of military officerships to 4th-generation nobles, excluding newly enrolled members of the nobility
What were the goals of the nobility?
tried to their expand privileges at the expense of the monarchy & keep monopoly over positions in military, church, & gov't
Once Napoleon was commander of the French army, what were some of his victories?
victories over the Austrians and in the Italian campaign
What was Napoleon's education like?
was educated in France, and his military education led to his commission as a lieutenant
wealthy middle class (Third Estate)
was very similar to the nobility, many joined the nobility by obtaining public offices & entering the nobility of the robe; shared ideas of the Enlightenment & liberal political thought
