Endocrine System

Hormones, autocrine and paracrine signals belong to a number of distinct chemical groups. Which of the following is not one of these groups? Select one: a. Carbohydrates b. Proteins c. Steroids d. Amines e. All of the listed molecules could be hormones

A

Dwarfism in children is sometimes caused by deficiency in GH. This type of dwarfism can be treated by providing GH exogenously. Which of the would you think would be the best delivery method of GH. a. a pill to control the dosage and be less invasive b. an injection to facilitate its delivery to the blood stream c. a cream applied to the skin to ensure complete distribution to all cells in the body. d. a skin patch to provide constant dosage of the hormone as opposed to a one time burst e. all options are possible it depends on a case by case scenario

A - it is a peptide so it is easily digested, so not the best idea B - hydrophilic, blood stream could work, does not require transporter protein C - skin is barrier to outside, lipid soluble can go through creams and patches like nicotine patches and hydrocortisone, must be lipid soluble D - same as C must be lipid soluble

FSH and LH are Gonadotropins. They are released by the _____ in response to the gonadotropin releasing hormone produced by the _____.

AP hypothalamus

two main posterior pituitary hormones:

Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) - regulate physiology and behavior, directly influences collecting tubes in nephron allowing for the expression of aqua porins (reabsorption of water) anti diuresis - preventing peeing, hi don't pee i need to reabsorb ur water! Oxytocin - regulates milk secretion in mammary glands - social hormone - social bond between mother and child - used after sex to create bond between u and ur partner

_______ hormones exit the emitting cell via exocytosis while ________ hormones require a transporter to move through the circulatory system. Select one: a. Steroid / most protein b.Hydrophilic / Hydrophobic c. Steroid / Lipidic d. Non-polar / polar e. Paracrine / Autocrine

B

growth hormone secretions are regulated by negative feedback. increased blood growth hormone levels result in: A. increased growth hormone secretion B. decreased growth hormone secretion C. No change in growth hormone secretion

B

Which of the following is not true of a hormone? Select one: a. All listed statements are true for hormones b. Steroid hormones affect the gene expression of all the cells that they enter c. One hormone can have different effects on different cells d. Some hormones can enter a cell's nucleus. e. All hormones are distributed through the body via the circulatory system

B - because there must be a receptor in the cell for them to affect it

A drug inhibits G protein to exchange GDP for GTP has been shown to inhibit effects of hormone X. Based on this information which of the following statements regarding hormone x are true? A. hormone X requires a transporter to travel through the circulatory system B. Hormone X freely diffuses through the cytoplasm of the target ell and reaches its nucleus C. Hormone X is produced into vesicles in the endocrine cell that produces it D. More than one of the listed options is true for hormone X

C - water soluble

Which of the following is an example of a hormone? a. clotting factor x1 a serine protease that is produced in response to a wound and participates in the coagulation cascade b. interleukine 1, which is produced by monocytes and binds to cell surface receptors in the same cell that produced it c. prolactin, produced in the pituitary gland that stimulates milk production in mammals

C* - behind bridge of nose, must travel all the way to milk producing glands A - does something, creates clot not hormone B - autocrine signaling bc it is same cell binding

Which signals travel the shortest distance from the emitting cell to the target cell? Select one: a. Steroid Hormones b. Paracrine signals c. Hydrophilic Hormones d. Autocrine signals

D

Where do you expect to find the receptors for insulin? A. in the cytoplasm of the cell B. inside the nucleus of the cell C. in the inner mitochondrial membrane, where energy is produced D. in the inter-membrane space of the mitochondria E. in the outer side of the PM

E - water soluble protein

One pathway cannot influence/cross-communicate to a different pathway, t or f?

F - a different signal coming from a different cell can either activate or inhibit another signals pathway

A different receptor will lead to the same signaling pathway and response, T or F?

F - multiple receptors can accept the same signal but create a different response, if someone yells fire fire a normal response would be to run away using one receptor, but a firefighter will use a different receptor and move towards the fire to help.

non tropic and tropic effects:

GH (hormone released by anterior pituitary) - endocrine glands, liver, bones and other tissues (target glands) - exocrine and endocrine

Hormones can be thought of like _____ or a _____ way of communicating to others, which paracrine and autocrine signals can be thought of like ______, or the _____ way of communicating between cells.

MHC class 2 professional MHC class one average joe

Pineal gland

Pineal gland - melatonin circadian rhythm

8 Endocrine glands:

Pineal gland - melatonin circadian rhythm Thyroid and parathyroid - metabolism, glucose in blood, keep balance in body adrenal glands - cortex (three S's /medula (ep and norep - fight or flight) ovaries and testicles - reproductive physiology pancreas - both exocrine and endocrine (secrete bicarbonate ions into intestine via a duct) Langerhans regulate glucose and insulin in the blood pituitary gland - master gland (anterior and posterior) storage of hormones produced by hypothalamus & produce releasing hormones, influence whether other gland secrete their hormones or not hypothalamus - secrete neurohormone and directs rest of endocrine system

Nervous system can be involved in endocrine system by telling glands when too secrete or not, T or F?

T

One pathway can lead to two different responses, T or F?

T

The same message can have opposite effects in 2 different cells , T or F?

T

An autocrine signal can be a paracrine signal or a hormone, T or F?

T- hormone if it goes into blood stream

thyroid and parathyroid glands

Thyroid and parathyroid - metabolism, glucose in blood, keep balance in body

which of the following is an example of an endocrine gland? A. mammary B. salivary C. pituitary D. lacrimal

a - lactation exocrine b - saliva exocrine c - hormones d - tears exocrine

the posterior pituitary is

a storage unit stores and secretes hormones made by hypothalamus

Cortisol, aldosterone and some hormones responsible for produce sex steroids are produced by the _____. It is divided into two zones the _____ and _____. The ______ sits on top of the kidneys. The ______ produces cortisol, aldosterone and other sex hormones, and the ____ produces epinephrine and norepinephrine. Epinephrine is ____abundant that norepinephrine, they have ____ regulatory effects, they enable _____ when you face danger. They help ______ the function of the cells.

adrenal gland medulla cortex adrenal gland are like hats that cortex medulla more opposite cross talk coordinate

adrenal glands

adrenal glands - cortex (three S's /medula (ep and norep - fight or flight)

The biochemical pathway is used to

amplify and regulate from the signaling molecule to the response, usually involves several steps in order to amplify the response, one molecule sends original signal at each step the enzyme can "phosphorylate" and multiply the effect. So if something happens during the signaling it can be adjusted to the proper reaction. so one cell says RESPOND and the other says respond, but not that strongly.

The _______ controls diverse processes, such as metabolism, osmoregulation and reproduction.

anterior pituitary

which of the following is an example of a hormone? a. pepsin, a peptide secreted by the stomach to digest proteins b. leptin, a peptide secreted by the adipose tissue that inhibits hunger c. acetylcholine, an ester that stimulates muscle contraction d. bile, a solution produced by the liver to emulsify fat

b. a - does something doesn't communicate to another cel actually does something, not a hormone b - message says hi i'm full c - communicates but doesn't go to other organs, goes from neuron to muscle, but not to blood stream d - produces something, not communicating a message

when epinephrine reaches the liver it

binds to g-coupled protein receptor on liver cells PM this triggers the release of messenger molecules that activate the enzymes and release glucose into the bloodstream

epinephrine and norepinephrine increase and cause changes in?

blood pressure breathing rate metabolic (breakdown of glycogen) rate alertness changes in blood flow patterns, decrease digestive, excretory and reproductive system activity

Ultimately the ______ is in charge of the hormones released using the _______. But it uses the _______ pituitary as a middleman to control the _____ system.

brain hypothalamus anterior endocrine

Lipid soluble hormones diffuse across _________, and don't require to be stored in _____. They are ____ enough to cross the ____ without any aid. They enter into the _____ and are bound to _______ proteins because fats have a hard time circulating through an ______ solution. These transport proteins are typically made of ____ acids and are ______ so they can bind to the lipid hormone making it water ______ within the water in the blood. Once the lipid soluble hormone gets ______, meaning it is able to enter the wall of the blood vessel, it releases from the ______. They then diffuse through the membrane of the _________ to the ___ inside the cytoplasm or nucleus. A lipid soluble hormone can enter ________ but will only activate the cell with the ________. Once the lipid soluble hormone is bound to the ______ it will most of the time effect ______ in the nucleus and will act as ____ or ____ of transaction.

cell membranes vesicles small PM bloodstream transport aqueous amino amphipathic soluble trans vascularized transporter protein target cells receptor any cell matching receptor receptor gene regulation enhancers inhibitors

Cells have _____ conversations about ___ in their environment. They can use _____ to communicate within a small range, about 29 nanometers. ______ are able to transmit throughout the whole body. One cell establishes the message, this chemical signal is then sent to a _____ cell.

chemical changes neurotransmitters target

Animal hormones are _____ signals/messages that are secreted into the _____ and communicate ________ messages within the body.

chemical circulatory system / blood stream regulatory

all cells can communicate ____ but only ____ cells can communicate professionally through _______.

chemically endocrine hormones

steroid hormones are synthesized from ____ the three types are ____ , _____ and ____.

cholesterol aldosterone - regulate ion concentration recover ions from distal tubules in the nephron cortisol - regulate concentration of glucose in the blood, make sure that limited glucose in blood goes to cells that rlly need it ( one of the stress hormones) sex steroids (estrodiol/testosterone) -

Other signals sent by the endocrine system are not hormones because they are not necessarily secreted through the _____ system

circulatory

Endocrine system is the main way your, cells, organs, and tissues:

communicate to one another

Most trans ppl go through hormonal therapy that ____ the effect of the hormonal feedback loop. So as they take this medicine they ____ muscle density and bone structure that they may have gained before puberty.

decreases lose

non-tropic effects

direct influence on exocrine glands ex. Mammary Glands (target gland) - prolactin (hormone released by anterior pituitary) - mammary receives message from pituitary and produces milk in ducts Melanocytes (target gland) - MSH (hormone released by anterior pituitary) - melanocytes receive MSH and produce melanin in the skin

tropic effects of hormones:

directly sends a message to the endocrine gland causing the release of another hormone from the endocrine gland ex. FHS and LH (hormone released by anterior pituitary) - sexual maturity and regulation of menstrual cycle - testes and ovaries to secrete estrogen and testosterone TSH (hormone released by anterior pituitary)- Thyroid endocrine gland - secrete pH 3&4 (hormone released by thyroid) ACTH (hormone released by anterior pituitary) - cortisol - sugar, aldosterone - salt, sex steroid -sex - ALL RELEASED FROM THE ADRENAL GLAND (HAT ON KIDNEYS)

The hypothalamus is like the _____ of the production in the endocrine system. It produces ____ that can be stored in the _____ so they are ready for use when needed. These ____ hormones have ____ targets, some examples of the hormones are _____ and ____. _____ is directly involved in the kidneys. _______ influences the mammary glands controlling uterine muscles and social behavior. The ______ pituitary differs from the posterior pituitary because it can __________. It stores the ____ and releases them when ______ says it is needed.

director neural hormones posterior pituitary neural specific ADH Oxytocin ADH Oxytocin anterior make its own hormones hormones hypothalamus

Steroid hormones Select one: a. May cause a cytoskeletal rearangement in the cytoplasm of the cells b. Require to contact cell surface receptors to cause a cell to change its gene expression c. are produced only by the adrenal cortex d. are water-soluble e. act by modifying gene expression in their target cells

e - initiate gene transcription and protein production c- incorrect bc estrogen and testosterone etc can be release from many glands like testies and ovaries

Target cells can do what? This Causes?

elicit a response based on the information they receive causing a cascade in molecular events that leads to a change in behavior, like movement of a cell, genes it expresses or the different proteins or enzymes that are present.

4 Types of message relayed:

endocrine signals - hormones paracrine signals - not hormones autocrine signals - not hormones neuro hormones - not hormones

trans vascularization is:

enters across the wall of the blood vessel

The hormone ______ regulates many organs in response to stressful situations

epinephrine (adrenaline)

Estradiol binds to the _____ receptor ____ the cell to form a ______ complex that can translocate into the _____ and change the _____ level of several genes, like ________ which is a precursor for yolk for eggs. Some receptors are already inside the _____. Cholesterol derived hormones like ____ can diffuse through any membrane because _______

estradiol inside hormone-receptor nucleus expression Vitellogenin nucleus estrogen non-polar so the phospholipid bilayer cannot stop them from diffusing freely

estradiol is the proper term for _____ which is a _____ and a _____ hormone

estrogen steroid lipid soluble

Hormones in the blood can reach ______ part of the body. _______ act upon the message. ____ cells have _____ for that hormone.

every not all cells target receptors

Nervous system must communicate with the endocrine system in order to control

every aspect of our homeostatic balance, endocrine is like a news output for the entire body, it is where all the information is gathered and dispersed across the body

Epinephrine is the hormone responsible for _____ or ____ response. It is _____ soluble, and the receptor is a ________ protein receptor. This receptor goes in and out of the PM of a transporter cell ____ times, and are associated with a _____ protein. When the ___ receptor receives the hormone it changes it configuration allowing for the ______ protein to exchange ____ for ____ turning the ___ protein ___. This activates adenylyl cyclase which converts ___ to cAMP which is a secondary messenger for protein kinase __. When the liver cell receives this message it ____ glycogen synthesis and ____ glycogen breakdown into ____ using _______ to provide you with ____ to run away from the danger.

fight flight water g-couple protein 7 G G-couple receptor G GDP GTP G on/activating it ATP inhibits promotes glucose glucagon energy

most water soluble hormones will go through the pathway in the liver involving

g-coupled activates g protein gdp to gtp activate other molecules to transform ATP to cAMP cAMP is a secondary messenger and metabolite that tells the cell to engage a particular behavior and communicates this information from a receptor to the effector In the case of the liver it travels to the effect protein kinase A which inhibits glycogen (storage for carbs) formation and promotes glycogen breakdown to glucose

Epinephrine and Norepinephrine trigger release of ____ and ___ acids into the blood, they increase ___ delivery to blood cells, and they are able to direct blood ______ the heart, brain, muscles, and _____ the skin, digestive system and kidneys in life or death situations.

glucose fatty 02 toward away from

Main three phenomena regulated by hormones in the endocrine glands are :

homeostasis (maintaining stable conditions/equilibrium necessary for survival), development (move multiple organs and cells to move at particular speeds but all at the same time), and behavior

Endocrine signaling secretes _____ into the ________ by _____ cells and can reach their targets via the _______

hormones extracellular fluid endocrine bloodstream

In vertebrates, coordination of endocrine signaling relies heavily on the ____

hypothalamus - small part of brain behind eyes that can receive info through nerves and produce appropriate neuroendocrine signals (neural hormones) and they go into circulation

negative feedback loop & example in digestive track

inhibits a response by reducing initial stimulus stops the response to the original stimulation release of acidic content of stomach to duodenum stimulate endocrine cells there to secrete secretin, this cause target cells to raise pH using bicarbonate, this creates a response shutting off the secretin production

endocrine glands are _____ and exocrine glands have ____ connecting them to the ____. Exocrine glands secrete substances ______ body onto its _____ or ___ body cavities. For example, lachrymose, produce ____ to lubricate and clean eyes. Endocrine glands only secrete _____. They have no ____, they secrete to tissues and right into the ______.

inside ducts outside world out of the surfaces inside its tears hormones ducts circulatory system

Hormones that regulate blood glucose

insulin and glucagon, thyroid and parathyroid hormones, cortisol

hormones derived from steroids are

lipid soluble (some proteins are also lipid soluble)

The process of lipid soluble and water soluble hormone diffusion differs because:

lipids: are small and can travel across the secretory cell PM by themselves must go inside the cells nucleus or cytoplasm to reach receptor water soluble hormones: must be fused into the vesicle and secreted through fusion of the vesicle and the secretory cells PM to diffuse out of the PM into extracellular fluid (extra step) cell receptor on the outside of the target cell

The major target for GH is the ___ which produces _________ or IGF's. These stimulate ____ and ____ growth. An excess of GH causes ______ and a lack of GH causes _______.

liver insulin-like growth factors bone cartilage gigantism dwarfism

epinephrine has multiple effects that form the basis of the fight or flight response, what is this in the liver, and smooth muscle in skeletal and intestines

liver: increase glucose levels, make sugar available for energy smooth muscle in wall of blood vessel that supplies skeletal muscle: allows for smooth muscle around blood vessel to relax to promote blood flow into the area so more oxygen and glucose flows into skeletal muscles so they can contract smooth muscle in wall of blood vessel that supplies intestines: will restrict when in fight or flight mode because body does not need to worry about digesting food when you need the energy to run away Smooth muscle cell in two different areas receive same hormone but do different things because the receptors differ. liver and smooth skeletal cell: have the same receptor creating the same type of response but the proteins and genes inside the liver cell differ from the smooth muscle causing a different outcome

epinephrine presence in liver and smooth muscles around blood vessel walls in intestines & skeletal muscles will :

liver: increase glycogen breakdown and glucose presence intestines: vasoconstriction reducing blood flow skeletal muscles: vasodilation increasing blood flow to muscles

paracrine and autocrine signals are ____ regulators that act over ____ distances solely by _____. The paracrine signal refers to ____ cell producing the message that affects _____ cells. The autocrine signal refers to signaling that effects the ________ cell. An example of autocrine is an ____ response when the cell signals to ____ to produce more ____ to attack an ______. An analogy for autocrine is ______.

local short diffusion one neighboring signal emitting / secreting immune clone itsel clones infection looking at urself in the mirror and saying u can do this u got this, it only effects urself.

The anterior pituitary is

makes and releases its own hormones if hypothalamus gives it permission.

The changes of behavior in a cell in response to a hormone can be

movement gene expression & suppression anything that the cell is able to perform inside itself

Classes of hormones are classified by their ____, most hormones will fit into the classes of _____, ____ and _____, they are either ____ or _____.

nature polypeptide: hydrophilic steroid: lipid soluble, hydrophobic, all derived from cortisol amines: hydrophilic or hydrophobic (most hydrophilic, hydrophobic example is thyroxine)

A neurotransmitter that enters the blood stream is called a _______

neuroendocrine signal

synaptic and neuroendocrine signaling takes the ____ and secretes the neurotransmitter normally through ___ terminals using action potentials, with ____ coming in vesicle release ____ but instead of going to the ____ cleft it goes into ______. It transvescularize's into the blood stream and becomes a _______

neuron synaptic ca2+ neurotransmitters synaptic circulatory system

when there is a low level of O2 in the blood the local regulator ________ activates an _____ that causes muscle _____ and an _____ in blood flow to the tissues, this is the mechanism by which _____ works

nitric oxide enzyme vasodilation increased viagra

glands are specialized ____ that can ____ , ______ and _____ hormones. But that ______ mean other cells cannot talk to their neighbors

organs regulate produce secrete does not

ovaries and testes

ovaries and testicles - reproductive physiology

Sometimes the neuronal and hormonal response can ____, in order to communicate in a ___ manner to multiple organs and tissues. For example, _______ upon stress.

overlap faster fight or flight

pancreas

pancreas - both exocrine and endocrine (secrete bicarbonate ions into intestine via a duct) Langerhans regulate glucose and insulin in the blood

____ and ___ play a role in blood pressure regulation, nervous system function and reproduction.

paracrine and autocrine signaling

pituitary gland and hypothalamus

pituitary gland - master gland (anterior and posterior) storage of hormones produced by hypothalamus & produce releasing hormones, influence whether other gland secrete their hormones or not CEO of organization hypothalamus - secrete neurohormone and directs rest of endocrine system Owner of company

Water soluble hormones like _____ & sometimes ______, are secreted by ______ which is the process of fusing the cell membrane with the vacuole membrane to excrete the hormone. These hormones travel freely through the ______ and bind to cell surface _____. Water soluble hormones are produces and stored in a ______.

polypeptides amines exocytosis bloodstream receptors vesicle

_____ releasing hormone from the _______ stimulates the _____ pituitary to secrete prolactin, aka , ______. This has a role in milk production. If a hormone is titled a _______ hormone or is abbreviated as ___ at the end then you can infer that that hormone is released by the ______ to trigger a release of the hormone in the pituitary gland. It is a neurohormone because it is released by the ______, but is still considered a hormone because it goes into _______.

prolactin hypothalamus anterior PRL releasing RL hypothalamus hypothalamus circulation and targets a group of cells or tissues

Hormones differ from other signals because they are used for _____ physiological responses, for example ______ or _____, which is a sustained change. A quick immediate response uses ______ and direct ____ stimulation.

prolonged growth puberty neurotransmitters neuronal

paracrine signals can contain ____ which are one of the main targets in different medicines, they function in the _____ system, blood ______, and induce _____, produced when cells or tissues are ____ by activating neurons that receive ____ signals, and are present to notify blood vessels moving through the circulatory system that the area is _____ or _____

prostaglandins immune clots labor damaged pain damaged infected

Types of local regulators

prostaglandins: fatty acids that produce different messages polypeptides: Nitric Oxide (gas): functions as both a local regulator and neurotransmitter, dentists use is as an anesthetic

water soluble hormones can be

proteins or amines

In order for a cell to recognize the hormone it must have the correct _____ making it a ________ cell

receptor target

Endocrine system must have a very tight ______. message must remain accessible for ______.

regulation the perfect amount of time

positive feedback loop & example in mammals

reinforces stimulus to produce a greater response ex. mammals oxytocin causes release of milking causing greater suckling by offspring producing more oxytocin

Steroid hormones are related to the 3 S's, _____, _____ and ______

salt - aldosterone - ions sugar - cortisol sex - estradiol/testosterone

Water soluble cells are stored in the vesicles of the _____ cells, when the body is ready to communicate the message the vesicle storing the hormone it will fuze with the _______ and release the hormone into the __________. They will float around here and eventually can _____ into the blood vessels and migrate into the _____. This way they can reach _____ of the body where the blood reaches. Whenever they reach a _____ cell they will diffuse and bind with the _____ protein of the _____ cell. Once this binding occurs you either generate a ________ cytoplasmic response like a _____ of the skeletal muscle, or the cascade/pathway will enter the nucleus and effect _______ regulation, when this happens _____ and ____ are produced and will effect the ________ response.

secretory PM of a cell extracellular fluid diffuse blood every part target receptor target direct (still goes through a cascade/pathway) contraction gene (estrogen levels etc) mRNA eventually proteins cytoplasmic cellular

Gonads produce ____ steroids both females and males produce ______, but female transform it into _____. Around 7 weeks of development you have the expression of the _ chromosome which start development of male into males, before 7 weeks all fetus's are _______. if Androgens are present the fetus is a _____. After puberty the same sex hormones will provide a ____ feedback loop because the sex hormones will be in too high concentrations, there is a trigger to _____ the release of the sex hormones that induce gonadotropin this causes, pubes, enlarged genitals and in males ______ and _____ muscles and bones.

sex testosterone estrogen Y females reduce stronger and denser

Binding of a hormone to its receptor initiates a _______ pathway leading to responses in the cytoskeleton, enzyme activation or a change in gene expression.

signal transduction

There is a ______ layer outside of blood vessels that can constrict or relax depending on ____ supply need or no need to the particular capillary bed

smooth muscle blood

Feedback regulation is a group of ____ that are linked through molecules that _____ or ______ the activity of the enzyme or step in the path.

steps inhibit increase

endocrine system

study of cells tissues and organs that form chemical signals

TSHRL

thyroid hormone releasing hormone from hypothalamus

tropic and non-tropic both influence glands but differ because

trophic secretes hormone into circulation with no ducts endocrine non-trophic secretes hormones through ducts & to the outside the body, exocrine

The hormones released by the anterior pituitary can be:

tropic non-tropic tropic and non-tropic

Secretion and communication of the two cells can be classified mainly by:

type of cell making the signal the route being taken to relay the message

Which of the following conditions will lead to an increased cellular uptake of glucose? A. Increased concentration of glycogen in the blood B. Increased uptake of glucose by beta cells in the pancreas C. Decreased concentration of epinephrine in the blood D. Decreased concentration of cortisol in the blood E. All of the above

watch video then answer