ENGR 104 Final
Ensure minimal harm is done to the environment and living systems
When implementing new technologies:
net decrease
Whenever an energy transformation occurs from one form to another, there is a ___ ___ in energy value
Mechanical work
Work = Force applied to object × Distance moved
Controllers
___ can be analog or digital
Flexural
____ strength refers to the amount of stress it takes to bend a material to the point of failure.
External Combustion Engine
an engine powered by fuel burned outside the engine
Inorganic
are not carbon based materials.
Structure
determines properties.
Gantt chart
focuses on the sequence of tasks and shows them along a horizontal axis on an x-y chart.
Metals are
good conductors of electricity and heat.
Thermoset
having the property of becoming permanently hard and rigid when heated or cured
Society
holds manufacturers responsible for products
matrix
Composites are formed by using materials of two types: one type is called the ____ material; the other type is called the reinforcement material.
Computer Control
Embedded Computers (small computers built in to the devices they control)
on-off control
is a switch that enables making or breaking an electrical circuit by hand
Public safety
is of paramount importance when designing products and processes.
Organic
materials that are carbon based.
Polymers can be
natural or synthetic.
Peat
partially decayed plant matter found in bogs
Fossil fuels
Oil, gas, and coal; Energy-rich substance formed from remains of plants and animals from millions of years ago.
computer numerical
One critical innovation that has enabled modern automated manufacturing is CNC or ____ control.
are part of the design problem-solving method
Research and development
Engineered woods
Made by combining particles and fibers of wood with adhesives: wood chips, plywood
four-stroke cycle.
Many spark-ignition and compression-ignition engines operate on a ___ - ___ ___.
Energy
May be transformed from one type to another type.
Nonferrous
Metals that contain do not iron (example: aluminum)
Ferrous
Metals that contain iron (example: steel)
Water energy
Use of gravitational potential energy of water to generate power
internal combustion engine
Used to power automobiles, trucks, etc. Contains multiple energy transformations.
Coal
Vegetation is compressed over time to form ___.
Total Quality Management (TQM)
Continuous improvement through worker cooperation and focus on customer satisfaction.
Thermal energy
Created by motion of atoms and molecules within matter
Intake
Four-stroke cycle part 1
Compression
Four-stroke cycle part 2
Power
Four-stroke cycle part 3
Exhaust
Four-stroke cycle part 4
Renewable energy resources
Often difficult to harness, are not always reliable, and have a low energy value compared to nonrenewable sources.
Properties of wood
- Thickness of cell walls determines density. - Color is a function of the chemicals in its cell walls. - Grain is the way wood fibers grow.
Conditions for combustion
-Ability to burn -Source of oxygen -High temperature
kinetic energy
Energy an object possesses because of its motion.
3
There are ___ forms of heat.
Proportional control
adjusts systems incrementally
Realistic constraints
Economic, environmental, social, political, ethical, health and safety, legal, and sustainability limitations
Ecological design
Effective adaptation to and integration with nature's processes
Combustion
A rapid reaction between oxygen and fuel that results in fire
design variable
A(n) ____ accounts for unexpected load conditions and property variations.
factor of safety
Accounts for unexpected load conditions and property variations
Biomass
Accumulated vegetable and animal matter
Nonrenewable energy sources
Are being used up at a rapid rate.
Nuclear energy
Associated with a substance's atomic structure. Can be produced by fusion or fission.
Internal energy
Association with the molecular substance of a material.
Statistical process control (SPC)
Assure high level quality is maintained and reduces chance of unexpected failure.
Electrical energy
Caused by flow of electrical charge through electrical field. Accumulation of many electrons.
concurrent
Central to ____ engineering is a multidisciplinary team all working together from the beginning to the end of the product life cycle.
Polymers
Chemical compounds that include long chains of monomers (a small molecule that can become part of a larger molecule).
Mixed materials
Combination of natural and synthetic: plywood, paper
Fusion
Creation of energy by joining the nuclei of two hydrogen atoms to form helium.
Several possible futures are identified; Potential impact is predicted
Cross impact analysis:
Iterative
Design process is ___
Gravitational potential energy
Energy associated with a position relative to the ground
First Law of Thermodynamics
Energy can be transferred and transformed, but it cannot be created or destroyed.
Radiation
Energy emitted from an object (e.g., sun, light bulb, etc.) Proportional to its temperature.
mechanical energy
Energy one person or object expends in moving another object.
Radiation
Energy that is radiated or transmitted in the form of rays or waves or particles.
Codes and standards
Ensure products, structures, and environments meet safety and operational requirements
Benchmarking
Entails establishing what is the best for a given criterion, quantifying it, and then comparing a given product or process.
Intake stroke
In the ____ stroke of the four-stroke cycle, the intake valve is open and the exhaust valve is closed, and the air/fuel is mixed. downward piston movement. 1/4
Exhaust stroke
In the ____ stroke of the four-stroke cycle, the piston goes up and the exhaust valve opens. upward piston movement. 4/4
Second Law of Thermodynamics
Indicates that not all heat energy can be converted into work. No energy system can be 100% efficient.
Matter
Has intrinsic energy associated with its internal structure, its velocity, and its height above the ground.
Intrinsic Energy
Heat and work result from changes in _____ _____
Convection
Heat transfer between a surface and a fluid (liquid or gas).
Conduction
Heat transfer within a material or between materials that are touching
Assessment techniques
Help to make informed decisions about future technology developments
Modeling
Helps engineers test for different conditions to which the product or process might be subjected.
Carnot cycle
Highest (ideal) theoretical efficiency of any power producing cycle. Can be used to model an ideal power plant.
Design constraints
Imposed limitations on the designer. Often limit resources and define parameters
higher compression ratio
In general, a ___ ___ ___ in an internal combustion engine will increase the engine's efficiency
Compression stroke
In the ____ stroke of the four-stroke cycle, both the intake and exhaust valves are closed, and the air/fuel mixture is compressed by the upward piston movement. 2/4
Power stroke
In the ____ stroke of the four-stroke cycle, both valves are closed, ignition occurs with downward piston movement. 3/4
Chemical energy
Internal energy associated with molecular and atomic structure of matter.
Kinetic energy, gravitational potential energy, internal energy
Intrinsic energy depends on the following:
Intrinsic Energy
Is the work it can do based on its actual condition without any supply of energy from outside.
Plastics
Most ___ are made from petroleum
heat
Not all ___ can be converted into work. Only a maximum amount can be converted
electrical energy to atomic energy, electrical to solar
Not all energy transformations can be reversed.
true
Organic materials are minerals and are not characterized by carbon-based structures.
Computer-aided design (CAD)
Programs used to design products and systems
human made materials; rubber, plastics, teflon
Synthetic
Variables
Testing is done scientifically by changing only one factor at a time. One should note the factors that affect the performance of your design; such factors are called ___.
Power plant
The energy from the heat added to the ___ ___ must be equal to the energy leaving the system.
Bituminous coal
The most common form of coal; produces a high amount of heat and is used extensively by electric power plants.
Power
The rate at which work is done
Fission
The splitting of an atomic nucleus to release energy.
Thermoplastic
a material that softens when heated and hardens again when cooled
Anthracite
the cleanest-burning coal; almost pure carbon.
Lignite
the least pure coal.
Risk assessment
tries to determine the probability of a negative event's occurrence.