ENSP 2000 FINAL EXAM cumulative review
When coal is burned to generate electricity, 70% of the primary energy in the coal is transformed into unused heat. This means that the energy conversion efficiency from chemical to electrical energy is _______
30%
Tertiary consumers are usually in which trophic level?
4th trophic level
The accuracy of computer forecasts of global climate change is measured by _____.
Backcasting to see if the models accurately describe the weather and climate in the past
A person who judges his actions in relation to their impact on living beings or the entire biotic realm has a ________ ethic.
Biocentric
In developing countries, indoor pollution from cooking and heating with wood leads to serious disease and death. Burning charcoal produces fewer pollutants. Students examining this problem suggested a unique and sustainable way to make charcoal. These students suggested that sustainable supplies of charcoal could be made from _____.
agricultural wastes
sustainability science
aims to understand the interactions between ecological systems and social systems with a particular focus on long-term changes in global ecosystems such as climate and the world economy
Which of the following industries relied on finding new chemicals when CFC-12 was banned? 1. automotive 2. air conditioning 3. cell phone manufacturers 4. high-end bake ware manufacturers
air conditioning
US environmental law and policy are influenced by the actions of _______
all 3 branches of government
A rural Minnesota farmer grows a variety of vegetables to feed her family. In addition, she cuts down some of her dead trees for firewood to heat her home in the winter. This farmer is adding to the flux of the carbon cycle in her region by
all of the choices - encouraging photosynthesis as she raises crops - burning carbon-based fuels -consuming vegetables grown on her farm
energy is lost as it moves from one trophic level to the next becasue
all of the listed responses are correct
An ecosystem is best defined as ______
all the organisms and their physical and chemical environment within a specific area where energy and matter influence the distribution and abundance of organisms present
hypotheses
alternative answers that can be tested by careful observation or experimentation
nitrifying bacteria convert _______ to _________
ammonium to nitrates
virtue ethics system
an action is right if it is motivated by virtues, such as kindness, honesty, loyalty, and justice
climate
an area's long-term atmospheric conditions (temperature, moisture content, wind, precipitation), influences everything around us
Three things that contribute most to global warming
Carbon dioxide, methane, and nitrous oxide
Which of the following contribute the most to global warming?
Carbon dioxide, methane, and nitrous oxide
From what process do all organisms use energy to power their physical, behavioral, and reproductive functions?
Cellular respiration
niche differentiation is the process by which potential competitors in an ecological community
are able to coexist because they divide up the fundamental niche
externalities
are costs and benefits associated with the production of a commodity that affect people other that buyers and sellers
Household hazardous wastes are threats to the environment and public health because they ________.
are frequently discarded into wastewater or municipal landfills
biocentric ethics
argues that the value of other living things equal to the value of humans
anthropocentric ethics
assigns intrinsic value only to humans; it defines right actions in terms of outcomes for human beings
scatter
association: looking for a correlation between two things
greenhouse gases
atmospheric gases that absorb infrared radiation, differ in their ability to warm the troposphere and surface (water vapor, ozone, CO2, methane, CFCs)
Air pollution
Gases or particles that are high enough concentration to harm humans, organisms, or structures
Non-point source pollution
General pollution form a broad region
Health problem closely associated with the destruction of the stratospheric zone
Skin cancer
Which one of the following illustrates open-looped recycling?
Thin plastic bags used to haul groceries are recycled into plastic boards to be used in the construction of home decks.
Early in the 18th century, _______ recognized the connection between human population growth and resource availability.
Thomas Malthus
In the troposphere, CFCs are stable. But in the stratosphere CFCs are not stable and release damaging chlorine atoms when exposed to
UV light
global warming
an increase in Earth's average temperature, rapid change due to human activity
mean
average of all values
Open fires lead to increased levels of
carbon monoxide
global climate change
describes trends and variations in Earth's climate
histograms, box
distribution: variation not related to time
consequence-based ethics
emphasizes the importance of outcomes
primary energy
energy contained in natural resources
One hundred units of coal energy are converted to electricity, which is then used to power an incandescent light bulb that produces 1.2 units of light energy. This results in a 1.2% _______
energy end-use efficiency
secondary energy
energy sources that have been converted from other energy sources
methane
fossil fuel deposits, livestock, landfills, and crops such as rice
standard deviation
measure of precision
multi-modal
more than two modes
nitrogen cycle
nitrification is a major flux, largest reservoir is atmosphere
improvement analysis of life cycle assessment
opportunities to reduce impacts
ecocentric ethics
places value on communities or organisms and ecosystems
sanitary landfill
prevent contamination of groundwater, reduce odor, lined with impervious clay and plastic, methane produced
Residence time for groundwater is longest when _____.
recharge and discharge rates are low
One of the main ways that gasoline-electric cars achieve better fuel efficiencies than typical gasoline powered cars is through the use of ________.
regenerative braking
bioenergy is considered to be a ________.
renewable resource because once plants are harvested they can be grown again
a specie's realized niche is
smaller than the fundamental niche because of the constraints of competition
omega
symbol for population stdev
A city hopes to use wastewater sludge to help create soccer fields in a new recreational park. However tests reveal unusually high levels of inorganic toxins in the sludge. What stage of wastewater treatment could have prevented this problem if used properly?
tertiary treatment
feedback
the ability of a system to adjust based on changes in the system itself
supporting services
the basic ecosystem processes, such as nutrient cycles and soil formation
Ecosystems are connected by ________.
the flow of energy and matter through the ecosystem
most of the water on earth is found in
the oceans
pathogens
virulence
The classic book "Motel of the Mysteries" is a (fictional) spoof on the field of archaeology, in particular the attribution of ceremonial or religious significance to found objects. This sketch from the book shows ceremonial use of artifacts unearthed from a 1900s motel. From our present day perspective, the fictional archaeologists are victims of ____.
"Pet" hypotheses or theories
qualitative
* classification based on an attribute * primarily counts
statistics
* collection, tabulation, analysis, interpretation, and presentation of numerical data * science of data
pareto chart
* frequency of occurrence * qualitivative distribution
chart
* graphical representation of data * can represent tabular numerical data, functions, or some kinds of qualitative structures
plot
* graphical technique for representing a data set * usually showing the relationship between two or more variables
skewed left
* negative skew * tail is on the left side
quantitative
*discrete/continuous variables * ordinal variables (rankings)
mutualism
+/+ interaction algae obtaining nutrients from symbiotic coral, and coral obtaining sugars from algal photosynthesis
competition
-/- interaction two species of mussels relying on the same species of phytoplankton as a food source
characteristics of good graphs
1. clearly label the graphic and provide explanations 2. avoid distortion 3. avoid three dimensions (but not always) 4. do not use more than one design in the same graphic
purpose of measurement system analysis
1. to assess its capability to provide the required measurements 2. to estimate the variability of measurement device
The approximate transfer of energy from one trophic level to the next higher trophic level is ________
10%
In an age structure pyramid, the most critical age span for women in order to determine the current fertility rate potential is ______
15-49
Ground source heat pumps take advantage of the nearly constant temperatures of _____ at depths of approximately 10ft below Earth's surface.
50-60°F
The current total world population has just passed ________.
7 billion
What covers ___% of the Eath
70
tertiary treatment
A city hopes to use wastewater sludge to help create soccer fields in a new recreational park. However tests reveal unusually high levels of inorganic toxins in the sludge. What stage of wastewater treatment could have prevented this problem if used properly?
economic scale
A commodity as the price that consumers are willing to pay for it. The cost per unit of a good or service declines as a level of production increases
Which of the following activities inside of a home are most likely to lead to increased levels of carbon monoxide and particulate matter that could result in disease and death?
A family in Kenya cooks inside the home with an open fire.
Building a dam on the Missippi River to generate electricity is an example of
A nonconsumptive use of water in an open watershed
In Donora, Pennsylvania the release of toxins became a deadly fog because of
A temperature inversion and secondary air pollutants
Which one of the following frameworks assigns intrinsic value only to humans?
Anthropocentric ethics
Which of the following is an example of take-back regulations?
Apple Computer sends out shipping labels for customers to return, without charge, old computers when a new Mac is purchased.
externalized costs
As noted in chapter 15 in the textbook, the exhaust and fly ash from the burning of coal releases many toxic chemicals harmful to life, including humans. For example, mercury is released into the atmosphere and is concentrated in animal tissues, leading to serious health problems such as neurological disorders. These indirect costs associated with the use of coal best represent ________.
When zooplankton die, their bodies accumulate in the ___ zone.
Benthic
Sources of greenhouse gases
Burning fossil fuel Industrial processes
One of the greatest success stories of the positive impact of chemistry research and environmental policies and regulations relates to _____.
CFCs and destruction of the ozone
photosynthesis inputs
CO2, H20, and energy
Large tar san deposits are found and currently processed in ________
Canada
Volatile organic compounds
Chemicals that vaporize into air Wide range of chemicals Natural or anthropogenic
In order to get the most control over the manufacturing and selling of illegal HCFC-12, focus should be where?
China
A temperature inversion around a large city such as Los Angeles traps pollutants in _____.
Cold air near the ground
Over the past 2 million years, earth's climate has_______.
Cycled between cold and warm periods
Over the past two million years, the Earth's climate has
Cycled between cold and warm periods
On May 18 of 1980, Mount Saint Helens erupted violently, sending plumes of ash high into the air. About 250 miles east of the volcano, several inches of ash accumulated on the ground in the college town of Pullman, Washington, representing _____.
Dry deposition of a natural aerosol
Which one of the following best describes the health risks of breathing secondhand smoke when living in a home with a smoker?
Each year the EPA estimates that breathing secondhand smoke kills nearly 40,000 people by contributing to lung cancer and heart disease.
If Earth had no carbon dioxide in its atmosphere, _____.
Earth would be considerably cooler
If Earth had no carbon dioxide in its atmosphere,
Earth would be considerably cooler.
CAFE standards in the US are part of the stabilization category of ______.
Efficiency and conservation
CAFE standards manage stabilize fuel in the category of
Efficiency and conservation
Which federal agency regulates legislation of HCFC-22 in the U.S.?
Environmental Protection Agency
As a Population approaches Carrying Capacity
Environmental resistance increases. Birth rates decline, death rates increase, and the overall rate of population growth declines
The feeding interactions among species in a community are best described as a(n) ________.
Food web
The total amount of CO2 that photosynthetic organisms convert to organic carbon each year is called ______
GPP
Air quality
Gases and small particles in atmosphere that influence ecosystems or human well-being
Which is true? 1. HCFC-22 cannot be manufactured in the U.S., but may be used. 2. HCFC-22 can be manufactured in the U.S., but not used. 3. The U.S. has banned the manufacturing and selling of HCFC-22. 4. HCFC-22 can be manufactured in the U.S., and used in limited quantities.
HCFC-22 can be manufactured in the US, and used in limited quantities
Forest songbirds have been declining for the past century in the United States. Evidence is accumulating and pointing to ________ as the most likely reason.
Habitat fragmentation
Greenhouse Effect
Heat cannot escape from the absorption of greenhouse gases in the trophosphere
John Muir met with President Theodore Roosevelt to try to prevent the damming of ________.
Hetch Hetchy Valley
Global warming and changing climates will affect wildlife by
Increasing the spread of parasites and associated disease
Global warming and changing climates will likely affect wildlife in North America by _____.
Increasing the spread of parasites and associated disease
Kyoto Protocol
International agreement to reduce global greenhouse gas before they became international law in 2005
Which of the following was one of the reasons why the Montreal Protocol remains one of the most successful international agreements to manage air pollutants?
It was easy to monitor the pollutant
Which of the following is an international agreement to reduce global greenhouse has emissions, which became international law in 2005? 1. UN Global Warming Agreement 2. Global Emissions Reduction Treaty 3. Kyoto Protocol 4. Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change
Kyoto Protocol
A family with two teenage children purchased a rural home. Cleaning before moving in, the family washed the sinks, shower, and bathtub using several gallons of bleach. The septic system in the home worked properly for the two people who lived there for the past 10 years. But about two weeks after the family moved in, raw sewage could be smelled in the yard. What is the most likely cause of this raw sewage problem?
Large amounts of bleach killed many of the bacteria in the septic system.
You visit a very large city that experiences frequent formations of heavy photochemical smog. In order to keep up your exercise routine, you intend to jog. In general, when would be the worst time to go running?
Late afternoon
Backcasting
Measures the accuracy of computer forecasts
Aerosols
Microscopic liquid droplets and solid particlescsuspended in air (Clouds and fog) that have either a warming or cooling effect, the size of the particles determines residence
Which one of the following types of coal mines is greatly altering stream habitat in West Virginia and Kentucky?
Mountaintop removal
which one is a NITRATE?
NO3-
what one of these is a NITRITE?
No2-
In his acceptance speech for the Nobel Peace Prize in 1970, ________ stated that the Green Revolution was a temporary success in a man's war against hunger.
Norman Borlaug
Drishti and Durjay are having a discussion about the scientific method. Drishti makes the comment that every time she sees people carrying open umbrellas, she also sees several small car accidents. This is a/an ________.
Observation
The specific aquifer on which much of the US midwestern agriculture depends if known as the _____
Ogallala aquifer
Which of the following are current environmental impacts related to the widespread generation and use of electricity in modern societies?
PCBs from transformers and cadmium from batteries are significant sources of water and soil pollution.
Most photosynthesis in the pelagic zone of the lake occurs in
Phytoplankton living in the photic zone.
The greatest source of greenhouse gases in industrialized countries is
Power stations
The greatest source of greenhouse gases in industrialized countries is ____.
Power stations
The Montreal Protocol was drafted to do which of the following? 1. protect endangered species 2. prevent further damage to the ozone layer 3. slow climate change 4. prevent dumping of hazardous wastes
Prevent further damage to the ozone layer
As modern societies have developed from prehistoric conditions, we have seen a switch from ________.
Primary renewable energy to Secondary nonrenewable energy
If you do not smoke and neither do the people in your family, how is it possible to get lung cancer?
Radon gas emissions
Which of the following is an abiotic factor?
Rainfall, temperature, sunlight
Residence time for ground water is longest when
Recharge and discharge rates are low
In general, what major shift in the management of air pollution in the United States has occurred since 1963?
Responsibility for regulating air pollution shifted to the national government
Management of air pollution after 1963
Responsibility for regulating air pollution shifted to the national government
The observation that some usable energy is lost in every energy conversion is explained by the ________.
Second Law of Thermodynamics.
Photochemicals
Secondary pollutants facilitated by sunlight
Which one of the following health problems is most closely associated with the destruction of the stratospheric ozone? 1. damage to the nervous system 2. lung cancer 3. skin cancer 4. irritation of the respiratory tract
Skin cancer
Which one of the following statements is TRUE?
Solar power systems are often most productive during periods of peak energy demands.
The populations of different plant and animal species that a field biologist identifies along a mountain trail is an example of ________.
Species richness
Select the best example of a positive externality in this scenario: biodegradable packaging is adopted in your city or county in order to reduce the landfill space needed for discarded materials.
Terrestrial and aquatic wildlife are less likely to ingest or become entangled in trash.
What makes it possible for the coexistence of several warbler species that feed on the same insect larvae?
The birds eat in the different portions of the forest canopy
The greatest progress in reducing atmospheric levels of lead pollution resulted from
The elimination of leaded gas
The greatest progress in reducing atmospheric levels of lead pollution resulted from _____.
The elimination of leaded gases
Global warming is closely associated with
The industrial revolution
Global warming over the past 200 years is most closely associated with _____.
The industrial revolution
What was the primary reason that the beaver and songbird populations were also diminished from the area?
The plants that the beaver and songbirds ate were diminishing, because of the elk's increased herbivore pressure
As cities have grown around estuaries, local rivers have been increasingly used as sources of freshwater, reducing the river flow into the estuary. Which of the following is the most likely consequence of this diversion of river water away from the estuary?
The salinity levels in the estuary have increased
What is true of Mexico and HCFC-22?
The use of HCFC-22 is not restricted
Which of the following is a primary challenge of using many renewable energy resources?
They are diffuse and intermittent.
Biodiversity is partially influenced by net primary productivity. The highest rates of NPP can be found in ________.
Tropical rainforest
Populations in which the probability of dying is high at young ages exemplify
Type II survivorship
In the troposphere, CFCs are stable. But in the stratosphere, CFCs are not stable and release damaging chlorine atoms when exposed to _____.
Ultraviolet light
Construction materials emit
Volatile organic compounds Paints, adhesives, synthetic fabrics, woos preservatives
Since the Industrial Revolution the Earth has
Warmed significantly
Over the past 10,00 years the Earth's climate has grown
Warmer- with ups and downs
Which of the following represents non-point-source pollution?
Water in the Mississippi River contains high levels of nitrogen from fertilizers added to fields in Illinois and Iowa.
Most abundant greenhouse gas that does not contribute to global warming, is
Water vapor
The most abundant greenhouse gas, which is not considered to be adding to global warming, is _____.
Water vapor
Does secondhand smoke kill people?
Yes, each year EPA estimates it kills nearly 40,000 people by contributing to lung cancer and heart disease.
Donora, Pennsylvania 1948
Zinc-smelting factory Deadly air pollution Smog common
A nuclear power plant produces electricity in a manner most similar to which of the following?
a coal-burning power plant, in that both use steam to rotate a turbine
Plants benefit from seed dispersal. Many plants produce nutritious fruits containing seeds that are eaten by some animals, and pass undigested in the animal's feces. These seeds are then ready to start a new plant in a pile of fertilizer. This relationship between the plant and the animal represents _____.
a coevolutionary relationship between a fructivore (an animal eating fruits) and a plant
A paddlefish in the Mississippi River swims through the water with its giant mouth open, catching food that is trapped by its gills. After several days of capturing small, shrimp-like critters, the shrimp population falls and the paddlefish swims through regions where recently hatched tadpoles are concentrated. The feeding strategy of this paddlefish represents _____.
a filter feeder engaging in prey switching
the research on the reintroduction of wolves into yellowstone national park reveals that in this ecosytem, wolves represent
a keystone predator
environmental justice
a movement that seeks to ensure that in the management of natural resources and the environment people are treated fairly regardless of race, gender, or economic status
human well-being
a multi-faced concept that includes life's basic necessities, such as food and shelter, as well as good health, social stability, and personal freedom
In the United States, a state government might adopt renewable portfolio standards to promote which of the following sources of energy?
a new field of wind turbines off the coast of North Carolina
Building a dam on the Mississippi River to generate electricity is an example of _____.
a nonconsumptive use of water in an open watershed
intrinsic value
a person, organism, or object valued as an end unto itself
science
a process that poses and answers questions objectively in order to increase knowledge and lessen uncertainty
green revolution
a recent period where global agriculture has increases several fold
Mutualism is ________.
a relationship between two species in which both benefit
nonrenewable
a resource that is ______ if its amount in an ecosystem declines with virtually any level of use. Sources of energy that exist in limited quantities
subsistence economy
a society meets its needs from its environment without accumulating wealth
In 1948 in Donora, Pennsylvania, the routine release of toxins into the air became a deadly fog because of _____.
a temperature inversion and secondary air pollutants
predation/parasitism/herbivory
a tick sucking a dog's blood +/- interaction a cheetah capturing and consuming a gazelle a rabbit eating the leaves of a dandelion plant
Overhunting of deer followed by a very difficult winter caused the deer population on an island to drop by 80%. In the next two years, visitors to the island were surprised to see many young trees sprouting up at the edges of the forest. This change in the number of saplings as a result of the decline of the deer population represents
a trophic cascade
preservationist
a view that parks and public lands should preserve wild nature in its pristine state
conservationist
a view that public resources should be used and managed in a sustainable fashion to provide the greatest benefit to the greatest number of people
carbon dioxide
abundant greenhouse gas, major contributor to global warming
Estuaries are some of the most productive ecosystems on Earth because of their _____.
abundant light and high levels of nutrients
adaptation
accept climate change is happening and pursue strategies to deal with its impacts
The three most important forms of pollution in the troposphere are _____.
acid deposition, heavy metals, and smog
The three most important forms of lead pollution in the troposphere are
acid deposition, smog, heavy metals
A large coal-burning power plant is about 50 miles upwind from a lake that used to be popular for fishing. But now, just five years after the plant was constructed, the fish populations are decreasing dramatically. Which one of the following impacts of this coal-burning power plant is most likely hurting the fish populations in this downwind lake?
acidification of the lake
Pollution in troposphere- three types
Acid deposition: Acid rain/snow/fog Heavy metal pollution: mercury/lead from fossil fuels Smog: Industrial/photochemical
Temperature Earth's atmosphere is affected by
Amount of solar radiation Earth's orbit Human influences- Carbon dioxide, methane, nitrous oxide
tissues within an organism's body are different from each other because the cells in each tissue
activate different portions of the identical DNA
Conservation measures
As cities in the United States grow, they are finding that increased water demands are best addressed by _____.
phosphorous cycle
affected by the release of detergents in treated waste water, weathering of rock is a major flux.
Nutrients such as nitrogen can lead to water quality degradation, including _______ which is/are characterized by low oxygen concentrations.
dead zones
Now and in the near future international agreements for non-navigational uses of fresh water will be needed because of _____.
declines in water resources in some regions due to global warming
Animals such as earthworms and millipedes that feed on dead organic matter are _____
decomposers
Will Perez
deferred medical school to work in Haiti, developed public health programs, trained youth to serve as community health workers where there is lack of doctors
variable
describes characteristics of the individuals within the population
Entropy
describes the disorder or order in a system
Gage Repeatability and Reproducibility studies
determine the amount of variation in a measuring system that can be attributed to the measuring device and the individuals using the device
accuracy
difference between the observed value and actual value
reproducibility
difference in the average of the measurements made by DIFFERENT people, using the same measurement system, when measuring the same item
anthroponosis
disease only in humans
zoonosis
disease shared by between animals and humans, may be transmitted directly or indirectly through animal vectors
The two main methods used to desalinate water are _____.
distillation and reverse osmosis
40+
distribution and association need how many measurements
The most efficient irrigation system currently in use is ______
drip irrigation
Data for energy consumption for Arizona in 2010 showed: 27% residential energy uses; 15% industrial uses; 24% commercial; and 34% transportation. Based on the data, which of the following personal actions could have the greatest impact in reducing greenhouse gas emissions?
driving a hybrid car using ethanol
When a volcano erupts and send plumes of ash high into the air. Several inches of ash accumulated in another town, representing
dry deposition of a natural aerosol
The extent to which you consume ecosystem goods and services is described in terms of your _______
ecological footprint
the various activities that define an organism's role in an ecosystem are that organism's
ecological niche
In the United States, the energy end use sector that uses the greatest amount of coal is ________.
electricity
Which of the following best illustrates "vampire power" in a common household in the United States?
electricity used to keep your computer printer on when you are not printing
According to Jevon's paradox, easy access to energy ___
encourages waste and rapid depletion of energy resources
Species that are found only in specific environments or have restricted localities are said to be _____.
endemic
Species that are found only in specific environments or have restricted localities are said to be ______
endemic
________ is the tendency of energy to flow toward a more diffuse state.
entropy
impact analysis of life cycle assessment
environmental, economic, health, social, and cultural impacts of inputs and outputs
The constitutional basis for environmental justice is rooted in _______
equal protection for all citizens
A raging river cascades down a granite mountain and eventually reaches the ocean. At the mouth of the river is a beautiful sandy beach composed of fine grains of granite particles from the river. The entire process of producing this sand is a result of
erosion, weatheringm transport, and then deposition
which one of the following primarily results from teh effects of solar energy?
evaporation of water from a lake
utilitarianism
example of consequence-based ethics that defines right actions as those that deliver the greatest good to the greatest number
the growth of a population of sparrows accelerates with each generation. the chances of dying are about the same for these sparrows, regardless of age. this population of sparrows therefore demonstrates
exponential growth and a type II survivorship curve
A computer manufacturer offers to pay for the return of your old computer when you buy a new one. This is an example of ________.
extended product responsibility
When analyzing the economic value of using DDT in the environment, the major criticism that environmentalists routinely cite is that ______ costs have not been fully considered.
external
As noted in chapter 15 in the textbook, the exhaust and fly ash from the burning of coal releases many toxic chemicals harmful to life, including humans. For example, mercury is released into the atmosphere and is concentrated in animal tissues, leading to serious health problems such as neurological disorders. These indirect costs associated with the use of coal best represent ________.
externalized costs
Primary production is high in regions of ocean upwellings because of the _____.
extra high levels of nutrients
A city using a modern sanitary landfill has detected leachate pollution in a nearby stream. The most likely cause of this pollution is ________.
failure of the clay lining of the landfill
A portion of a river that has experienced channelization will typically have ______.
faster water movement and a decrease in riparian vegetation
When a river experience channelization is had ___ movement and a ____ in riparian vegetation
faster water movement and a decrease in riparian vegetation
nitrous oxide
feedlots, chemical manufacturing plants, auto emissions
Wetlands that are fed primarily from groundwater, have peaty soils, and include the Florida Everglades are called _____.
fens
interpretation
final part of any data analysis
current state
first goal of the measure phase: thoroughly understand the ____ of the process
evaluating individual items/events
first major purpose of measuring
estimate, spread
first part of any data analysis: an ___ of the center and ___ of the data
analysis
first purpose for data presentation: make some interpretations
create current state process map
first step of measure phase
After the Hurricane Katrina disaster, the Federal Emergency Management Agency provided small mobile homes for temporary housing. Some people living in these homes reported irritations of the respiratory tract, headaches, and rashes. Which of the following is the most likely cause of these symptoms?
formaldehyde was escaping from some of the building materials
create KPOV Graphs
fourth step of measure phase
An impoundment hydroelectric plant uses water flowing ________.
from a reservoir to spin a turbine and generate electricity
which of the following is a mutualistic relationship that has a significant effect on an entire ecological community?
fungus-plant root associations benefit most of the plants living in a prairie.
an egg and a sperm are
gametes that combine in sexual reproduction to produce a zygote
food webs
generally are interconnected food chains
Compared to sanitary landfills, waste-to-energy facilities ________.
generate electricity
Most coal in the world is used to ________.
generate electricity
Within populations of individual species, biodiversity is measures as _______
genetic diversity
A small island country is quickly harvesting its rain forests and generating large profits. But the cleared land is just left to erode. In this country, we expect that the _____.
genuine progress indicator is decreasing
outputs of photosynthesis
glucose (sugar) and water
example of reusing waste
goodwill, salvation army
histogram
graphing technique that is really good at displaying distribution
The place where an organism lives is its _______
habitat
Of all the threats to biodiversity, the single greatest threat is _______
habitat destruction
Greenhouse gases trap
heat from the Earth's surface causing global warming
Which one of the following represents the use of a nonrenewable primary energy source?
heating a cabin in the winter using coal
a population will grow the fastest when total fertility rates are
high and generation times are short
Using high pressure liquids to extract oil form rocks such as oil shale is known as ______
hydraulic fracturing
The pH scale is a quantitative representation of the relative amounts of ______
hydrogen and hydroxide ions
In Latin America from 1600-1900 the vast majority of families lived on farms, people were very poor, and many were malnourished. The next stage of demographic transition should be followed by a period where _______
improved economic conditions relieve food shortages, health care and death rate declines
Globally, what is the main reason that life expectancy has increases dramatically over the last five decades?
improved health care, nutrition, sanitation
where do we expect to find the least amount of nitrogen?
in Earth's crust
Natural gas is increasingly transported ________.
in liquid form between continents
ecosystem
includes all of the organisms and their physical and chemical environment within a specific area
In urban areas, an increase in impervious surfaces will cause _____, which can lead to more frequent ______.
increase in runoff; floods
Aldo Leopold's "Land Ethic" essay describes ________.
individuals as members of a community of interdependent parts
Economic energy intensity is highest in ________.
industrialized countries in cold climates
inventory analysis of life cycle assessment
inputs and outputs of energy, material, and pollutants
environment
is all of the physical, chemical, and biological factors and processes that determine the growth and survival or an organism or a community of organisms
Unlike an impoundment hydroelectric plant, wind power ________.
is intermittent and sometimes not available
If a large city that is experiencing photochemical smog, the worst time to run would be
late afternoon
Decreasing the use aquifer would make saltwater contamination
less likely
biota
living organisms
in a terrestrial ecosystem, most carbon is stored in the biomass of
living plants
An S-shaped population growth curve best describes:
logistic growth
Which of the following would discourage the recycling of a material?
lower prices for recycled paper pulp
economic system
made up of institutions and interactions in a society that influence the production, distribution, and consumption
The preservationist ethic as applied to marine resources would manage these resources to ________.
maintain viable populations of all fish species.
run chart
make trends, shifts, cycles, or other non-random variation easier to see and understand
The equilibrium theory of island biogeography has become a fundamental principle in conservation biology. The principles in this theory are being applied to __________
managing isolated habitat patches
bias
measure of accuracy
M
median symbol (also x with tilde)
Sustainability
meeting the needs of the present in an equitable and fair fashion without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs
sustainability
meeting the needs of the present in an equitable and fair fashion without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs
which of the following are found in the cells of a dog but not in the bacteria that are found on a dog's fur?
membrane-enclosed nucleus and mitochondria
bioremediation
method of disposal, living organism breakdown of waste
permanent retrieval storage sites
method of disposal, special landfills that are monitored for leakage
life-cycle assessment
method to evaluate environmental impact of product through all stages of life cycle (inventory analysis, impact analysis, improvement analysis)
water vapor
most abundant greenhouse gas and contributes MOST to greenhouse effect
mode
most frequent observation
which of the following relationships is considered a win/win?
mutualism
The use of natural gas to generate electricity is increasing because ________.
natural gas is more efficient than coal and releases fewer pollutants
The function(s) of an organism lives is its ecosystem or biome is its ________.
niche
denitrifying bacteria convert ____ to ____
nitrates to nitrogen gas
__________ removes nitrogen from the atmosphere
nitrogen fixation
most nitrogen enters the biosphere through the process of
nitrogen fixation in which bacteria convert N2 to NH3
Dead zones in the ocean result from _____.
non-point-source pollution leading to very low oxygen environments typically located where rivers flow into the ocean
abiotic
nonliving
Which of the following is a type of nonrenewable energy?
nuclear energy
The source of energy for nuclear power is _____
nuclear fission
The nuclear reaction occurring in Earth's sun is _____
nuclear fusion
negative feedback
occurs when the directional change in a process alters the system in a manner that reverses the direction of that change
positive feedback
occurs when the directional change in process alters the ecosystems so as to reinforce change
Interest in nuclear power plants is increasing because ________.
of increasing costs of other forms of alternative energy and concerns about global warming
Why is biomass energy renewable?
once plants have harvested, they can grow again if proper conditions are provided and rate of harvest does not exceed rate of planting
which of the following is a difference between cellular respiration and anaerobic respiration?
only cellular respiration uses oxygen to break down carbohydrates
Which of the following components of municipal solid waste has increased the most in the past 40 years in the United States?
packaging and disposable containers
You are camping in a remote region. The next day, you plan to take a long hike and return to camp before dusk. A friend suggests that after hiking, you might want to enjoy a warm shower. She suggests that before you head out in the morning, you should suspend a strong, waterproof, black bag full of about 5 gallons of water, so that it sits in sunshine all day. When you return, the water should be warm, and you can enjoy a luxury because of good planning. The next day when you return from your hike, you enjoy a warm shower at your campsite! The process that you used to get a warm shower uses ________.
passive solar technology
Smart grid technologies can help to lower electrical energy costs and demands by reducing ________.
peak loads by helping consumers identify and reduce the use of electricity during peak demand
Milankowitch cycles
periodic changes in Earth's rotation and orbit around the Sun, alter the way the solar radiation is distributed
along the west coast of the US, upwellings bring deep ocean waters to the surface, carrying with them __________, which greatly increases NPP
phosphate
which one of the following statements about the carbon, phosphorus, and nitrogen cycles is true?
phosphorus is virtually absent in the atmosphere
carbon cycle
photosynthesis is major flux, cycle is significantly affected by the extraction of fossil fuels
Light radiation strikes a sandwich of 2 layers of silicon and dislodges electrons from one layer which are then picked up by the other layer causing production of an electric current. This best describes ______
photovoltaic cells
Most photosynthesis in the pelagic zone of a lake occurs in _____.
phytoplankton living in the photic zone
mu
population mean symbol
environmental factors that influence populations of disease agents and vectors
population size, movement, climate, water quality
median
preferred for skewed data or data with outliers
In a typical municipal wastewater treatment system in the United States, condoms flushed down a toilet are most likely removed from wastewater during the ________ stage.
pretreatment
In a typical municipal wastewater treatment system in the United States, sludge is produced during the ________.
pretreatment, primary, and secondary stages
Compared to an open dump, sanitary landfills ________.
prevent the contamination of groundwater
Most electricity is generated by using ________.
primary energy sources to heat water and produce pressurized steam, which turns the turbines of an electric generator
A rancher in Texas drills for water on her property and in the process, hits oil which squirts strongly from the ground. Within days a system is installed to capture the oil as it shoots up from the ground. This system of collecting oil represents ________.
primary oil recovery
Hydropower generated through dams _____
produces little air pollution
The problem of the disposal of high-level radioactive wastes from nuclear power plants could be addressed in part by fuel recycling. Why isn't fuel recycling of nuclear waste a widespread practice where nuclear power is used? Fuel recycling ________.
produces plutonium, which can be made into nuclear bombs
market economies
production and consumption of goods and services take place in markets guided by prices based on a system of currency
climate models
programs that combine what is known about atmospheric circulation, ocean circulation, atmosphere-ocean interactions, and feedback mechanisms to stimulate climate processes, becoming more reliable in predicting climate change
In Florida, almost all drinking water comes from aquifers. Saltwater contamination of these aquifers is more likely when _____.
pumping rates from the aquifer exceed recharge rates
mitigation
pursue actions that reduce greenhouse gas emissions to lessen severity of future climate change
Proved reserves of a nonrenewable energy source are _____
quantities of fuel that can be recovered using current technology and prices
A 62-year-old woman has lived her entire life in a beautiful home in Iowa with her home office and a big family room in the basement. Nobody in her home ever smoked, yet she was just diagnosed with lung cancer. Which of the following was most likely a factor that led to her lung cancer? 1. radon gas emissions 2. carbon monoxide poisoning 3. bacterial infections 4. combustion byproducts of indoor cooking
radon gas emissions
An organism's _______ for many environmental factors determines where it can live.
range of tolerance
Largemouth bass and rainbow trout are stocked in a small, deep 10-acre pond. The bass are most active in 20-30 °C water, and the rainbow trout prefer water at about 6-22 °C. We expect to find few places in this pond where the two species interact because they have different
ranges of tolerance
ecosystems integrity
refers to the web of interactions that regulate ecosystem functions
short term variation
repeatability represents
robust estimator
resistant to extreme values (ex. median)
Gifford Pinchot, first head of the US Forest Service, advocated the conservationist view of nature. This view promoted _______
resource use in a sustainable manner to provide the greatest benefit for the greatest number of people
x-bar
sample mean symbol
Hydrophytes are able to live in wetlands because they have adaptations that allow them to grow in _____.
saturated and anaerobic soils
example of recycling waste
saves resources and energy
toxicology
scientific discipline that studies chemical poisons and effect on human health
collect reliable data
second goal of the measure phase
reducing overall process variation
second major purpose of measuring
histogram, trend, and/or pareto
second part of any data analysis
visual communication
second purpose for data presentation: best way to show
identify potential KPIVs
second step of measure phase
Which one of the following sources of renewable energy does not use a turbine to generate electricity?
solar photovoltaic cells
renewable energy
sources of energy that are not depleted when they are used
nonrenewable energy
sources of energy that exist in limited quantities
The total number of plant an animal species that a field biologist identifies along a mountain trail is an example of _______
species richness
Negative feedback processes tend to function within ecosystems to ________
stabilize the ecosystem
Island biogeography theory
states that the diversity of species on an island is largely determined by the relationship between two factors: 1. the rate at which new species migrate to the island 2. the rate at which species disappear from the island or become extinct
environmental science
studies all aspects of the environment
environmental ethics
studies the moral relationship of humans of the environment and its nonhuman contents
3 factors that have most influence on climate
sun (dark and frozen without), atmosphere (more extreme temps without), oceans (store and transport heat and moisture)
Photochemicals are secondary pollutants whose formation is facilitated by
sunlight
Photochemicals are secondary pollutants whose formation is facilitated by _____.
sunlight
What are 3 requirements for photosynthesis?
sunlight, carbon dioxide, water
provisioning services
supply us with resources, such as food, water, and the air we breathe
s
symbol for sample standard deviation
What two main factors are most important in determining a particular biome?
temperature and precipitation
Precipitation ________.
that is acidic would have a pH lower than pure water
One of the major disadvantages of using tidal energy systems is ________.
that these systems cause habitat disruption in regions with highly productive marine estuaries
The greatest proven oil reserves in the world are found in ________.
the Middle East
radiative forcing
the amount of change in energy that a given factor causes (positive warms the surface, negative cools it)
A watershed is _______
the area of land from which rainfall drains into rivers or lakes
animism
the belief that living and nonliving objects possess a spirit or a soul
two species of ant compete for limited resources in a front yard, until only one species is able to remain. this is an example of
the competitive exclusion principle
Which of the following is of least concern in the continued reliance upon coal to generate electricity in the world?
the continued availability of coal
A main reason photovoltaic cells are not used more today to produce electricity commercially is that:
the cost per kilowatt is higher than for other forms of electrical generation
economies of scale
the cost per until of a good or service declines as a level of production increases
which one of the following statements is correct?
the cycling time is how long it takes an element or molecule to pass through a biogeochemical cycle
One disadvantage of wind farms is ________.
the death of bats and birds from collisions with turbine towers and blades
profit
the difference between the cost to produce a commodity and its price in the marketplace
ecosystem functions
the flow of matter and energy and the processes influencing the distribution and abundance of organisms
Biogeochemical cycles
the flow of matter through an ecosystem
free market economy
the government does not influence the marketplaces with subsidies, taxation, or regulation
planned economy
the government regulates the prices of goods and services and the level of production
A systems thinker interested in improving lawn mower performance might focus on _____.
the interconnections between the parts of a lawn mower
which of the following represents an example of intraspecific explotaitiong competition?
the leaves of the huge hickory tree overshadow the young hickory tree saplings struggling for light just below
a large reservoir behind a dam is rapidly rising, as rain and melting snow add more water than is being released out of the dam's spillway. In this situation, _____
the net flux is positive and the capital of water within the reservoir is increasing
Stranded in a raft, floating in the waters off the eastern shore of Georgia, survivors of a shipwreck have enough supplies to last them about two weeks. As they consider their fate, they realize that the surface ocean currents will gradually take them _____.
the northern regions of the Atlantic Ocean
birth rate
the number of births per unit time expressed as a percentage of the population size
death rate
the number of individuals dying per unit of time expresses as a percentage of the population size
infant mortality rate
the percent of infants within a population that die before age one year
which statements are true of a population at carrying capactity?
the population growth rate equals zero. the birth rate equals the death rate. the rate at which resources are used is equal to the rate at which they are supplied
total fertility rate
the potential number of offspring that an average female in a population can produce
One of the socio-economic drawbacks to producing large-scale ethanol form corn is ______
the price of corn and corn-based foods can increase due to higher demand
dynamic homostasis
the process by which systems adjust to changes in ways that minimize how much features or processes vary from their normal values
energy conversion
the process of changing one form of energy into other forms of energy
the physical and chemical properties of soils are primarily determined by
the properties of rock from which the soils develop
If there are 1.2 trillion barrels of oil reserves known in the world, and we are consuming 30 billion barrels a year, we could estimate that we have about 40 years worth of oil still in the ground. This calculation represents ________.
the reserves to production ratio
duty-based ethics
the rightness and wrongness of actions should be determined by a set of rules or laws
When streams feeding a large, closed basin lake are greatly reduced, we expect that _____.
the salinity of the lake will increase
cultural services
the spiritual and recreational benefits that ecosystems provide
Sunlight enters a prairie ecosystem where it promotes the evaporation of water, is captured and converted by photosynthesis into molecules that build and sustain plants, and is reflected back into the sky. If we created an energy equation of the input and outputs of this prairie ecosystem, we would say that _____.
the total amount of energy equals the total amount of energy absorbed, reflected, and released
Biodiversity is _____.
the variety of life in all its forms and combinations and at all levels of organization
Biodiversity is ______
the variety of life in all its forms and combinations and at all levels of organization
regulating services
the ways that ecosystems control important conditions and processes, such as climate, the flow and water, and the absorption or pollutants
instrumental value
thing that is valued as a means to some other end
background information
third part of any data analysis
perform data collection
third step of measure phase
many plants have evolved adaptations to discourage herbivore feeding.which one of the following is an example of such coevolution between bison and praire plants?
thorns
How is genetic variation maintained in most populations?
through sexual reproduction
Which one of the following sources of renewable energy is derived from the moon and the sun?
tidal
The Montreal Protocol Made it easier
to monitor and manage air pollutants
Indoor air pollutants include______.
tobacco smoke, carbon monoxide, and radon gas
Indoor air pollutions include
tobacco smoke, carbon monoxide, and randon gas
Several inches of rain fall over a field of tall corn, soaking into the soil and draining into ditches. Within an hour, there is no standing water and the humidity over the field rises quickly. At a nearby shopping mall, the rainwater fell onto blacktop and drained to sewer pipes, which carried the water directly into a stream. Which of the following occurred in the cornfield but not in the parking lot?
transpiration
water cycle
transpiration is a major flux, largest reservoir is ocean water
run (line), control
trends over time
bi-modal
two modes
intraspecific competition
two red foxes are fighting over the carcass of a freshly killed rabbit
on-site wastewater treatment
typical of households, septic systems
Harnessing the energy of tides to generate electricity is different than a hydroelectric power station at a dam because tidal energy ________.
ultimately relies on the moon's gravity and hydroelectric power ultimately relies on the energy from the sun
septic system
underground tank, leach field, solids must be periodically pumped out
Which of the following is an advantage to using wind powered electrical generators? Wind powered electrical generators ________.
use a renewable energy resource
In the original Star Trek television episodes and movies, one character often states that "the needs of the many outweigh the needs of the few." This statement represents _____.
utilitarianism
repeatability
variation between successive measurements of the same item, same characteristic, by the SAME person, using the same instrument
fuzziness
variation type of the measurement system itself
hazardous waste
waste that is flammable, corrosive, explosive, or toxic - source specific - nonspecific source - discarded commercial chemical
graywater
water from sources other than toilets and garbage disposal, may be used to irrigate
what statements are true of logistic growth?
when the population reaches carrying capacity, it stops growing. as the population approaches carrying capacity, it grows more slowly.
Which of the following represents two forms of renewable energy ultimately derived from the sun?
wind and biomass
Which of the following are two of the most important factors in determining where wind farms should be located?
wind consistency and wind speed
What is a result when birth rates and death rates reach equal numbers?
zero population growth
A subsistence farmer might ______
barter or trade goods they grow
Pareto, run, histograms
basic KPOV Graphs
When populations approach their carrying capacity, their resources ________.
become more scarce as growth rate becomes zero
A confined aquifer is groundwater located _____
below the water table between layers of comparatively impermeable rock or sediment
When zooplankton in a lake die, their bodies typically accumulate in the _____.
benthic zone
in examining a terrestial food web, we expect that the
biomass of primary customers exceeds the biomass of secondary consumers
Communities of similar organisms found in a particular climate are called _______
biomes
Which one of the following methods of addressing hazardous waste may include the use of bacteria?
bioremediation
which factors do not contribute to environmental resistance?
birth rate
a population will not change in size if the
birth rate equals the death rate and the immigration rate equals the emigration rate
ecology
branch of environmental science that focuses on the abundance and distribution of organisms in elation to their environment
waste incineration
burned at high temperatures to reduce volume and weight of waste (5-6% of original waste)
when predators selectively prey on the old and sick members of a prey population, they
cause the overall health of the prey population to increase
From what process do all organisms use energy to power their physical, behavioral and reproductive functions?
cellular respiration
the products of photosynthesis are the materials that react in the process of
cellular respiration
Agricultural waste can be used to make
charcoal
the cells of all plants have
chloroplasts and mitochondria and use carbohydrates to power their functions
Regulating ecosystem services are ways that ecosystems control important conditions and/or processes such as _______
climate, water flow, disease
The monarch butterfly-milkweed relationship is best described as an example of ________
coevolution
evolutionary change
coevolution between pathogen and hosts, tends to diminish disease severity
A temperature inversion in a large city traps pollutants in
cold air near the gound
Cattle egrets are large white birds that follow grazing cattle. The cattle disturb the grass and stir up insects upon which the egrets feed. The cattle do not seem to mind the birds and gain nothing from this relationship. This relationship between cattle and cattle egrets is a type of
commensalism
in which of the following situations would we expect a parasite to spread the fastest?
concentrated hosts with rapidly moving vectors
weather
conditions at localized sites over hours or days
An increase in which of the following would NOT increase the environmental impacts of energy use?
conservation
Reducing energy use is ________
conserving energy by changing the amount of pattern of energy use; changing technology to reduce energy waves
example of reducing waste
consumer choices
E-waste is considered to be a form of hazardous waste because ________.
contains large amounts of heavy metals
Radioactive waste from spent fuel rods used in nuclear reactors is particularly difficult to dispose of because ________.
contains large amounts of toxic heavy metals and its radioactivity decays very slowly
Externality
costs and benefits associated with the production of a commodity that affect people other than buyers and sellers
The lowest total fertility rates might be found in _____
countries providing education for women