Elementary Surveying
Error
Defined as the difference between the true value and the measured value of quantity.
Instrumental Errors
Due to imperfections in the instruments used, either from faults in their construction or from improper adjustments between the different parts prior to their use.
Mistakes
Inaccuracies in measurements which occur because some aspect of surveying operation is performed by the surveyor with carelessness, inattention, poor judgement and improper execution.
Accuracy
Indicates how close a given measurement is to the absolute or true value of the quantity measured.
Direct Measurements
a comparison of the measured quantity with a standard measuring unit or units employed for measuring a quantity of that kind.
Sketches
a good sketch will help to convey a correct impression.
Tabulations
a series of numerical values observed in the field are best shown in a tabulated format.
may 20,1875
a treaty was signed in PARIS by representatives of 18 countries ( 13 from EUROPE, 4 FROM AMERICAN CONTINENT, 1 FROM MIDDLE EAST.) which created a permanent international bureau of weights and measures.
Forestry Surveys
a type of survey executed in connection with forest management and mensuration, and the production and conservation of forest lands.
Photogrammetric Surveys
a type of survey which makes use of photographs taken with specially designed cameras either from airplanes or ground stations.
telescope
accredited to lippershey in 1607
List of Equipment
all survey equipment used must be listed, including its make, brand and serial number.
Semicircumferentor
an early surveying instrument which was used to measure and lay off angle and establish lines of sight by employing peep sights.
Diopter
an instrument developed by Greeks sometime in 130 B.C., and known to be their most famous surveying instrument.
City Surveys
are surveys in the areas in and near a city for the purpose of planning expansions and improvements, locating property lines, fixing reference monuments, determing the physical features and configuration of the land, and preparing maps.
Geodetic Surveying
are surveys of wide extent which take into account the spheroidal shape of the earth.
Mine Surveys
are surveys which are performed to determine the position of all underground excavations and surface mine structures, to fix surface boundaries of mining claims, determine geological formations, to calculate excavated volumes, and establish lines and grades for other related mining work.
Sexagesimal Unit
are the degree, minute, and second.
Topographic Surveys
are those surveys made for determining the shape of the ground, and the location and elevation of natural and artificial features upon it.
Cadastral Surveys
are usually closed surveys which are undertaken in urban and rural locations for the purpose of determining and defining property lines and boundaries, corners, and areas.
conventional
book opens quite flat and that covers can be folded back against each other.
Compass
came into wide use during 13th century for determining the direction of lines and in calculating angles between lines.
cubic meter, liter, milliliter
common metric units for volume
Linear, Area, Volume Measurements
common units are kilometer, meter, square meter, liter and cubic meter.
km, m, cm, mm
common units for length
Astrolabe
considered to be the one of the best known of the measuring instrument that have come down from ancient times. Originally designed for determining the altitude of the stars.
chorobates
consisted of a horizontal straight edge about 6m long with supporting legs and a groove 2.5 cm deep and 1.5 m long on top.
merchet
consisted of a slotted palm leaf through which to sight and a bracket from which a plumb bot was suspended.
dioptra
consists of copper tube supported on a standard and could be rotated im either a horizontal or vertical plane
compass
consists of magnetized steel needle mounted on a pivot at the center of a graduated circle
ring type
consists of metal rings passing through perforations in the pages,
100 ares
convert 1 ha to ares
10 000sq m
convert 1 ha to sq m
Transit
credited to Young and Draper, known as the universal surveying instrument.
radian
defined as an angle subtended by an arc of a circle having a length equal to the radius of the circle
utility man
designated as driver when a survey vehicle ihs used.
Astrolabe
developed in 140 BC and further improved by Ptolemy
Time of Day and Date
document the notes and furnish a timetable, as well as to correlate different surveys.
explanatory notes
employed to make clear what the numerical data and sketches failed to do.
international meter
established as a direct result of treaty and was initially based on an iron meter bar standardized in Paris in 1799.v
merchet
first used by CHALDEANS in 4000 BC.
rule 2
for values less than one, zeroes immeadiately to the right of the decimal are NOT significant
Telescope
generally accredited to Lippershay and in 1609 Galileo constructed a reftracting one for astronomical observations.
KRYPTON
has atomic weight of 86
instrumentman
he also assists the technician inthe operation of electronic surveying equipment.
pacer
he assists the tapeman in seeing to it that mistakes and blunders in linear measurements are either reduced or eliminated. he also perform the job of rodman.
assistant chief of the party
he conducts ground reconnissance and investigates sites of a proposed project gather necessary data prior to the start of a survey work
chief of the party
he consults or confers with superiors regarding the project
surveyor
he designates the type, extent, and procedure of measurements to be undertaken.
head tapeman
he determines and directs the marking of stations to be occupied by the surveying instruments and directs the clearing out of obstructions along the line of sight.
recorder
he does clerical tasks related to surveying in the office and undertakes limited cartographic jobs
flagman
he helps the tapeman in making measurements and assists the axeman in cutting down branches and in clearing other obstructions to line of sight.
head tapeman
he inspects and compares tapes for standard length prior to their use kn taping operations and is responsible for eliminating or reducing possible errors and mistakes in taping
axeman
he is also responsible for the security and safety of the members of the survey party at the survey site.
assistant chief of the party
he is primarily responsible for the employment of surveying equipment, instruments and accessories used in the survey operation
flagman
he is responsible for setting up reflectors or targets
utility man
he is responsible for setting up the camp site and its required facilities.
chief of the party
he is responsible for submitting survey reports and records.he prepares cost estimates of survey projects and receives and disburses all cash expenses of the survey party
technician
he is responsible for the establishment of a two way communication link radio between members of the surveyparty and the home office
computer
he is responsible for the utilization of e-calculators, pockets or microcomputers, and assists in the operation of computerized surveying systems or equipment
recorder
he keeps table of schedules of all phases of work and the employmeny of the members of the survey party
utility man
he prepares and serves meals, and responsible for the handling and transporting of surveying equipment, accessories and supplies.
assistant chief of the party
he prepares field and office reports and survey plans for submission to the chief of party.
instrumentman
he sees to it that instruments to be used in a survey operation are in good working condition and in proper adjustments
assistant chief of the party
he takes over the duties of the chief of party during the absence of the chief.
instrumentman
he works in coordination and as a part of an instrument party and exercises limited supervision over personnel doing manual tasks
technician
his duty to see to it that equipments are functioning properly, are regularly calibrated and are in proper adjustment.
surveyor
his role is to design a survey then plan out and execute the required field operations
table of contents
important requirement at the beginning of the field notebook to allow easy referencing of desired data
centesimal units
in this system, the circumference is divided into 400grads
indirect measurement
in this type of measurement the observed value is determined by its relationship to some other known values.
Title of the field work time of day and date weather conditions names of group members and their designation list of equipment
information found in field notebooks
meter
international unit of linear measure
Route Surveys
involves the determination of alignment, grades, earthwork quantities, location of natural and artificial objects in connection with the planning, design, and construction of highways, railroads, pipelines, canals, transmission lines, and other linear projects.
Vernier
is a short auxiliary scale placed alongside the graduated scale of an instrument, by means of which fractional parts of the smallest or least division of the main scale can be determined precisely without having to interpolate.
Plane Surveying
is that type of surveying in which the earth is considered to be a flat surface, and where distances and areas involved are of limited extent that the exact shape of the earth is disregarded.
Surveying (Webster)
is the branch of applied mathematics which teaches the art of determining the area of any portion of the earth's surface, the length and directions of the boundary lines, the contour of the surface, and accurately delineating the whole on paper.
field notes
it become the official record of the survey.
roman groma
it consisted of cross arms fixed at right angles and pivoted eccentrically upon a vertical staff.
surveying field notes
it constitute the only reliable and permanent record of actual work done in the field.
libella
it had an A frame with a plumb line suspended from its apex and was used to determine the horizontal
Astrolabe
it has a metal circle with a pointer hinged at its center and held by a ring at the yop and a cross staff, a wooden rod about 1.25m long with an adjustable crossarm at right angles to it.
levelbook
it has both pages ruled in columns and has wider horizontal spacing than the field book.
significant figures
it includes the number of certain digits plus one digit that is estimated and therefore questionable or uncertain.
accuracy
it is always aided by methodical apportionment and classification of data.
ROMAN EMPIRE
it is being believed that an extensive use of surveying instruments came about during the early days of _________
meter
it is defined 1/10000000 of the earth's meridional quadrant
degree
it is defined as 1/360th of a circle and equals to 60mins
meter
it is defined as the distance between two lines engraved across the surface of a bar with n x shaped cross section, composed of 90% PLATINUM and 10%IRIDIUM, when the temperature of the bar is 0°C
grad
it is divided into 100centesimal units or 0.9 °
meter
it is redefined as a length equal to 1,650,763.73 wavelengths of the orange red light produced by burning the element KRYPTON at a specified energy level in the sprectrum
measurement
it is the process of determining the extent size or dimensions of a particular quantity in comparison to a given standard.
rounding off a value
it is the process of dropping one or more o the final digits so that the value contains only the significant figures required for further computation or for potraying the final results.
steradian
it is the supplementary unit of a solid angle
INTERNATIONAL SYSTEM OF UNITS.
it is to modernize the metric system by introducing a coherent and rational worldwide system of units.
movement
it is underway to standardize and simplify units of measurement throughout the world.
International Bureau in Sevres
it is where the original international meter bar was deposited.
length
it may refer to other linear dimensions such as width, depth, thickness, height and distance.
field notes
it maybe used as evidence
care
it must also be taken to prevent picking up figures during conputations which lead to a final result containing more significant figures than the precision of original measurements.
flexibility
it must be adapted in field surveying
field notes
it must contain all necessary information and the data recorded.
tabulations
it prevents mistakes, allows easy checking, saves time, makes the calculation legible to others, and simplifies the work of the person checking the field notes
International Bureau in Sevres
it took care of the prototype standards of the meter and was given the task to periodically compare and calibrate the primary standards of the participating countries which was grown to 35members in 1954.
vernier
it was invented in 1632 by Pierre Vernier.
diopter
it was used for leveling, laying off right angles, and for measuring horizontal and vertical angles.
December 1978
metric conversion or change over was signed into law by PRESIDENT FERDINAND MARCOS.
looseleaf
most populat notebook and are available in single and double sheets.
Geodetic Survey
mostly undertaken by government agencies to serve as basis for the production of accurate base and topographic maps..
Names of Group Members and Their Designations
necessary for documentation purposes and other future reference.
cm and mm
not commonly used and are suitable for small dimensions needed in laboratories where very precise but minute measurements are required.
Plane Table
one of the oldest types of surveying instruments used in field mapping. Consists of a tripod so that it can be leveled or rotated in any direction.
Dioptra
perfected by Heron of Alexandria, was used in leveling and measuring horizontal and vertical angles.
deca
10
hecto
100
Gunter's Chain
66 ft long and contains 100 links which measure 0.66 ft or 7.92 in long each
Accidental Errors
Purely accidental in character. The occurrence of such errors are matters of chance as they are likely to be positive or negative.
Names of Group Members and Their Designations
the chief of party, instrumentman, tapeman, and other members of the survey party must be identified.
january 1, 1983
the english system was faced out in philippines and only the modern metric system was allowed to be used.
Centesimal Unit
the grad is the angular unit.
october 1960
the meter was redefined at the 11TH GENERAL CONFERENCE ON WEIGHTS AND MEASURES and agreed upon by 36 countriesm
Title of the Field Work or Name of Project
the official name of the project or title of the field work should always be identified.
Chief of Party
the person who is responsible for the overall direction, supervision, and operational control of the survey party.
Assitant Chief of Party
the person whose duty is to assist the chief of party in the accomplishment of the task assigned to the survey party.
Axeman/Lineman
the person whose duty is to clear the line of sight of trees, brush and other obstructions in wooden country.
Flagman
the person whose duty is to hold the flagpole or range pole at selected points as directed by instrumentman.
Recorder
the person whose duty is to keep a record of all sketches, drawings, measurements and observations taken or needed for a field work operation.
Computer
the person whose duty is to perform all computations of survey data and works out necessary computational checks required in a field work operation.
Instrumentman
the person whose duty is to set up, level and operate surveying instruments.
Rodman
the person whose primary duty is to hold the stadia or leveling rod when sights are to be taken on it.
Surveying (Brinker and Wolf)
the science and art of determining relative positions of points above, on, or beneath the surface of the earth, or establishing such points.
Surveying (Breed, Hosmer, and Bone)
the science or art of making such measurements as are necessary to determine the relative position of points above, on, or beneath the surface of the earth, or to establish such points.
computations
these are made algebraically by the use of simple arithmetical steps and trigonometric functions.
sketches
these are rarely made to exact scale but in most cases they are nade approximately to scale. drawn freehand
Construction Surveys
these are surveys which are undertaken at a construction site to provide data regarding grades, reference lines, dimensions, ground configuration, and the location and elevation of structures which are of concern to engineers, architects, and builders.
explanatory notes
they are placed on the right hand pageof the fieldnotebook in the same line with numerical data that they explain
International Bureau in Sevres
they carried research to improve the standards and methods of measuremen5.
USA
this country has started to adopt the international system of units although with great hesitation.
Geodetic Surveying
this employ principles of geodesy and of high precision, and the related calculations involve the solving of equations derived from advanced mathematics.
conventional, ring, loose leaf
three ways of field notebook
sketches, tabulations, explanatory notes, computations combination of the above
types of notes
cadastral, city, construction, forestry, hydrographic, industrial, mine, photographic, route,topographic
types of surveys
square meter
units for area
meter
units for linear measure
radian
units for plane angles
cubic meter
units for volumes
transit
universal surveying instrument
cubic meters
used for larger volumes which are common in engineering constructions and in measuring various quantities in surveying
km
used for long distance and in measuring the sides of large tracts of land
hectares
used for measurement of large tracts of land.
combination of the above
used in most extensive surveys and used to determine which type would be most logical to use
tabulation
used in most leveling operations
field notes
used or referred to by office personnel who have not seen the field site..
meter
used to measure objects
Merchet
was a device for measuring time and meridian.
Indirect Measurements
when it is not possible to apply a measuring instrument directly to a quantity to be measured.
digit is equal to 5
when the digit to be dropped is exactly 5, the nearest even number is used for the preceeding digit.
digit is greater than 5
when the digit to be dropped is greater than 5, the number is written with the preceeding digit increased by one.
digit is less than 5
when the digit to be dropped is less than 5, the number is written without the digit.
Gunter's Chain
which was invented by Sir Edmund Gunter in 1620, was the forerunner of instruments used for taping distances.
Rule 1
zeroes betwèen other significant figures are significant.
rule 3
zeroes placed at the end of decimal numbers are significant.
Plane/Geodetic Surveys
TWO GENERAL CLASSIFICATION OF SURVEYING
Chorobates
This instrument was designed for leveling work.
nano
0. 000 000 001
micro
0.000 001
milli
0.0001
centi
0.001
deci
0.1
kilo
1 000
mega
1 000 000
Personal Errors
Arise principally from limitations of the senses of sight, touch and hearing of the human observer which are likely to be erroneous or inaccurate.
Computations
Calculations of one kind or another form a large part of the work of surveying.
Natural Errors
Caused by variations in the phenomena of nature such as changes in magnetic declination, temperature, humidity, wind, refraction and gravity and curvature of the Earth.
Systematic Errors
Is one which will always have the same sign and magnitude as long as field conditions remain constant and unchanged.
Precision
Refers to the degree of refinement and consistency with which any physical measurement is made.
Roman Groma
Roman surveyors used the it as an instrument for aligning or sighting points.
Angular Measurement
SI unit for plane angles is the radian.
Libella
Used first by Assyrians and Egyptians, archeologists believed that the horizontal foundations of the great pyramids of Egypt were probably defined by this device.
Rear Tapeman
person whose duty is to assist the head tapeman during taping operations and in other related.
Pacer
person whose duty is to check all linear measurements made by the tapeman.
Aidman
person whose duty is to render first aid treatment to members of the survey party who are involved in snake and insect bites, accidents, and other cases.
Utilitymen
persons whose duties are to render other forms of assistance needed by the survey party or as directed by the chief of party.
International Bureau of weights and measures
promulgated in 1960 the INTERNATIONAL SYSTEM OF UNITS.
meter
proposed by french scientists who hoped to establish a system suitable for all times and all peoples and which could be based upon permanent natural standards.
Explanatory Notes
provide a written description of what has been done in the field.
Hydrographic Surveys
refer to surveying streams, lakes, reservoirs, harbors, oceans, and other bodies of water.
chief of party
responsible for its logistical and technical requirements, and problems of a field survey operation.
Head Tapeman
responsible for the accuracy and speed of all linear measurements with tape.
Technician
responsible for use and operation of all electronic instruments required in a field work operation.
Industrial Surveys
sometimes known as optical tooling. It refers to the use of surveying techniques in ship building, construction and assembly of aircraft, lay-out and installation of heavy and complex machinery, and in other industries where very accurate dimensional layouts are required.
Weather Conditions
temperature, wind velocity, typhoons, storms, and other weather conditions have a decided effect upon accuracy in surveying operations.
Surveying (Rayner and Schmidt)
the art of determining the positions of points on or near the earth's surface by means of measurements in the three elements of space; namely, distance, direction and elevation.
Surveying (Clarke)
the art of making such measurements of the relative positions of points on the surface of the earth that, on drawing them to scale, natural and artificial features maybe exhibited in their correct horizontal or vertical relationships.
Surveying (Davis, Foote, Anderson, and Mikhail)
the art of measuring horizontal and vertical distances between objects, of measuring angles between lines, of determining the direction of lines, and of establishing points by predetermined angular and linear measurements.