Endocrine System
Since the hormone can't enter the cell, what chemical serves as the second messenger for the hormone?
cAMP
Aldosterone promotes the homeostasis of ions by causing the kidneys to __________.
conserve sodium and excrete potassium
With age, levels of GH _________ and levels of ADH __________.
decrease; increase
As a result of the general stress response, blood concentrations of epinephrine __________ and blood concentrations of cortisol _________.
increase; increase
The pancreatic hormones function together to stabilize blood glucose concentration through a negative feedback mechanism. The pancreatic hormone __________ lowers blood glucose levels, while __________ raises blood glucose levels
insulin; glucagon
Elevated blood glucose concentration and type I diabetes is a result of __________ secretion of this hormone.
under (hypo-)
What stimulates the release of hormones from the adrenal cortex?
Adrenocorticotropic hormone
Which organs are also components of the endocrine system because, in addition to other functions, they produce hormones?
Reproductive organs Digestive tract Gallbladder and appendix
What do nerve fibers in the posterior lobe of the pituitary gland secrete?
Antidiuretic hormone
A 78-year-old male takes human growth hormone supplements to regain the strength of his youth. Why might he be disappointed with the results?
Because GH decreases fat and increases muscle mass, but does not improve strength.
How does a nonsteroid hormone effect change in a target cell?
By causing synthesis of a second messenger
What is the correct order of hormones released during a stress response (general adaptation syndrome)?
CRH → ACTH → cortisol
Kristin discovers a lump in her neck. Upon examination, her physician determines it's a tumor of the thyroid and performs a complete removal. Which of the following is a hormone Kristin will need to be supplemented with?
Cholecalciferol
What is the action of insulin?
Decreases concentration of blood glucose
The use of erythropoietin (EPO) is banned for use by Olympic and professional ahtletes. Why would an athlete what to take EPO?
EPO increases the number of red blood cells.
What hormone is released in response to low oxygen levels in the blood due to low red blood cell count?
Erythropoietin
Which of the following is a physiological stressor?
Extreme heat
A peptide hormone can enter the cell directly.
False
Aldosterone, a hormone made from cholesterol, has its receptors on the cell membrane.
False
Both steroid and protein hormones have their cell receptors in the same area of the cell.
False
Steroid hormones bind directly to the DNA.
False
A female patient is experiencing a hormonal imbalance that results in low estrogen production, causing her to skip menstrual periods and not to ovulate. Which of the following is most likely the imbalanced hormone?
Follicle-stimulating hormone
Which of the following are mechanisms of action of growth hormone and insulin-like growth factors? Check all that apply.GH makes less glucose available for glycogen synthesis and storage.
GH makes less glucose available for glycogen synthesis and storage. GH enhances amino acid transport into cells; and to ensure that protein synthesis outpaces breakdown, it suppresses protein catabolism. GH stimulates adipocytes to catabolize fat and to release fatty acids and glycerol into the blood, providing energy for growing tissues. GH makes it necessary for cells to metabolize proteins.
Decreasing levels of which hormone are associated with the declining strength that occurs with aging in the skeletal and muscular systems?
Growth hormone
What hormone released from the endocrine gland would result in stimulation of growth of bone tissue?
Growth hormone
Which of the following hormones are produced by the anterior pituitary? (Select all that apply)
Growth hormone (GH) Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)
What are tropic hormones?
Hormones that stimulate other endocrine glands
What organ controls the response to stress, called the general adaptation syndrome?
Hypothalamus
Where are hormones secreted by the posterior pituitary synthesized?
Hypothalamus
Where is the thymus gland located?
In the mediastinum
Would this patient's symptoms be due to an increase or decrease in hormone secretion?
Increase in secretion
What hormone is associated with type 1 diabetes?
Insulin
What is the purpose of the hormone-receptor complex moving into the nucleus?
It will cause transcription of the DNA.
What hormone is secreted by the pineal gland?
Melatonin
In addition to a drop in blood calcium concentration, identify another symptom of hypoparathyroidism.
Muscle cramps
Which of the following describes an example of how hormones are regulated?
One hormone stimulates the release of another hormone.
What endocrine gland secretes this hormone?
Pancreas
Which type of secretion enters the interstitial fluid and affects neighboring cells in the same tissue?
Paracrine secretion
What gland produces melatonin?
Pineal gland
What gland releases ACTH?
Pituitary gland
Which of the following glands is found in the brain?
Pituitary gland
Which of these glands are found in the brain?
Pituitary gland
The hypothalamus uses nervous stimulation to control the secretion of hormones from which gland?
Posterior pituitary
What is the final effect of the steroid hormone activation of the cell?
Productions of proteins
What can cause upregulation of a target cell's receptors?
Prolonged decreased concentration of a hormone
Epinephrine is a hormone that can't cross the plasma membrane. What classification of hormone is it?
Protein or amine
What must be present for any type of hormone to be able to act on a target cell?
Protein receptors
Which of the following are functions of the endocrine system? (Click all that apply.)
Regulates water and electrolyte balance Delivers oxygen Regulates metabolism Controls reproduction and development Provides structure Regulates growth
Match the gland with the location in the body where it is found.
Sits on top of a kidney - Adrenal gland Found in the pelvis - Ovaries Attached to the small intestines - Pancreas Found in the neck - Thyroid gland Found in the brain - Pituitary gland
Parathryoid hormone is released when blood calcium levels are low. What body systems does the parathyroid hormone target? Check all that apply
Skeletal system
Which of the following chemical classification of hormones is derived from cholesterol?
Steroids
What is the action of ACTH?
Stimulate the release of hormones from the adrenal cortex
How do the hormones T3 and T4 differ?
T4 is converted to T3 in peripheral tissues.
What makes a cell a target cell for a hormone?
Target cells have specific receptors for the hormone.
Identify the ways in which the anterior pituitary differs from the posterior pituitary. Check all the apply.
The anterior pituitary is also known as the adenohypophysis. The posterior pituitary secretes gonadotropins. The anterior pituitary is stimulated by the hypothalamus via hormones that travel through the hypophyseal portal system. Oxytocin is secreted by the anterior pituitary.
If the ACTH stimulation test is positive for Addison disease, what is expected to happen to blood levels of cortisol one hour after the ACTH injection?
The cortisol levels will be unchanged.
Declining levels of which hormone(s) is/are associated with the increased susceptibility to infections that occurs with aging?
Thymosin
What hormone is involved with the development of immunity?
Thymosin
An increase in the body's metabolic rate is the primary effect of what hormone?
Thyroid hormone
Match each hormone with its action.
Thyroxine - Affects metabolic processes to increase energy & growth Calcitonin - Decreases calcium & phosphate levels in blood Parathyroid hormone - Increases calcium & phosphate levels in blood Epinephrine & norepinephrine - Actions are similar to the sympathetic response Aldosterone - Regulates electrolytes in the blood Cortisol - Affects glucose metabolism Adrenal androgens - Supplements the major sex hormones Insulin - Decrease blood glucose levels, increases anabolic processes Glucagon - Increases blood glucose levels, increases catabolic processes
What is a function of hormones?
To stimulate growth, reproduction, and development
A steroid hormone enters a cell directly.
True
Endocrine disorders can be due to an inability of a gland to make hormones.
True
Excess or insufficient secretion of a hormone can result in inability to maintain homeostasis.
True
Once in the interstitial fluid, the only thing a hormone can affect is a target cell.
True
The activation of intracellular proteins in the cell is the action of a peptide hormone.
True
Growth hormone signals the release of IGF-1 from the __________.
liver
What codes for the synthesis of proteins?
mRNA
Secretions that affect only nearby cells are termed _________.
paracrine
