Endocrine system ch. 9
anterior lobe
"Master gland" Pituitary gland Controlled by hormonal regulation from the hypothalamus. also called adenophysis
insulin
hormone secreted by the pancreatic islets of the pancreas to lower blood glucose levels.
primary endocrine glands
those that produce and secrete hormones as their primary purpose. pineal gland, pituitary gland, thyroid gland, parathyroid gland, thymus gland, adrenal gland, pancreas, ovaries and testes.
adrenal sex hormones
tiny levels of sex hormones secreted by the adrenal glands.
Hyposecretion
too little hormone secretion
hypersecretion
too much hormone secretion
adrenal glands
two glands that sit above the kidneys. Divided into the adrenal cortex and adrenal medulla.
chemical thyroidectomy
use of radioactive iodine to destroy the thyroid gland instead of surgical removal.
hypothalamus
A portion of the forebrain that controls homeostatic and endocrine functions by controlling the release of pituitary hormones.
hormones
Chemical messengers secreted by the endocrine glands capable of altering the activity of organs.
diabetes mellitus type 1
DM1. hyposecretion of insulin. Also called Insulin dependent diabetes mellitus because its treatment requires insulin injections.
diabetes mellitus type 2
DM2 when the cells of the body fail to respond to insulin, causing the pancreas to secrete more and more insulin. Also called non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus because insulin injections are not part of treatment.
Addison's disease
Hypersecretion of adrenal cortex hormones, especially aldosterone and/or cortisol.
gigantism
Hypersecretion of growth hormone by anterior pituitary in a child. Results in a very tall body.
hyperthyroidism
Hypersecretion of thyroid hormones. Symptoms include sweating, nervousness, weight loss, and increased metabolic rate.
Grave's disease
Hypersecretion of thyroid hormones; may be autoimmune condition.
triiodothyronine
T3. secreted by follicular cells In the thyroid gland. Works with T4 hormones to regulate cell metabolism. Controlled by hormonal regulation.
thyroxine
T4. secreted by follicular cells In the thyroid gland. Works with T3 hormones to regulate cell metabolism. Controlled by hormonal regulation.
thyroid-stimulating hormone test
TSH. clinical lab test to asses the functioning of the thyroid gland by measuring the blood level of thyroid-stimulating hormone.
homeostasis
To function at a steady state. The body's "normal" levels.
Cortisol
a glucocorticoid that affects the rate of glucose metabolism.
aldosterone
a mineralocorticoid hormone that regulates sodium levels in the bloodstream. increases renal reabsorption of sodium.
Hashimoto's thyroiditis
an autoimmune disorder attacking the thyroid gland; results in hypothyroidism.
exophthalmos
bulging outward eyeballs; caused by swelling behind the eye. A symptom of Grave's disease.
glucose tolerance test
clinical lab test involving being given a large dose of glucose and then having blood periodically drawn to determine how the body is able to use the glucose.
fasting blood sugar
clinical lab test that measures the level of glucose in the blood after not eating for at least 12 hours.
blood serum tests
clinical lab test to assess functions of various endocrine glands by measuring levels of substances
Cushing's syndrome
condition caused by excessive levels of cortisol, or from long term use of cortisone medication.
acromegaly
enlarged extremities due to Hypersecretion of growth hormone by anterior pituitary in an adult.
polydipsia
excessive thirst; symptom of diabetes insipidus, and diabetes mellitus
polyuria
excessive urination; a symptom of diabetes insipidus and diabetes mellitus
thyrotoxicosis
extreme Hypersecretion of thyroid hormones; may be life threatening; also called thyroid storm
ovaries
female gonads. Secrete estrogen, progesterone and other female sexual characteristic hormones.
epinephrine and norepinephrine
fight or flight hormones from the adrenal medulla that increase cardiac activity, blood pressure and blood glucose levels.
thyroid gland
gland located in the anterior neck, below the larynx. Composed of thyroid follicles and parafollicular cells.
hyperglycemia
having a high level of glucose in the bloodstream; symptom of diabetes mellitus.
hypoglycemia
having a low level of glucose in the bloodstream
set point
homeostasis point. Normal level for the body.
oxytocin
hormone produced by the posterior lobe that stimulates uterine contractions and release of milk. Induces labor.
antidiuretic hormone
hormone produced by the posterior lobe that stimulates water reabsorption
testosterone
hormone produced in the testes to stimulate spermatogenesis and the development of secondary male sexual characteristics.
estrogen
hormone responsible for the preparation of the endometrium to receive a fertilized ovum and the development of the female secondary sexual characteristics.
progesterone
hormone secreted by the ovaries. Responsible for maintaining the endometrium during a pregnancy.
glucagon
hormone secreted by the pancreatic islets of the pancreas to raise blood glucose levels.
calcitonin
hormone secreted by the parafollicular cells in the thyroid, and works to lower blood calcium levels. Controlled by humoral regulation.
parathyroid hormone
hormone secreted by the parathyroid glands that works to raise blood calcium levels. Controlled by humoral regulation in response to blood calcium levels.
thymosin
hormone secreted by the thymus gland. Works in the maturation of T lymphocytes.
melanocyte- stimulating hormone
hormone secreted from the anterior lobe stimulates melanin production
growth hormone
hormone secreted from the anterior lobe that stimulates cell growth and division.
prolactin
hormone secreted from the anterior lobe that stimulates milk production.
follicle-stimulating hormone
hormone secreted from the anterior lobe that stimulates the development of ova and sperm.
adrenocorticotrophic hormone
hormone secreted from the anterior lobe that stimulates the release of adrenal cortex hormones.
thyroid-stimulating hormone
hormone secreted from the anterior lobe that stimulates the release of thyroid hormones.
luteinizing hormone
hormone secreted from the anterior lobe that stimulates the secretion of sex hormones.
melatonin
hormone secretes by the pineal gland that is responsible for regulating the circadian rhythm.
diabetes insipidus
hyposecretion of antidiuretic hormone by posterior or pituitary
dwarfism
hyposecretion of growth hormone by anterior pituitary in a child. Results in a short statured person.
hypopituitarism
hyposecretion of one or more of the anterior pituitary hormones
hypoparathyroidism
hyposecretion of parathyroid hormone; results in low blood calcium and, in severe cases, tetany
cretinism
hyposecretion of thyroid hormones in a child resulting in delayed/ poor physical and mental development.
myxedema
hyposecretion of thyroid hormones in an adult. symptoms include anemia, slow speech, swollen face and hands, and lethargy.
hypothyroidism
hyposecretion of thyroid hormones. symptms include, fatigue, cold sensitivity, low metabolic rate and depression.
adrenal medulla
inner layer of the adrenal glands that secretes the fight or flight hormones.
pancreas
located along the curvature of the stomach. Both an exocrine and an endocrine gland.
thymus gland
located in the superior mediastinum of the thoracic cavity. Helps the body recognize what is normal and what is abnormal. Disappears as you grow older.
pituitary gland
located inferior to the hypothalamus. Divided into the anterior and posterior lobes.
testes
male gonads. Secrete testosterone and other male sexual characteristic hormones.
oral hypoglycemic medication
medication taken to lower blood glucose levels in type 2 diabetes mellitus
glucophage
medication to improve cellular response to insulin; treats type 2 diabetes
human growth hormone replacement therapy
medication to replace insufficient levels of insulin to treat type 1 diabetes mellitus growth hormones to prevent dwarfism
insulin medication
medication to replace insufficient levels of insulin to treat type 2 diabetes
thyroid hormone replacement therapy
medication to replace insufficient levels of thyroid hormone
infundibulum
narrow stalk of tissue that connects the hypothalamus to the pituitary gland.
tetany
nerve irritability and painful muscle cramps as a result of hypoparathyroidism
thyroid scan
nuclear medicine imaging procedure; radioactive iodine is injected to make the thyroid visible on a scan
adrenal cortex
outer layer of the adrenal gland that secretes steroid hormones.
pineal gland
part of the diencephalon. Secretes melatonin.
parathyroid glands
pea-sized glands surrounding the posterior of the thyroid gland. Secrete the parathyroid hormone.
Posterior lobe
pituitary gland controlled by neural regulation that stores and releases on command hormones produced in the hypothalamus. also called neurohypophysis.
secondary endocrine glands
produce and secrete hormones, but not as their primary function. Heart, small intestine, kidneys, stomach, and palcenta.
glucocorticoids
steroid hormone from the adrenal cortex that is secreted in times of stress or fasting to insure the body has sufficient nutrients. Under hormonal control by the ACTH. Cortisol.
mineralocorticoids
steroid hormone from the adrenal cortex that regulates electrolyte balance. Aldosterone. Under humoral control in response to blood sodium levels.
cortisone therapy
synthetic corticosteroid medication taken to treat chronic inflammatory conditions
goiter
the abnormal enlargement of the thyroid gland; results in a swollen mall in the anterior neck.
target cells
the cells adjusted by hormones to match the current body needs.
neural control
the endocrince gland is regulated by the nervous system. Adrenal Medulla.
humoral control
the endocrine gland is regulated by substances dissolved in body fluids. Pancreas
hormonal control
the endocrine gland is regulated y hormones from a different endocrine gland. Thyroid Gland.
corticosteroid hormones
the group of steroid hormones produced by the adrenal cortex.
negative feedback loop
the most common method for recognizing the need to adjust an endocrine gland's activity.
target organ
the organs adjusted by hormones to match the currents body needs.
target tissues
the tissues adjusted by hormones to match the current body needs.