environment ch.2

Which of these is a source of lactose? sugar beets starch sugar cane potatoes milk

milk

As the climate continues to change due to human activity, which of the following is most likely? -the amount of desertification fluctuating worldwide -less desertification worldwide -no change in desertification worldwide -more desertification worldwide

more desertification worldwide

Which of these figures correctly illustrates the nature of the bonding of H2O?

negative in top left

The total amount of chemical energy that remains after autotrophs use some of the energy to fuel their own metabolism is known as ________. secondary production negative secondary production gross primary production net primary production positive primary production

net primary production

Denitrifying bacteria convert _____ to _____. nitrogen gas ... ammonium ammonium ... nitrogen gas nitrogen gas ... nitrites nitrates ... nitrogen gas nitrogen gas ... nitrates

nitrates ... nitrogen gas

What is the charge on a hydronium ion? 2- 1- 0 1+ 2+

1+

What is the charge on a hydroxide ion? 0 2- 1- 1+ 2+

1-

What is the primary July temperature range associated with the portion of the Rocky Mountains in northern Colorado, Wyoming, Idaho, and Montana (2000-3,999 m)? 24 to 26° C 27 to 29° C 15 to 17° C 9 to 11° C 21 to 23° C

15 to 17° C

Which of the following equations represents photosynthesis? -C6H12O6 + 6CO2 → 6O2 + 6H2O -6CO2 + 6O2 → C6H12O6 + 6H2O -C6H12O6 + 6O2 → 6CO2 + 6H2O -6H2O + 6O2 → C6H12O6 + 6CO2 -6CO2 + 6H2O → C6H12O6 + 6O2

6CO2 + 6H2O → C6H12O6 + 6O2

What is the insolation range (watts per square meter) associated with July temperatures ranging from 3 to 5° C? -240 to 259 W/m2 -80 to 99 W/m2 -160 to 179 W/m2 -120 to 139 W/m2 -200 to 219 W/m2

80 to 99 W/m2

What provides electrons for the light reactions? O2 H2O The Calvin cycle CO2 Light

H2O

Which of the following people would likely find this map the most useful? -A soil scientist studying the shifts in land use across Africa. -A toxicologist studying the effects of air pollution on human health. -A demographer studying how the education of girls influences birth rates in the developing world. -Someone studying urban green spaces of less than 300 square meters.

A soil scientist studying the shifts in land use across Africa.

What two molecules are produced by the light reactions and used to power the Calvin cycle? -ATP and NADPH -CO2 and O2 -C6H12O6 and RuBP -G3P and H2O -C6H12O6 and O2

ATP and NADPH

Which of the following landscapes is suitable for biostimulation? -An aerobic salt marsh where nutrients are plentiful -An aerobic salt marsh where nutrients are limiting -An anaerobic wetland where nutrients are limiting -An anaerobic wetland where nutrients are plentiful

An aerobic salt marsh where nutrients are limiting

What connects the two photosystems in the light reactions? -A thylakoid -The Calvin cycle -An electron transport chain -Chlorophyll -A chain of glucose molecules

An electron transport chain

If trends continue, which of the following will happen over the next 25 years? -An increase in urbanization in Europe, and a decrease in urbanization in the U.S. and China. -An increase in urbanization in the U.S., China and Europe. -An increase in urbanization in the U.S. and Europe, and a decrease in urbanization in China. -An increase in urbanization in the U.S. and China, and a decrease in urbanization in Europe.

An increase in urbanization in the U.S., China and Europe.

____________ are porous regions of rock and soil that hold groundwater, water found within the soil. Oceans Rivers Lakes Aquifers

Aquifers

Microorganisms have the ability to degrade a variety of substances. In addition microbes can: -Cause MTBE persistence in the environment. -Bind and accumulate heavy metals. -Synthesize nitrates. -Perform only in reactions that require energy input.

Bind and accumulate heavy metals.

The ___________ consists of all the planet's organisms and the abiotic (nonliving) portions of the environment with which they interact. -Biosphere -Hydrosphere -Atmosphere -Lithosphere

Biosphere

The initial test results of an EPA study in 1989 and 1990 were not conclusive about the value of biostimulation of indigenous microbes and about the use of exogenous bacteria for remediation. In contrast, a later field study in Delaware reached the following conclusions: -Biostimulation can slow down hydrocarbon removal. -Addition of exogenous bacteria leads to faster hydrocarbon cleanup than biostimulation. -Exogenous bacteria outcompete indigenous bacteria. -Biostimulation can accelerate hydrocarbon removal.

Biostimulation can accelerate hydrocarbon removal.

-photophosphorylation -glycolysis the citric acid cycle -oxidative phosphorylation -electron transport

Box B

When it comes to protecting peat bogs, which country is critical, as it has the most to preserve? Canada Tanzania Brazil Australia

Canada

What provides the carbon atoms that are incorporated into sugar molecules in the Calvin cycle? Sucrose (C12H22O11) RuBP Glucose (C6H12O6) G3P (C3H6O3) Carbon dioxide (CO2)

Carbon dioxide (CO2)

Which process or processes return carbon to the atmosphere? -Breakdown of large organic molecules into smaller organic molecules -Cellular respiration and the breakdown of large organic molecules into smaller organic molecules -Cellular respiration only -Photosynthesis only -Cellular respiration and photosynthesis

Cellular respiration only

How do energy and matter move through an ecosystem? Both energy and matter unidirectionally flow through an ecosystem. Matter unidirectionally flows through an ecosystem, whereas energy cycles within an ecosystem. Both energy and matter cycle within an ecosystem. Energy unidirectionally flows through an ecosystem, whereas matter generally cycles within an ecosystem.

Energy unidirectionally flows through an ecosystem, whereas matter generally cycles within an ecosystem.

Imagine that biostimulation is used on a widespread scale for a bioremediation project. Which of the following ecosystem changes represent a potential side effect of the cleanup efforts? -Decreased wildlife habitat -Eutrophication (degradation due to increased production of organic matter) of nearby rivers -Soil recontamination -Increased air pollution

Eutrophication (degradation due to increased production of organic matter) of nearby rivers

Which of the following is true regarding wolf spiders? -They do not have webs. -Males draw in females with chemically-laced webs. -Both males and females use chemically-laced webs to draw potential mates in. -Females draw in males with chemically-laced webs.

Females draw in males with chemically-laced webs.

If you study this map, which of the following is seen most frequently? -Forests changing to agricultural land over time. -No change in the amount of forest over time. -Agricultural land changing to forests over time. -No change in the amount of agricultural land over time.

Forests changing to agricultural land over time.

Which of these is the correct equation for the dissociation of water? -H2O <==> H+ + OH- -H2O + OH-<==> H2O+ -H2O + H2O <==> H3O+ + OH- -H2O + H2O+<==> H2O + OH- -H+<==> H2O + H2O+

H2O + H2O <==> H3O+ + OH-

-Evaporation. -A water molecule split in half. -A water molecule gained an hydrogen ion from another water molecule. -Two water molecules bonded. -A hydrogen molecule bonded with an OH- molecule.

How did this molecule form?

Which of the following climate types is predominately found adjacent to warm ocean currents? Mediterranean Midlatitude cold steppe Subarctic, cool summers Tropical, subtropical hot deserts Humid subtropical, moist all year

Humid subtropical, moist all year

A new species of wolf spider is discovered. Which of the following is most likely? -It performs the same courtship dance as some wolf spiders. -It performs the same courtship dance as all wolf spiders. -It does not have a courtship dance. -It has its own unique courtship dance.

It has its own unique courtship dance.

What transports electrons from the light reactions to the Calvin cycle? NADPH FADH2 Chlorophyll NADH An electron transport chain

NADPH

Which one of these is a nitrite? NH2 NH4 - PO4 - NO2 - NO3 -

NO2 -

Which one of these is a nitrate? NO3 - NH2 SH NO2 - NH4 -

NO3 -

_____ removes nitrogen from the atmosphere. Denitrification Nitrification Mineralization Nitrogen fixation Assimilation

Nitrogen fixation

Could 235U (uranium-235) decay into an isotope of 239Np (neptunium-239)? -No, because as uranium decays, it will shed subatomic particles, not add them. -Yes, because the half-life of 235U is 700 million years. -Yes, because 236Pb is a smaller atom than 239Np. -No, because neptunium (Np) does not exist.

No, because as uranium decays, it will shed subatomic particles, not add them.

Which of the following regions has the largest annual temperature ranges? -Central Africa (e.g. Democratic Republic of the Congo) -Southwestern South America (e.g. Chile) -Antarctica -Western Europe (e.g. Germany) -North-central Asia (e.g. Siberia, Russia)

North-central Asia (e.g. Siberia, Russia)

According to this research, which of the following male wolf spiders will be most successful at mating? -One that catches the largest prey as a gift for the female. -One that is very large. -One that makes the strongest vibrations. -One that can spin the most elaborate web.

One that makes the strongest vibrations.

How do organic compounds differ from inorganic compounds? -Organic compounds consist of carbon atoms joined by covalent bonds, while inorganic compounds lack carbon-carbon bonds. -Organic compounds are natural, while inorganic compounds are artificially synthesized. -Inorganic compounds never contain carbon, whereas organic compounds always contain carbon. -Inorganic compounds always only consist of two atoms. -Organic compounds are always acidic, while inorganic compounds are always basic.

Organic compounds consist of carbon atoms joined by covalent bonds, while inorganic compounds lack carbon-carbon bonds.

Which one of the following describes a positive feedback loop? -A positive feedback loop would stabilize the concentration of a substance. -Positive feedback loops are more common in natural systems altered by human actions. -Positive feedback loops are relatively common in nature compared to negative feedback loops. -A positive feedback loop would reverse a change that may cause damage to an ecosystem.

Positive feedback loops are more common in natural systems altered by human actions.

Which organisms play a role in returning carbon to the atmosphere? Consumers and decomposers, but not producers. Decomposers only. Producers only. Producers, consumers, and decomposers. Consumers only.

Producers, consumers, and decomposers

Microbes were first considered for bioremediation after Marjory Stephenson observed that they were digesting enormous quantities of waste from a sugar beet factory. The waste was accumulating in: -Nearby soils. -Area plants. -River water. -The atmosphere.

River Water

Carbon has an atomic number of 6. If an uncharged carbon atom has a mass number of 14, which of the following is true? View Available Hint(s) -This atom has 6 protons, 8 neutrons, and 8 electrons. -This atom has 6 protons, 6 neutrons, and 6 electrons. -This atom has 6 protons, 8 neutrons, and 6 electrons. -This atom has 8 protons, 6 neutrons, and 8 electrons.

This atom has 6 protons, 8 neutrons, and 6 electrons.

You work for a wastewater treatment plant whose effluent (outflow) is released into a river that empties into the Chesapeake Bay. You are informed of the dead zone in the bay and are instructed to take measures to remedy the problem. Which of the following steps would be most effective? -Use microbes to break down the organic matter in the wastewater. -Install a chlorination unit to kill any harmful pathogens that might contaminate the wastewater. -Neutralize the acidity of the effluent to prevent the bay from becoming too acidic. -Run the purified wastewater through a system that contains denitrifying bacteria.

Run the purified wastewater through a system that contains denitrifying bacteria.

You are an ecologist visiting a healthy peat bog. Which of the following is true? -Sphagnum is the only moss present. -Sphagnum is dominant. -Sphagnum is present in low numbers. -Sphagnum is not present.

Sphagnum is dominant.

Imagine following a single carbon atom through the carbon cycle. Which of the following is a possible path for the carbon atom to take? -The atmosphere, a plant, a herbivore, a decomposer, then back to the atmosphere -The atmosphere; a plant; an herbivore; another plant; then back to the atmosphere. -The atmosphere; a plant; a higher-level consumer; then back to the atmosphere. -The atmosphere; a decomposer; then back to the atmosphere. -The atmosphere; a decomposer; a higher-level consumer; then back to the atmosphere.

The atmosphere, a plant, a herbivore, a decomposer, then back to the atmosphere

Which of the following is true in a healthy peat bog? -The bog holds little water and decomposition is fast. -The bog holds a lot of water and decomposition is slow. -The bog holds little water and decomposition is slow. -The bog holds a lot of water and decomposition is fast.

The bog holds a lot of water and decomposition is slow.

If climate change continues as predicted, which of the following is most likely to happen to peat bogs? -The trees present will be taller. -They will have fewer trees. -They will have an increase in tree species that tolerate very wet conditions. -They will have a rapid tree die off.

The trees present will be taller.

You study wolf spiders in Minnesota. Which of the following is true? -They come together only to mate. -Males live in groups with other males while females live in groups with other females. -They live in groups. -Females live in groups while males live nearly solitary lives.

They come together only to mate.

Which of the following best describes the role of autotrophs in ecosystems? -They produce their own organic molecules, which can be broken down for energy. -They produce their own inorganic molecules, which can be broken down for energy. -They consume other organisms for energy. -Without heterotrophs, there would be no autotrophs.

They produce their own organic molecules, which can be broken down for energy.

Why are peat bogs so important when it comes to climate change? -They don't release carbon when burned. -They absorb carbon from the atmosphere quickly. -They release carbon as carbon monoxide rather than carbon dioxide. -They store a lot of carbon.

They store a lot of carbon.

Which of the following do wolf spiders rely on most for communication? Pheromones Vibrations Hearing UV light reception

Vibrations

What name is given to this molecule? hydronium ion -glucose -hydroxide ion -water -methane

What name is given to this molecule?

glucose DNA -hydroxide ion water hydronium ion

What name is given to this molecule?

-electron transport and oxidative phosphorylation -oxidative phosphorylation -the citric acid cycle glycolysis -electron transport

What process occurs in Box A?

top right of purple -bottom right of purple

Where is oxygen?

Assuming they are equal size, which of the following will absorb the most carbon dioxide from the atmosphere? -a desert -a forest -a shopping center -a baseball complex

a forest

Glycogen is _____. -a transport protein that carries oxygen -a polysaccharide found in plant cell walls -the form in which plants store sugars -a polysaccharide found in animals -a source of saturated fat

a polysaccharide found in animals

Every carbon atom in the organic molecules that make up your body MUST recently have been part of a producer. a primary consumer. a sugar molecule made in one of your chloroplasts. a higher-level consumer. a decomposer.

a producer.

letter A top right

assimilation is represented by which letter and where

A water quality expert found that dissolved phosphorus and nitrogen levels were more than 10 times what they were 70 years ago. The primary sources of these nutrients are ________. -agricultural and urban fertilizer runoff as well as increased urban wastewater discharges -the changes in dissolved oxygen levels -soil particles eroded from the deforested watershed -the increased algal biomass in the lake -natural atmospheric phosphorus and nitrogen fixation

agricultural and urban fertilizer runoff as well as increased urban wastewater discharges

Nitrifying bacteria convert _____ to _____. nitrogen gas ... ammonium nitrogen gas ... nitrates ammonium ... nitrites nitrates ... nitrogen gas ammonium ... nitrogen gas

ammonium ... nitrites

All of the following are approaches to reducing eutrophication EXCEPT: -planting and maintaining vegetation buffers around ditches and streams that trap nutrient and sediment runoff. -using artificial wetlands to filter stormwater and farm runoff. -reducing fertilizer use on farms and lawns. -applying fertilizers to farmland just before heavy rains are predicted. -upgrading stormwater systems to capture runoff from roads and parking lots.

applying fertilizers to farmland just before heavy rains are predicted.

Which energy-rich molecule produced by cellular respiration directly powers cell work? glucose atp water O2

atp

Some organisms, such as plants, algae, and cyanobacteria, produce their own food by absorbing the sun's radiation. These organisms are referred to as ________. -heterotrophs or consumers -heterotrophs or primary producers -autotrophs or producers -parasites or heterotrophs -mutualists or consumers

autotrophs or producers

In the flow of matter in ecosystems, where would be the greatest flow of nutrients? -between decomposers and top consumers -between middle consumers and producers -between the sun and producers -between detritus and producers -between producers and top consumers

between detritus and producers

All organic compounds contain __________. -phosphorus -nitrogen -oxygen -carbon

carbon

Which of the following are the reactants (ingredients) needed for photosynthesis to occur? sunlight, plants, and oxygen glucose, oxygen, and sunlight plant seeds, water, and soil carbon dioxide, water, and sunlight

carbon dioxide, water, and sunlight

Forming the cell walls of stems, leaves, and roots, what compound is the primary structural constituent of plant tissues? -Cellulose -Enzymes -Protein -Chlorophyll -Starch

cellulose

Which of these is a polysaccharide? -cellulose -glucose -sucrose -galactose -lactose

cellulose

_____ is the most abundant organic compound on Earth. -Glucose -Glycogen -Lactose -Cellulose -Starch

cellulose

When you burn a log in your fireplace, you are converting ________. -chemical energy to nuclear energy -electromagnetic energy to chemical energy -chemical energy to thermal (heat) energy -thermal energy to electromagnetic energy -proteins to amino acids

chemical energy to thermal (heat) energy

In which of the following organelles does photosynthesis take place? -Nucleus -Chloroplast -Central vacuole -Ribosome -Mitochondrion

chloroplast

The greatest human impact on the carbon cycle has been through ________. -depletion of aquifers -mining of limestone (calcium carbonate) -combustion of fossil fuels -increased respiration of the exponentially growing human population -use of synthetic fertilizers

combustion of fossil fuels

What name is given to the process(es) seen in this animation? To view the animation, click here. Green Monomers. Then click on the image to start the animation. -water formation -dehydration synthesis -catabolism -monomerization -transcription and translation

dehydration synthesis

A scientist can use ecological modeling to attempt to explain and predict how __________ function. -elements -ecological systems -landscape ecologists -feedback loops

ecological systems

The tendency of an atom to pull electrons toward itself is referred to as its _____. -ionic potential -electronegativity -polarity -covalency -tonicity

electronegativity

That all the energy of the universe remains constant, is conserved, is neither created nor destroyed, but may change form is a statement of the ________. -law of systemic connection -law of feedback -first law of thermodynamics -second law of thermodynamics -law of entropy

first law of thermodynamics

Each water molecule can join to _____ other water molecules by ____ bonds. -two ... polar covalent -two ... hydrogen -four ... polar covalent -three ... ionic -four ... hydrogen

four ... hydrogen

Which of the following molecules is broken down in cellular respiration, providing fuel for the cell? glucose atp water O2

glucose

Which of the following represents cellular respiration? -nitrogen + oxygen + glucose → methane + carbon dioxide -nitrogen + carbon dioxide + energy → methane + oxygen -water + carbon dioxide → glucose + oxygen + water + energy -water + carbon dioxide + energy → glucose + oxygen + water -glucose + oxygen → water + carbon dioxide + energy

glucose + oxygen → water + carbon dioxide + energy

Which of these bonds is weakest?

hydrogen bond

Electrically charged atoms or combinations of atoms are called ________. -isotopes -elements -compounds -molecules -ions

ions

An example of a positive feedback loop ________. -is melting arctic snow exposing dark surfaces that heat up and cause further melting -are predators eating most of their prey and then declining in numbers -is a pond becoming more acidic as a result of pollution -is a thermostat turning on the furnace as the temperature drops -are birds migrating south in response to colder temperatures

is melting arctic snow exposing dark surfaces that heat up and cause further melting

Stomach acid ________. -has a higher concentration of hydrogen ions than car battery acid -is less acidic than lemon juice -has a lower concentration of hydrogen ions than seawater -is technically not acidic -is roughly 10,000 times more acidic than normal rainwater

is roughly 10,000 times more acidic than normal rainwater

The ________ is the rock and sediment beneath our feet, plus Earth's uppermost mantle and crust. -hydrosphere -mesosphere -atmosphere -biosphere -lithosphere

lithosphere

glucose + glucose —> _____ by _____. -starch + water ... dehydration synthesis -lactose + water ... hydrolysis -maltose + water ... dehydration synthesis -cellulose + water ... hydrolysis -sucrose + water ... dehydration synthesis

maltose + water ... dehydration synthesis

The largest reservoir in the hydrological cycle is ________. -the atmosphere -groundwater -precipitation -oceans -dammed reservoirs

oceans

The unequal sharing of electrons within a water molecule makes the water molecule _____. -ionic -change easily from a liquid to gaseous form -hydrophobic -have a low surface tension -polar

polar

In this molecule, what type of bond is found between the oxygen and hydrogens? -hydrophobic -hydrophilic -ionic -polar covalent -nonpolar covalent

polar covalent

An organism gets carbon by using carbon dioxide in the atmosphere to make sugar molecules. This organism is a higher-level consumer. decomposer. producer. primary consumer. None of the above.

producer

Skin, hair, muscles, and enzymes are all made up of ________. -carbohydrates -organelles -proteins -nucleic acids -lipids

proteins

Most energy in the majority of ecosystems arrives as __________ and exits in the form of __________. -chemicals from the ocean; heat -radiation from the sun; heat -heat; radiation from the sun -chemicals from the ocean; radiation from the sun

radiation from the sun; heat

A task force composed of water quality chemists, environmental landscape experts, townspeople, and corn growers meet and share information. They are likely to decide that they must focus on ________ in the initial efforts to restore the lake. -restoring biodiversity to the deforested areas and closing the wastewater plant -reducing the population of the town by 50% and agriculture by 50% -banning agriculture from the entire region -reducing fertilizer inputs into the lake, increasing the efficiency of the wastewater plant, and using aerators to increase oxygen levels -closing the wastewater treatment plant and reducing agriculture by 75%

reducing fertilizer inputs into the lake, increasing the efficiency of the wastewater plant, and using aerators to increase oxygen levels

According to the first law of thermodynamics, the total amount of energy in the universe __________. -is constantly increasing -is lost to entropy -remains constant -is constantly decreasing

remains constant

What type of bond joins the carbon atom to each of the hydrogen atoms? -double (nonpolar) covalent -polar covalent -single (nonpolar) covalent -ionic -hydrogen

single (nonpolar) covalent

Which of the following is the best example of an ecosystem service? a city cutting down a tree that is dying a college environmental club cleaning up the shoulder of a highway soil microbes fixing atmospheric nitrogen a park ranger checking fishing licenses the regulation of gas prices

soil microbes fixing atmospheric nitrogen

Biological nitrogen fixation is carried out by ________. fungi mammals pine trees all organisms specialized bacteria

specialized bacteria

Why isn't this insect drowning? -It is difficult to change the temperature of water. -The insect is flying just above the water surface. -Surface tension. -The insect is swimming. -The insect is very light.

surface tension

Net primary productivity is ________. the amount of detritus produced by an ecosystem the biomass of producers minus that of consumers the energy used by plants to make biomass after respiration the amount of energy consumers derive from producers the total biomass of an entire ecosystem

the energy used by plants to make biomass after respiration

The light reactions take place in the _________ and the Calvin cycle takes place in the _________. stroma; thylakoids thylakoids; stroma chloroplasts; mitochondria mitochondria; chloroplasts inner membrane; outer membrane

thylakoids; stroma