Endocrine system ch. 9

anterior lobe

"Master gland" Pituitary gland Controlled by hormonal regulation from the hypothalamus. also called adenophysis

insulin

hormone secreted by the pancreatic islets of the pancreas to lower blood glucose levels.

primary endocrine glands

those that produce and secrete hormones as their primary purpose. pineal gland, pituitary gland, thyroid gland, parathyroid gland, thymus gland, adrenal gland, pancreas, ovaries and testes.

adrenal sex hormones

tiny levels of sex hormones secreted by the adrenal glands.

Hyposecretion

too little hormone secretion

hypersecretion

too much hormone secretion

adrenal glands

two glands that sit above the kidneys. Divided into the adrenal cortex and adrenal medulla.

chemical thyroidectomy

use of radioactive iodine to destroy the thyroid gland instead of surgical removal.

hypothalamus

A portion of the forebrain that controls homeostatic and endocrine functions by controlling the release of pituitary hormones.

hormones

Chemical messengers secreted by the endocrine glands capable of altering the activity of organs.

diabetes mellitus type 1

DM1. hyposecretion of insulin. Also called Insulin dependent diabetes mellitus because its treatment requires insulin injections.

diabetes mellitus type 2

DM2 when the cells of the body fail to respond to insulin, causing the pancreas to secrete more and more insulin. Also called non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus because insulin injections are not part of treatment.

Addison's disease

Hypersecretion of adrenal cortex hormones, especially aldosterone and/or cortisol.

gigantism

Hypersecretion of growth hormone by anterior pituitary in a child. Results in a very tall body.

hyperthyroidism

Hypersecretion of thyroid hormones. Symptoms include sweating, nervousness, weight loss, and increased metabolic rate.

Grave's disease

Hypersecretion of thyroid hormones; may be autoimmune condition.

triiodothyronine

T3. secreted by follicular cells In the thyroid gland. Works with T4 hormones to regulate cell metabolism. Controlled by hormonal regulation.

thyroxine

T4. secreted by follicular cells In the thyroid gland. Works with T3 hormones to regulate cell metabolism. Controlled by hormonal regulation.

thyroid-stimulating hormone test

TSH. clinical lab test to asses the functioning of the thyroid gland by measuring the blood level of thyroid-stimulating hormone.

homeostasis

To function at a steady state. The body's "normal" levels.

Cortisol

a glucocorticoid that affects the rate of glucose metabolism.

aldosterone

a mineralocorticoid hormone that regulates sodium levels in the bloodstream. increases renal reabsorption of sodium.

Hashimoto's thyroiditis

an autoimmune disorder attacking the thyroid gland; results in hypothyroidism.

exophthalmos

bulging outward eyeballs; caused by swelling behind the eye. A symptom of Grave's disease.

glucose tolerance test

clinical lab test involving being given a large dose of glucose and then having blood periodically drawn to determine how the body is able to use the glucose.

fasting blood sugar

clinical lab test that measures the level of glucose in the blood after not eating for at least 12 hours.

blood serum tests

clinical lab test to assess functions of various endocrine glands by measuring levels of substances

Cushing's syndrome

condition caused by excessive levels of cortisol, or from long term use of cortisone medication.

acromegaly

enlarged extremities due to Hypersecretion of growth hormone by anterior pituitary in an adult.

polydipsia

excessive thirst; symptom of diabetes insipidus, and diabetes mellitus

polyuria

excessive urination; a symptom of diabetes insipidus and diabetes mellitus

thyrotoxicosis

extreme Hypersecretion of thyroid hormones; may be life threatening; also called thyroid storm

ovaries

female gonads. Secrete estrogen, progesterone and other female sexual characteristic hormones.

epinephrine and norepinephrine

fight or flight hormones from the adrenal medulla that increase cardiac activity, blood pressure and blood glucose levels.

thyroid gland

gland located in the anterior neck, below the larynx. Composed of thyroid follicles and parafollicular cells.

hyperglycemia

having a high level of glucose in the bloodstream; symptom of diabetes mellitus.

hypoglycemia

having a low level of glucose in the bloodstream

set point

homeostasis point. Normal level for the body.

oxytocin

hormone produced by the posterior lobe that stimulates uterine contractions and release of milk. Induces labor.

antidiuretic hormone

hormone produced by the posterior lobe that stimulates water reabsorption

testosterone

hormone produced in the testes to stimulate spermatogenesis and the development of secondary male sexual characteristics.

estrogen

hormone responsible for the preparation of the endometrium to receive a fertilized ovum and the development of the female secondary sexual characteristics.

progesterone

hormone secreted by the ovaries. Responsible for maintaining the endometrium during a pregnancy.

glucagon

hormone secreted by the pancreatic islets of the pancreas to raise blood glucose levels.

calcitonin

hormone secreted by the parafollicular cells in the thyroid, and works to lower blood calcium levels. Controlled by humoral regulation.

parathyroid hormone

hormone secreted by the parathyroid glands that works to raise blood calcium levels. Controlled by humoral regulation in response to blood calcium levels.

thymosin

hormone secreted by the thymus gland. Works in the maturation of T lymphocytes.

melanocyte- stimulating hormone

hormone secreted from the anterior lobe stimulates melanin production

growth hormone

hormone secreted from the anterior lobe that stimulates cell growth and division.

prolactin

hormone secreted from the anterior lobe that stimulates milk production.

follicle-stimulating hormone

hormone secreted from the anterior lobe that stimulates the development of ova and sperm.

adrenocorticotrophic hormone

hormone secreted from the anterior lobe that stimulates the release of adrenal cortex hormones.

thyroid-stimulating hormone

hormone secreted from the anterior lobe that stimulates the release of thyroid hormones.

luteinizing hormone

hormone secreted from the anterior lobe that stimulates the secretion of sex hormones.

melatonin

hormone secretes by the pineal gland that is responsible for regulating the circadian rhythm.

diabetes insipidus

hyposecretion of antidiuretic hormone by posterior or pituitary

dwarfism

hyposecretion of growth hormone by anterior pituitary in a child. Results in a short statured person.

hypopituitarism

hyposecretion of one or more of the anterior pituitary hormones

hypoparathyroidism

hyposecretion of parathyroid hormone; results in low blood calcium and, in severe cases, tetany

cretinism

hyposecretion of thyroid hormones in a child resulting in delayed/ poor physical and mental development.

myxedema

hyposecretion of thyroid hormones in an adult. symptoms include anemia, slow speech, swollen face and hands, and lethargy.

hypothyroidism

hyposecretion of thyroid hormones. symptms include, fatigue, cold sensitivity, low metabolic rate and depression.

adrenal medulla

inner layer of the adrenal glands that secretes the fight or flight hormones.

pancreas

located along the curvature of the stomach. Both an exocrine and an endocrine gland.

thymus gland

located in the superior mediastinum of the thoracic cavity. Helps the body recognize what is normal and what is abnormal. Disappears as you grow older.

pituitary gland

located inferior to the hypothalamus. Divided into the anterior and posterior lobes.

testes

male gonads. Secrete testosterone and other male sexual characteristic hormones.

oral hypoglycemic medication

medication taken to lower blood glucose levels in type 2 diabetes mellitus

glucophage

medication to improve cellular response to insulin; treats type 2 diabetes

human growth hormone replacement therapy

medication to replace insufficient levels of insulin to treat type 1 diabetes mellitus growth hormones to prevent dwarfism

insulin medication

medication to replace insufficient levels of insulin to treat type 2 diabetes

thyroid hormone replacement therapy

medication to replace insufficient levels of thyroid hormone

infundibulum

narrow stalk of tissue that connects the hypothalamus to the pituitary gland.

tetany

nerve irritability and painful muscle cramps as a result of hypoparathyroidism

thyroid scan

nuclear medicine imaging procedure; radioactive iodine is injected to make the thyroid visible on a scan

adrenal cortex

outer layer of the adrenal gland that secretes steroid hormones.

pineal gland

part of the diencephalon. Secretes melatonin.

parathyroid glands

pea-sized glands surrounding the posterior of the thyroid gland. Secrete the parathyroid hormone.

Posterior lobe

pituitary gland controlled by neural regulation that stores and releases on command hormones produced in the hypothalamus. also called neurohypophysis.

secondary endocrine glands

produce and secrete hormones, but not as their primary function. Heart, small intestine, kidneys, stomach, and palcenta.

glucocorticoids

steroid hormone from the adrenal cortex that is secreted in times of stress or fasting to insure the body has sufficient nutrients. Under hormonal control by the ACTH. Cortisol.

mineralocorticoids

steroid hormone from the adrenal cortex that regulates electrolyte balance. Aldosterone. Under humoral control in response to blood sodium levels.

cortisone therapy

synthetic corticosteroid medication taken to treat chronic inflammatory conditions

goiter

the abnormal enlargement of the thyroid gland; results in a swollen mall in the anterior neck.

target cells

the cells adjusted by hormones to match the current body needs.

neural control

the endocrince gland is regulated by the nervous system. Adrenal Medulla.

humoral control

the endocrine gland is regulated by substances dissolved in body fluids. Pancreas

hormonal control

the endocrine gland is regulated y hormones from a different endocrine gland. Thyroid Gland.

corticosteroid hormones

the group of steroid hormones produced by the adrenal cortex.

negative feedback loop

the most common method for recognizing the need to adjust an endocrine gland's activity.

target organ

the organs adjusted by hormones to match the currents body needs.

target tissues

the tissues adjusted by hormones to match the current body needs.