Endocrine System

The following is a list of events involved in the activation of a cell by a steroid hormone. which of the following answers best represent the order in which the steps occur?

43251

What determines whether a cell will respond to a specific hormone

A cell must possess specific receptors for the hormone

If a gene is activated by a hormone what is the most likely chain of events

A strand of mRNA is transcribed in the nucleus it leaves the nucleus and cytoplasm the message is translated into a new proteins

Which disorder results from the excessive secretion of growth hormone in an adult

Acromegaly

The thymus produces two peptides that function to

Aid in the maturation of t lymphocytes

The anterior pituitary gland produces

All of the above

If diabetes is left untreated which of the following to develop as a result

All of the above are correct

Which of the following is true regarding estrogen and progesterone

All of the above are correct

____ are the main male hormones

Androgens

What hormone promotes water retention by the kidneys?

Antidiuretic hormone ADH

Receptors for non-steroid hormones are located in

Association with a cells plasma membrane

A goiter results from low dietary iodine levels

Because thyroxine cannot be made which results in high levels of TSH

Which hormone opposes the action of parathyroid hormone?

Calcitonin

All steroid hormones are synthesized from

Cholesterol

Which glucocorticoid hormone produced by the adrenal glands has anti-inflammatory effects

Cortisol

Hyposecretion of ADH results in

Diabetes insipidus

Insufficient production of growth hormone by the anterior pituitary may result in

Dwarfism

Which hormone can bring about a fight or flight response similar to that of the sympathetic nervous system

Epinephrine

Which of these hormones are responsible for the fight or flight response to danger

Epinephrine and norepinephrine

An individual driving through the neighborhood suddenly jams on his car brakes to avoid hitting a child who runs into the road after a ball. A few seconds later the driver finds that he is shaking and his heart is pounding. This is primarily due to the secretion of

Epinephrine from the adrenal medulla

Which of these is a nonsteroid hormone?

Epinephrine in Oxytocin

A deficiency of which hormone secreted by the kidneys would result in anemia?

Erythropoietin

Which of these extracellular signal molecules can diffuse through the plasma membrane and bind to an intracellular receptor

Estrogen

The most accurate statement about FSH is

FSH is produced in the anterior pituitary and stimulates both sperm production and egg development

A characteristic that sets the endocrine system apart from the nervous system as a communication system is that endocrine control tends to be faster than nervous control

False

Addison's disease results when the body overproduces cortisol and aldosterone

False

Antidiuretic hormone ADH decreases the amount of water absorbed by the kidneys and increases the volume of urine output

False

Epinephrine and norepinephrine secreted by the adrenal gland enhance the response of the parasympathetic nervous system

False

In order for all hormones to cause a response they must first bind to an appropriate receptor on the target cells membrane

False

Insulin helps regulate blood sugar levels by stimulating the release of glucose from glycogen stores

False

Lactation is stimulated by the hormone LH

False

The alpha Beta and Delta cells located in the islets of Langerhans of the thyroid produce three different hormones that are important in the regulation of sodium and potassium levels of the blood

False

The hormone ACTH stimulates hormone production by the adrenal medulla.

False

The responsiveness of cells to calcitonin increases as an individual ages; maximum responsiveness occurs in elderly individuals as a mechanism to improve the stability and strength of bones

False

The secretion of TSH by the anterior pituitary gland stimulates the Thymus to secrete Thymosin

False

The secretion of melatonin by the pineal gland is much greater during the day and during the night

False

The secretion of oxytocin during childbirth stimulates ADH release by the anterior pituitary gland

False

All of the following hormones are secreted by organs of the digestive system indirectly regulate digestive processes except

Glucagon

Which of the following hormone combinations have opposing activity and effects

Glucagon - insulin

Adrenocorticotropic hormone triggers the release of ____ in response to stress

Glucocorticoids

FSH is a hormone important to the proper functioning of the ovary. This hormone will not be released from the anterior pituitary until ____ is released from the hypothalamus.

GnRH

Agromegaly is caused by hyper secretion of ___ hormone in adults

Growth

When a hormone binds to receptors the resulting molecule is called an

Hormone receptor complex

Endocrine products are a class of molecules called

Hormones

The structure that controls hormone released by both the anterior pituitary and the posterior pituitary is the

Hypothalamus

Which of these glands secretes releasing hormones?

Hypothalamus

A student just finished a delicious breakfast of pancakes with syrup orange juice and danish pastries. Because his blood sugar level has increased the pancreas will secrete

Insulin

Uptake of blood glucose by liver cells is stimulated by

Insulin

Which of the following is required in the diet in order for active thyroid hormones to be produced

Iodine

Luteinizing hormone is considered a gonadotrophic because

It promotes growth every productive organs in both males and females

The most accurate statement about LH is

LH is produced in the anterior pituitary and stimulates both testosterone production and ovulation

Which hormone stimulates hormone production by the ovaries and testes?

Luteinizing hormone lh

The pineal gland secretes ____ also known as the hormone of darkness

Melatonin

Hormones important in maintaining homeostasis are generally part of a ____ feedback loop

Negative

How do nonsteroid hormones differ from steroid hormones?

Nonsteroid hormones act via signal transduction pathways; steroid hormones do not act to be a signal transduction pathways

Diabetes type ___ occurs when the pancreas cannot produce enough insulin

One

From which part of the pituitary are the hypothalamus hormones released

Posterior pituitary

Which hormone stimulates milk production?

Prolactin

Cortisol is a glucocorticoid that helps maintain blood glucose levels by

Promoting that utilization

Insulin helps regulate blood sugar at homeostatic levels by

Promoting the entry of glucose into cells

Blood calcium levels will increase under the influence of ____ and decrease under the influence of ___

Pth and calcitonin

The effect of parathyroid hormone is to ____ blood calcium levels

Raise

Nonsteroid hormones require a ____ on the cell surface to communicate with cells

Receptor

When considering receptors for hormone molecules we can say that in general

Receptors for lipid soluble hormones are inside the cell whereas receptors for lipid insoluble hormones are on or in the cell membrane

Which type of hormone is most likely to react with and activate a portion of a DNA molecule

Steroid

Which of the following hormone types enters the target cells, activates genes ,and brings about the synthesis of new proteins

Steroid hormones

Hormones are specific to particular tissues because

Target tissues display the appropriate receptor for a particular hormone

Steroid hormone receptor complexes at in

The nucleus

How do releasing hormones travel from the hypothalamus to the anterior pituitary gland

They are released near blood vessels the capillary bed in the hypothalamus Travel a short distance and diffuse out around the cells of the anterior pituitary

Nonsteroid hormones differ from steroid hormones in that

They bind to a receptor on the outer surface of the cell membrane

The primary reason steroid hormones usually act slowly is that

They turn genes on or off and it takes time for gene products to build up or become depleted

The action of nonsteroid hormones often results in conversion of ATP to cyclic Amp, which then functions

To initiate a cascade of enzyme activations

An increase in thyroxine secretion increases the basal metabolic rate

True

Atrial natriuretic hormone is secreted by the heart and helps to regulate blood pressure

True

During fasting cortisol promotes utilization of fats by stimulating the conversion of proteins to amino acids in muscle

True

Medically, cortisol May be administered to help relieve inflammation

True

Nonsteroid hormones bind to a receptor on the cell membrane of the target cells but do not actually enter the target cells

True

Somatostatin functions to inhibit both insulin and Glucogen

True

Steroid hormones bind to receptors in the nucleus to activate or deactivate genes

True

Steroid hormones typically move across the cell and nuclear membranes to bind to receptors in the nucleus

True

The levels of potassium and sodium in the body Are regulated primarily by the hormone aldosterone

True

The number of cases of type two diabetes is increasing mainly due to an increase in three major risk factors obesity insufficient exercise and unhealthy diets

True

The thyroid glands secrete calcitonin

True

Type one diabetes results from lack of production of insulin and type two diabetes results from insensitivity of the body's cells to insulin

True

When the amount of thyroxine in the body increases the basal metabolic rate of the body also increases

True

Thyroxine is released from the thyroid gland in response to. The presence of

Tsh

The incidence of which of the following endocrine disorders is increasing most rapidly?

Type 2 diabetes

When oxytocin is released during childbirth the hormone targets cells in the

Uterus

Which of the following statements could be the best way to describe or define the concept of the second messenger

When the binding of the hormone to a membrane receptor the first messenger activates another molecule within the cell often cyclic AMP that activated molecule is the second messenger