Endocrine System

Since the hormone can't enter the cell, what chemical serves as the second messenger for the hormone?

cAMP

Aldosterone promotes the homeostasis of ions by causing the kidneys to __________.

conserve sodium and excrete potassium

With age, levels of GH _________ and levels of ADH __________.

decrease; increase

As a result of the general stress response, blood concentrations of epinephrine __________ and blood concentrations of cortisol _________.

increase; increase

The pancreatic hormones function together to stabilize blood glucose concentration through a negative feedback mechanism. The pancreatic hormone __________ lowers blood glucose levels, while __________ raises blood glucose levels

insulin; glucagon

Elevated blood glucose concentration and type I diabetes is a result of __________ secretion of this hormone.

under (hypo-)

What stimulates the release of hormones from the adrenal cortex?

Adrenocorticotropic hormone

Which organs are also components of the endocrine system because, in addition to other functions, they produce hormones?

Reproductive organs Digestive tract Gallbladder and appendix

What do nerve fibers in the posterior lobe of the pituitary gland secrete?

Antidiuretic hormone

A 78-year-old male takes human growth hormone supplements to regain the strength of his youth. Why might he be disappointed with the results?

Because GH decreases fat and increases muscle mass, but does not improve strength.

How does a nonsteroid hormone effect change in a target cell?

By causing synthesis of a second messenger

What is the correct order of hormones released during a stress response (general adaptation syndrome)?

CRH → ACTH → cortisol

Kristin discovers a lump in her neck. Upon examination, her physician determines it's a tumor of the thyroid and performs a complete removal. Which of the following is a hormone Kristin will need to be supplemented with?

Cholecalciferol

What is the action of insulin?

Decreases concentration of blood glucose

The use of erythropoietin (EPO) is banned for use by Olympic and professional ahtletes. Why would an athlete what to take EPO?

EPO increases the number of red blood cells.

What hormone is released in response to low oxygen levels in the blood due to low red blood cell count?

Erythropoietin

Which of the following is a physiological stressor?

Extreme heat

A peptide hormone can enter the cell directly.

False

Aldosterone, a hormone made from cholesterol, has its receptors on the cell membrane.

False

Both steroid and protein hormones have their cell receptors in the same area of the cell.

False

Steroid hormones bind directly to the DNA.

False

A female patient is experiencing a hormonal imbalance that results in low estrogen production, causing her to skip menstrual periods and not to ovulate. Which of the following is most likely the imbalanced hormone?

Follicle-stimulating hormone

Which of the following are mechanisms of action of growth hormone and insulin-like growth factors? Check all that apply.GH makes less glucose available for glycogen synthesis and storage.

GH makes less glucose available for glycogen synthesis and storage. GH enhances amino acid transport into cells; and to ensure that protein synthesis outpaces breakdown, it suppresses protein catabolism. GH stimulates adipocytes to catabolize fat and to release fatty acids and glycerol into the blood, providing energy for growing tissues. GH makes it necessary for cells to metabolize proteins.

Decreasing levels of which hormone are associated with the declining strength that occurs with aging in the skeletal and muscular systems?

Growth hormone

What hormone released from the endocrine gland would result in stimulation of growth of bone tissue?

Growth hormone

Which of the following hormones are produced by the anterior pituitary? (Select all that apply)

Growth hormone (GH) Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)

What are tropic hormones?

Hormones that stimulate other endocrine glands

What organ controls the response to stress, called the general adaptation syndrome?

Hypothalamus

Where are hormones secreted by the posterior pituitary synthesized?

Hypothalamus

Where is the thymus gland located?

In the mediastinum

Would this patient's symptoms be due to an increase or decrease in hormone secretion?

Increase in secretion

What hormone is associated with type 1 diabetes?

Insulin

What is the purpose of the hormone-receptor complex moving into the nucleus?

It will cause transcription of the DNA.

What hormone is secreted by the pineal gland?

Melatonin

In addition to a drop in blood calcium concentration, identify another symptom of hypoparathyroidism.

Muscle cramps

Which of the following describes an example of how hormones are regulated?

One hormone stimulates the release of another hormone.

What endocrine gland secretes this hormone?

Pancreas

Which type of secretion enters the interstitial fluid and affects neighboring cells in the same tissue?

Paracrine secretion

What gland produces melatonin?

Pineal gland

What gland releases ACTH?

Pituitary gland

Which of the following glands is found in the brain?

Pituitary gland

Which of these glands are found in the brain?

Pituitary gland

The hypothalamus uses nervous stimulation to control the secretion of hormones from which gland?

Posterior pituitary

What is the final effect of the steroid hormone activation of the cell?

Productions of proteins

What can cause upregulation of a target cell's receptors?

Prolonged decreased concentration of a hormone

Epinephrine is a hormone that can't cross the plasma membrane. What classification of hormone is it?

Protein or amine

What must be present for any type of hormone to be able to act on a target cell?

Protein receptors

Which of the following are functions of the endocrine system? (Click all that apply.)

Regulates water and electrolyte balance Delivers oxygen Regulates metabolism Controls reproduction and development Provides structure Regulates growth

Match the gland with the location in the body where it is found.

Sits on top of a kidney - Adrenal gland Found in the pelvis - Ovaries Attached to the small intestines - Pancreas Found in the neck - Thyroid gland Found in the brain - Pituitary gland

Parathryoid hormone is released when blood calcium levels are low. What body systems does the parathyroid hormone target? Check all that apply

Skeletal system

Which of the following chemical classification of hormones is derived from cholesterol?

Steroids

What is the action of ACTH?

Stimulate the release of hormones from the adrenal cortex

How do the hormones T3 and T4 differ?

T4 is converted to T3 in peripheral tissues.

What makes a cell a target cell for a hormone?

Target cells have specific receptors for the hormone.

Identify the ways in which the anterior pituitary differs from the posterior pituitary. Check all the apply.

The anterior pituitary is also known as the adenohypophysis. The posterior pituitary secretes gonadotropins. The anterior pituitary is stimulated by the hypothalamus via hormones that travel through the hypophyseal portal system. Oxytocin is secreted by the anterior pituitary.

If the ACTH stimulation test is positive for Addison disease, what is expected to happen to blood levels of cortisol one hour after the ACTH injection?

The cortisol levels will be unchanged.

Declining levels of which hormone(s) is/are associated with the increased susceptibility to infections that occurs with aging?

Thymosin

What hormone is involved with the development of immunity?

Thymosin

An increase in the body's metabolic rate is the primary effect of what hormone?

Thyroid hormone

Match each hormone with its action.

Thyroxine - Affects metabolic processes to increase energy & growth Calcitonin - Decreases calcium & phosphate levels in blood Parathyroid hormone - Increases calcium & phosphate levels in blood Epinephrine & norepinephrine - Actions are similar to the sympathetic response Aldosterone - Regulates electrolytes in the blood Cortisol - Affects glucose metabolism Adrenal androgens - Supplements the major sex hormones Insulin - Decrease blood glucose levels, increases anabolic processes Glucagon - Increases blood glucose levels, increases catabolic processes

What is a function of hormones?

To stimulate growth, reproduction, and development

A steroid hormone enters a cell directly.

True

Endocrine disorders can be due to an inability of a gland to make hormones.

True

Excess or insufficient secretion of a hormone can result in inability to maintain homeostasis.

True

Once in the interstitial fluid, the only thing a hormone can affect is a target cell.

True

The activation of intracellular proteins in the cell is the action of a peptide hormone.

True

Growth hormone signals the release of IGF-1 from the __________.

liver

What codes for the synthesis of proteins?

mRNA

Secretions that affect only nearby cells are termed _________.

paracrine