ENDOCRINE SYSTEM CHAPTER 11

Describe the mechanism of action of non-steroid hormones.

1.Hormone (first messenger) binds to cell membrane receptor at the binding site -This activates the activity site on the receptor which activates a G protein - G protein activates adenylate cyclase (enzyme) 2. Adenylate cyclase allows formation of the second messenger cAMP (cyclic adenosine monophospate) 3. cAMP triggers the activation of protein kinases (enzymes) 4.protein kinases activate (phosphorylate) substrates (proteins) = Phosphorylation 5. substrates carry out the "effect" of the hormone in the body

Target cells

cells with specific receptors on which a hormone exterts its effect

Where are the hormones (which are released) from the posterior pituitary produced?

hypothalamus

What hormone does the pineal gland secrete and what is its main function?

melatonin:Sleep-wake cycle, seasonal fertility cycles

What are the health consequences of long term stress?

secretion of excess cortisol which Decreased activity of WBC and Increase in BP leads to damage to wall of arteries = arteriosclerosis/atherosclerosis and GI ulcers

List the two posterior pituitary hormones and the actions of each.

Antidiuretic hormone (ADH): Antidiuretics decrease urine production Oxytocin (OT): Causes contraction of uterus in labor, Constriction of blood vessels in uterus after delivery, and Causes milk let down reflex

What is hyperthyroidism and its symptoms? What is hypothyroidism and its symptoms?

Deficiency of thyroid hormones. Symptoms: Sluggishness, Cold intolerance, Somnolence, Weight gain, and Coarse hair and skin

Name the 2 hormones secreted by the pancreas and their actions. What controls the secretion of these hormones?

Glucagon:Increases blood glucose Insulin: Decreases blood glucose

List the five anterior pituitary hormones and the actions of each.

Growth Hormone (GH): Anabolic hormone and Stimulates growth - mitosis and cell enlargement Prolactin (PRL):Stimulates milk production in females after the birth of an infant Thyroid-Stimulating Hormone (TSH): it controls the secretion of certain hormones from the thyroid gland Adrenocorticotropic Hormone (ACTH): it controls the secretion of certain hormone of the adrenal cortex Gonadotropins:s timulate the gonads reproductive organs. follicle stimulating in female and Luteinizing in males.

What hormones are secreted by the adrenal medulla? What are the actions of these hormones?

Norepinephrine (noradrenalin):Increase heart rate & force of contraction, Increase blood pressure, Increase respiratory rate, Increase blood sugar and Decrease digestive activity Epinephrine (adrenalin): same as above

Name the hormone secreted by the parathyroid gland and its action

Parathyroid Hormone (PTH): Increases blood calcium concentration and Decreases blood phosphate concentration

What is the General Stress Response? What happens in the Alarm stage? In the Resistance stage?

The fight-or-flight response is the first phase. Alarm stage: your heart beats faster, sending more blood to your arms and legs, in case you need to fight or flee. Resistance stage: during this stage the body has increased capacity to respond to the stressor

Name the hormones secreted by the thyroid gland and the actions of each.

Thyroxine (Tetraiodothyronine) T4: Control metabolism, Increase release of energy from carbohydrates and lipids Triiodothyronine T3: Control metabolism, Increase release of energy from carbohydrates and lipids. faster. Calcitonin: Lowers blood calcium and phosphate levels, Inhibits osteoclasts, Increases kidney's excretion of calcium and phosphate

Distinguish between Type 1 and Type 2 diabetes mellitus - what are the signs and symptoms of each disease. How is each disease treated? What causes each disease and what age groups are affected by each disease?

Type 1: Destruction of beta cells of the pancreas Cells in body can still respond to insulin, Insulin is given by injection Type 2: Beta cells still produce insulin Cells of body have become somewhat resistant to effects of insulin

Paracrine

hormones that affect only neighboring cells

What are prostaglandins? Give examples of the actions of some prostaglandins.

prostaglandins: biochemicals, Lipids produced from the fatty acid arachidonic acid (AA). contraction of smooth muscle in uterus and intestines, relaxation of smooth muscle in small airways of lungs, Increase blood flow to the kidneys, Inhibit secretion of HCL from stomach

Autocrine

secretions which affect only the secreting cell itself

Hormones

substance secreted by an endocrine gland and transported in the blood which has actions on target cells

What controls the secretion of calcitonin and parathyroid hormone.

the blood calcium concentration

Describe the mechanism of action of steroid hormones.

1.Hormone diffuses through cell membrane and into nucleus and binds to receptor forming an "activated" hormone-receptor complex 2. Activated Hormone-receptor complex binds to gene on DNA 3. Causes transcription of gene 4. mRNA leaves nucleus 5. Translation occurs in cytoplasm and a protein is synthesized 6. Protein carries out the "effect" of the hormone in the body

What hormones are secreted by the adrenal cortex? What are the actions of each of these hormones?

Aldosterone:Regulates concentrations of minerals/electrolytes Cortisol (Hydrocortisone): Affects glucose metabolism and Also affects fat and protein metabolism Adrenal Sex Hormones: Stimulate development of the reproductive organs at puberty