Environmental Science

Choose the items below that represent biomes.

1. Tundra 2. Desert 3. Tropical rainforest

In most species (but not humans), the sex ration is about ____ males for every 100 females.

100

When compared to sexual reproduction, which of the following statements about asexual reproduction represents the fundamental difference between the two?

Asexual compared to sexual reproduction, results in individual that are identical to the original organism.

Which of the following statements about the importance of individual ethical commitments toward the environment is true?

Environmental ethics must take hold with personal choices about consumption.

Scientist first formulate a hypothesis before searching science publications or contacting fellow scientist to solve their problem.

False

Since all people need a means to travel, countries generally have very similar levels of transportation energy use regardless of economic development.

False

Trees in the tropical dry forest may lose their ____ during the dry period.

Leaves

The ___ method is a particular way of gaining information by proposing solutions to questions and rigorous testing to determine if those solutions are valid.

Scientific

_____ show distinct summer/winter seasonality with trees losing their leaves during the cold winter months.

Temperate deciduous forests

Ethics plays which of the following roles in society?

Understanding what actions are wrong and why they are wrong

All of the following are treats to freshwater resources except ___

Underutilization

Humans can be considered an invasive species because of all the following criteria except ____.

We lack treats from disease-causing organisms.

A ___ refers to the available supply of something that can be used.

resource

IF you are deciding whether you want to learn to base jump , two factors that you would consider are ___ and ___.

risk ; cost

Which of the following are examples of an extrinsic limiting factor?

1. loss of food supply 2. Volcanic eruption 3. Landslide 4. Severe winter 5. Drought

___ fuels are the altered remains of organisms that lived million of years ago an include coal, oil and natural gas.

Fossil

In 2012, about 90 percent of worldwide energy consumption came from the use of ___.

Fossil fuels

If the people in a village are consistently sick due to a diarrheal disease, what might be the cause of the disease?

Contaminated water supplies and lack of sanitation

Which of the following is the observed relationship between a country's age distribution and its projected population growth rate.

Countries with the largest number of young people have the highest protected population growth rates.

Extinction is the loss of a(n)

Entire species

The area of the ocean in which phytoplankton are found in the ___ zone.

Euphotic

Which of the following answers correctly ranks the biomes from high to low precipitation and high to low temperature?

Tropical rainforest, boreal forest, tundra

China is expected to have a shortage of working-age citizens in the near future.

True

The ability to do work is called ___ .

Energy

Select the statement below that accurately describes nutrient cycling in a tropical rain forest.

Soils are generally poor in nutrients because the abundant rainfall carriers away any nutrients not taken up by plants

A. Producer B. Consumers C. Decomposers

A. Oak trees, orchards and sawgrass B. Eagles, tuna and cheetahs C. Mushrooms, earthworms and dung beetles

A. Pollution B. Pollution costs C. Pollution-prevention costs

A. The addition of matter or energy that degrades the environment for humans and other organisms. B. The monetary expenditures that occur after pollution has occurred to clean up the environment. C. The monetary expenditures that occur before pollution has occurred.

Human population growth is increasing worldwide. Where is most of this growth occurring?

Developing nations

Strip mining, logging, hazardous waste sites, using all of the water in a river for irrigation, farming practices, using high-sulfur coal are all examples of ___ costs.

Environmental

The development approach tends to be the most ___ of the three general attitudes or approaches to the environment.

Anthropocentric

In the nitrogen cycle, decomposers ____.

Break down nitrogen-containing organic molecules and release ammonia, which can be used by the plants.

Ecological succession begins with a pioneer community and develops through increasing complexity until it becomes a stable and self-perpetuating ___ Community.

Climax

Which of the following best explains why world hunger is a problem?

Social, economic, and political conditions prevent the malnourished people who need the food from getting it.

A. The green anole, found only in the southeastern part of the United States B. The common garter snake, found throughout the United States

A. Narrow range of tolerance B. Broad range of tolerance

What organism form the base of the marine ecosystem?

Phytoplankton

Sometimes people attempt to use scientific language to mislead others into thinking their ideas are scientifically valid. This practice is known as___ .

Pseudoscience

Which of the following is not a key characteristic of an invasive species?

They grow and mature slowly.

Why have large portions of grasslands been converted to farmlands?

They have nutrient-rich soils desirable for agriculture.

Without the presence of ___ in living things, the chemical reactions essential for the existence of life would occur at temperatures that would destroy organisms.

Enzymes

A cost-benefit analysis works in part by trying to find the optimal efficiency point, after which marginal cost of pollution ___ the marginal benefits.

Equal

Interrelated

Making the decisions to reintroduce wolves to Yellowstone was especially challenging because there were many ___ factors that had to be considered

Pollination, water purification, nutrient cycling and photosynthesis are all examples of ____ services.

ecosystem

___ is an allocation process that determines the purpose to which recourse are put.

Economics

Which of the following is an example of commensalism?

A shark and a remora

The scientific study of human population is known as ____.

Demography

Which of the following are nonrenewable resources?

1. Iron 2. Oil 3. Coal

In general, when energy prices are ____, economic productively is ___.

Affordable; high

Which of the following are market-based instruments used to encourage environmental protection?

1. Information programs 2. Performance bonds 3. Emissions fees and taxes

2000 BC 1895 BC 2015 AD

Lag phase Exponential growth phase Deceleration phase

Which of the following are properties exhibited by water molecules?

1. Can dissolve most substances 2. Evaporation cools surroundings. 3. Polar molecules with positive and negative ends.

A. Vector B. Ectoparasite C. Endoparasite

A. A tick that transmits Lyme disease from a deer to a human. B. Lice in a child's hair C. A tapeworm inside a dog.

Biomes change in a predictable way with increasing latitude as well as ___, such that it is possible to have cold temperatures on the peaks of tall mountains even at the equator.

Altitude.

The controlling factor in determining where grasslands will occur as a terrestrial biome is the ____.

Amount of available moisture

Which of the following components is not part of the phosphorus cycle?

An atmospheric , gaseous state.

Acid: A. Vinegar B. Compound that donates protons in solution.

Base: A. Sodium hydroxide B. Compound that accepts protons in solution.

Why are individual ethical commitments toward the environment important?

Each of use bears some personal responsibility for the quality of out environment.

The concept that a manufacturer of a product is responsible for all of the negative consequences of production of the product, inclining its ultimate disposal, is known as ___ product responsibility.

Extended

If an organism is well matched with all aspects of its surroundings and successfully passes its genes on to the generation, it is said to have good ____.

Fitness

___ is the degree to which organisms are adapted to their environment, and it relates to their reproductive success.

Fitness

The distinct pieces of DNA that determine the characteristics an individual displays are its ___. All of the organisms of the same kind found within a specific geographic region are ____, and all the organism potentially capable of reproducing naturally among themselves and that have offspring that also reproduces are___ .

Genes, populations, species

Plants and animals provide nearly all the energy needs for __ cultures.

Hunter-gatherer

Who criticized the societal environmental ethics of Western developed societies by saying, "The Earth provides enough to satisfy every person's need, but not every person's greed"?

Mahatma Gandhi

Which of the following in no a common means for testing a hypothesis?

Making other scientist prove you wrong.

Raw materials, as a limiting factor, come in __ forms.

Many

The green anole is found only in the southeastern United States where the climate is mind. The indicates that this species has a ___ range of tolerance.

Narrow

It is ___ for population of the same species to show characteristics that differ from those of other populations.

Natural

Land is a type of ___ resource.

Natural

How has the use of natural gas in the United States changed since the beginning of the twentieth century?

Natural gas use increased significantly after WWII

Which of the following best explains why the exponential growth phase of a population growth curve occurs?

Parents producing offspring at the same time that their earlier set is giving birth.

Which of the following is a reproductive strategy employed by K-Strategists?

Produce few offspring

People fishing for rainbow trout often use a type of lure called a fly. Fish tend to be caught more easily when the fly looks similar to the type of insects found in the water at any given time. Which of the following is a good hypothesis to explain why trout can be caught on files?

Rainbow trout mistake flies for real insects and will attempt to eat them.

Built in 1910 to generate electricity, the dam along the Elwha River in Washington was removed in 2011. Not long after, populations of wild ___ were observed spawning in stretches of river formerly blocked by the dam.

Salmon

Which of the following accurately describes the relationship between estuaries and salt marshes?

Salt marches are shallow wetlands that flood with saltwater, and sometimes located in estuaries, which are bays where rivers empty into the sea.

Which of the following best describes the relationship between the stage of economic development and rate of population growth?

The greater the per capita income, the lower the population growth rate.

Which of the following are r-strategists?

1. Bees 2. Cockroaches 3. Mice 4. Oysters

Over time, populations have an ___ tendency to increase in size.

Inherent

Species that have an obligatory mutualistic relationship

Cannot live without one another

Which of the following statements correctly identify conditions and/or steps in the natural selection process?

1. Organisms produce more offspring than are needed to replace the parents when they die. 2. Individuals within a species show genetic variation. 3. Individuals within a species must complete for a resource in short supply.

Oceans are currently being threatened by _____.

1. Over fishing 2. Pollution

Which of the following are involved in the predation relationship?

1. Predator 2. Prey

An increase in which of the following factors is thought to positively affect a woman's attitude toward increased use of birth control?

1. Salary 2. Education

A good hypothesis ___.

1. Should be testable 2. Must account for all available information and observations 3. Must be logical

From 2002 to 2012, worldwide energy usage increased about ____ percent.

20

A. Stable population B. Declining population C. Rapidly expanding population

A. Most species B. Endangered species C. Invasive species.

A. Producer B. Consumer C. Decomposer

A. Organism that are able to use resources of energy to make complex, organic molecules from the simple inorganic substances in their environment. B. Organism that are required to consume organic matter as a source of food. C. Organisms that use nonliving organic matter as a source of energy and raw materials to build their bodies.

A. Genes B. Populations C. Species

A. The distinct pieces of DNA that determine the characteristics an individual displays. B. All of the organism of the same kind found within a specific geographic region C. All the organisms potentially capable of reproducing naturally among themselves and that have offspring that can also reproduce.

A. Molecule B. Compound C. Mixture

A. Two or more atoms chemically bonded together B. Two or more elements chemically bonded together C. Combination of atoms or ions not bonded together.

Cause-and-effect relationships occur when ____.

An event occurs as the direct result of a previous event.

Which of the following is not an example of commensalism?

Ants and an Acacia tree

Why have communities living near oceans, lakes or steams considered regulating phosphorus in lawn fertilizer.

Because it has led to excessive growth of aquatic plants and algae, interfering with recreational activities, public health, and ecosystem health.

With respect to the influence of sex ratio on population ___ rate, the number of females is very important

Birth

__ is the concept that tow more more species of organism can reciprocally influence the evolutionary direction of the other.

Coevolution

___ is a type of symbiotic relationship between tow organism in which one benefits, while the other is not affected.

Commensalism

Scientist rely on ___ because it allows for the results from experiments to be discussed, examined and refined.

Communication

The ___ exclusion principle states that no two species can occupy the same ecological niche in the same space at the same time.

Competitive

During the deceleration of phase of a population growth curve, the growth rate is negative.

False

During the deceleration phase of a population growth curve, the growth rate is negative.

False

Low-quality energy has not useful purpose in the natural world.

False

Which of the following best explains why people in the less-developed world do not eat much meat?

Feeding plants to animals is an expensive process.

With respect to the influence of sex ratio on population growth rate, which gender is more important?

Female

What is the difference between benthic and pelagic environments? The benthic environments are___.

Found at the bottom of a body of water, whereas pelagic environments are located in the water column.

A Tiaga

Has extremely cold and short summers, which lead to slow growth rates.

Which of the following has the greatest biotic potential?

Moths

A high concentration of fruit files near a piece of rotting fruit while they are scare elsewhere in your kitchen is an example of ____.

Population density

In northern climates, there is a surge in the number of reproductive individuals during which season of the year?

Spring

The Russian term for a boreal forest is _____.

Taiga

Which of the following is a density-dependent limiting factor?

1. A factor that becomes less effective at limiting population density decreases. 2. A factor that becomes more effective at limiting population growth as population density increase.

Secondary succession may result after ____.

1. A flood 2. Conversion of land to agriculture 3. A forest fire

Extinction is the result of ___.

1. A species lacking the genetic resources to cope with the changing environment 2. Over hurting by humans, in come cases.

You are tasked with devising a controlled experiment to answer this question: " Does the ingestion of large amounts of cheese make rats overweight" Which of the following elements must be a part of your experiment to make it a success?

1. An experimental group of rats fed only cheese. 2. A control group composed of rats that will be fed a varied diet of foods. 3. Control and experimental groups include many rats.

Which of the following regions have rapidly growing human populations?

1. Asia 2.Latin America 3. Africa

Biogeochemical cycles describe atoms moving through ___ processes.

1. Biological 2. Geological 3. Chemcial

Which of the following are abiotic factors?

1. Carbon 2. Solar radiation 3. Climate 4. Water

How can ordinary citizens reduce their environmental impact? by ___,

1. Eating locally grown food 2. Reducing their amount of driving 3. Turning off electrical appliances completely 4. Not letting water run unnecessarily

Which of the following are reproductive strategies employed by K-strategists?

1. Large organisms 2. High parental care for offspring 3. Long life span

Which of the following are among the most common ways to produce electrical energy.

1. Nuclear power plants 2. Burning fossil fuels 3. Hydroelectric plants.

Which of the following are examples of carbon sinks?

1. Ocean 2. Coal 3. Long-lived trees

Boreal forest trees are slow-growing because ____.

1. Of the cold temperatures 2. They have only a short summer season for growing

Place the following energy sources in order of their worldwide energy demand, placing the energy source with the greatest demand at the top and the energy source with the least demand at the bottom.

1. Oil 2. Coal 3. Natural gas 4. Nuclear energy

Which of the following are examples of government polices that directly influence the population growth rate of a country?

1. government policy on population growth 2. government immigration policy

Increases in the ___ of interactions between people and the environment have made the management of those interactions more problematic today than ever before.

1. Complexity 2. Scale 3. Rate

Which of the following characteristics produce a Mediterranean shrubland ?

1. Cool, moist winters 2. Hot season coinciding with a dry season.

The current situation with respect to world food production and hunger is complicated by which of the following factors?

1. Corruption 2. Payment of foreign debt 3. Poor management 4. War

How do counties attempt to control the usage of electrical energy to ensure an adequate supply?

1. Cost of industrial usage is usually less than that of residential usage. 2. Government regulation influences the price of electrical energy usage.

1. First Law of Thermodynamics 2. Second law of Thermodynamics

1. Energy cannot be created nor destroyed but can be changed from one form to another. 2. Whenever energy is converted from en form to another, some energy is lost.

A. The green anole found only in the southeastern part of the United States. B. The common garter snake, found throughout the United States.

A. Narrow range of tolerance B. Broad range of tolerance

A. Nitrifying Bacteria B. Denitrifying Bacteria

A. Their role in the nitrogen cycle is to convert ammonia into nitrate so that plants can use it for the syntheses of Nitrogen-containing organic molecules B. Their rile in the nitrogen cycle is to convert nitrate or other nitrogen-containing compounds to nitrogen gas, which ultimately releases into the atmosphere.

Since fossil fuels are regenerated over geologic time, they are considered to be renewable resources?

Flase

Developed: 1. Cancer 2. Coronary heart disease 3. Antibiotic resistance

Developing: 1. Malaria 2. Diarrheal disease from contaminated water 3. Bronchitis and emphysema related to air pollution

Density-independent limiting factors are those that ___ as the density of the population increase.

Do not change in effectiveness.

The measurement of the land area required to provide the resources and absorb the waste of a population is called the ____footprint

Ecological

In order to discourage unnecessary energy use, most countries ____.

Enact policies to control energy prices

All living things require a constant input of ____ or they will be unable to maintain essential life functions.

Energy

The type of population growth pattern that displays a J-shaped curve, such as that on the graph, is ____ growth.

Exponential

Most of animals are monogamous.

False

The Kyoto Treaty, signed by members the European Union, had which of the following effects on the automobile industry in Europe?

Mandated decreased in carbon dioxide emissions, leading to higher fuel-efficiency standards.

___ ecosystems occur in shallow ocean waters and contain trees that are able to excrete the salt from the water through their leaves.

Mangrove

The carrying capacity represents the ____ for a species in an area.

Maximum sustainable population

The ____ shrublands have been heavily impacted by humans because of their favorable climate and proximity to the ocean.

Mediterranean

What is the purpose of the Canadian government's experimental Lakes Area in western Ontario?

To help answer questions about environmental issues such as testing the hypothesis that phosphorus is responsible for eutrphication in the lakes.

During the nineteenth century, the primary use for petroleum was ___.

To make kerosene for lighting.

Which of the following statements best describes soil nutrients conditions in tropical rainforests?

Nutrients are low because they are rapidly recycled into the living plant community

An ___ is more than a casual awareness of an event, as it uses our natural senses, or special tools such as a microscope or thermometer, to make detailed records of an event.

Observation

Plants utilize the process of __ to convert inorganic water ad carbon dioxide molecules into organic sugars.

Photosynthesis

Why is location increasingly irrelevant to economic activities?

Production is transferable in an increasingly connected world.

In a tundra, vegetation includes, ____, and ____ can occur any month of the year.

grasses and lichens; frost

Under what conditions do grasslands occur? They occur where ____.

There is more rain than in deserts

Over time, populations have an inherent tendency to ___ in size.

increase

Ecosystem services include ___.

1. Providing food, minerals, and water 2. Pollination 3. Recreational opportunities

Which of the following resulted from the industrial revolution?

1. Urban populations increased. 2. Air pollution increased in cities. 3. Manufactured goods began t replace homemade goods.

Subsidies may take the form of ___ .

1. low-interest loan 2. tax rebate 3. business grant

Which of the following are biotic factors?

1. plants 2. parasites 3. animals 4. bacteria 5. fungi

Table salt (NaCl) is an example of a(n) ___ because sodium Na and chloride Cl are chemically bonded together. Honey is a(n) of sugar and water.

Compound ; mixture

Europe and the northeastern United States are both dominated by the temperate _____ forest.

Deciduous

In order to reduce the world population rate, which of the following is considered the single most important needed change in the status and role of women in society?

Increased education

The process of natural selection determine which ____.

Individuals within a species will reproduce and pass their genes on to the next generation.

As the manufacturing of goods transitioned from the home to large factories during the ___ revolution, people began moving to the city to become part of the labor force.

Industrial

___ is a kind of symbiotic relationship where both species involved benefit from the relationship.

Mutualism

Nitrogen-fixing bacteria convert___ .

Nitrogen gas in the soil into ammonia, a form of nitrogen that plants can use.

Which of the following is a reproductive strategy employed by r-strategists.

Short life spans

Which of the following is not one of the four broad categories that limiting factors are placed in?

Stability of Earth's Climate

The progression over time from a pioneer to a climax community is called ecological ___, which may be primary or secondary

Succession

Development that considers both current and future needs is referred to as

Sustainable

What is one economic effect of a subsidy?

They are difficult to eliminate.

Temperature controlled biomes often occur in bands that run ____.

With lines of latitude

Ethics is a branch of ___ That seeks to define what is right and what is wrong.

Philosophy

___ is the addiction of matter or energy that degrades the environment for humans and other organisms.

Pollution

Which of the following best reflects modern understanding of pollution problems?

Pollution is a regional and long-term problem.

Environmental issues sometimes are hard to solve because ___.

1. They cross political borders. 2. they can occur across a verity of cultures. 3. Stakeholders with different viewpoints are involved.

Which of the following are renewable resources?

1. Water 2. Wind 3.Crops

With regard to environmental ethics, which of the following correctly compares the difference between internal and external cost of pollution?

Internal costs are paid by the company producing the pollution and external cost are paid by the environment and the general public.

The worldwide exchange of ideas, goods, and cultural views is known as ___.

Globalization

Ecosystem services is the general term for ___?

The resources and services provided by the environment.

Pollution costs are incurred ___ pollution occurs, whereas pollution prevention cost are incurred ___ pollution occurs.

After; before

Every day in the United States between 1 to 2 __ hectares of farmland and natural areas are permanently lost to development.

Thousand

Polluted ___ and inadequate sanitation are estimated to contribute to the death of 2 million people annually.

Water

The world of the future may not need oil, but without ___, humanity could not last more than a few days.

Water

A. Political Science B. Economics C. Chemistry D. Sociology

A. Which polices lead t sustainable solutions B. What are the benefits and costs of energy sources? C. How can we make better batteries? D. How do people adopt new ideas?

An ecosystem is defined as

A region in which the organism and the physical environment from an interacting unit

A. Biocentrism B. Anthropocenstrism C. Ecocentrism

A. All forms of live have an inherent right to exist. B. All environmental responsibility is derived from human interest alone. C. The environment deserves direct moral consideration.

Many hunters adopt a ___ approach to the environment.

Conservationist

Sustainability is ____?

Development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet tier own needs.

What was one reason that hurricanes Katrina and Sandy were so destructive? Government agencies ___?

Did not see the connection between the destruction of coastal wetlands and increasing risk from coastal storms.

The preservationist approach tends to be the most ___ of the three general attitudes or approaches to the environment.

Eccentric

An increasing global population has resulted in an increasing need for food, water, and ___ , all of which can have detrimental effects on the environment.

Energy

___ Is the study of the environment and out place in it.

Environmental Science

The concept of an ecological footprint has been developed to help individuals measure their ___?

Environmental impact

Companies can often produce goods below their true cost because some of the cost involved are passed to others. These are known as ___ costs?

Externalized

Select the statement below that accurately compares supply and demand for a given product. Supply is the amount of the product ___.

For sale at various prices, whereas demand is the amount of the product consumers are willing and able to buy at various prices.

A natural resource that we use at a rate slower than it is renewed is known as a ___ resource?

Renewable

Anything with the potential to help create wealth or satisfaction is known as a ___.

Resource

Environmental changes can threaten human security if access to basic resources such as water is ___?

Restricted

The likelihood that an activity will lead to injury or damage is defined as ___.

Risk

___ assessment is the process of using facts and assumptions to estimate the probability to harm to people or the environment resulting from specific activities.

Risk assessment

In the United States, creating rules and regulations to determine appropriate resources use is complicated by ___?

1. A lack of scientific understanding of the problem 2. The different needs of the stakeholders involved 3. The number of government agencies that may have jurisdiction.

In 1992, world leaders met for the first time to discuss the environment. This meeting came to be known as the Earth Summit, and resulted in ___.

1. Agenda 21, a document regarding sustainable development. 2. Worldwide polices on some environmental issues 3. Further meetings of world leaders to discuss environmental issues

Which of the following statements are consistent with the broadcast version of biocentric egalitarianism?

1. All forms of life have an inherent right to exist. 2. Humans must ensure that the Earth remains environmentally hospitable for supporting all life.

A. Moral Status B. Intrinsic Value C. Ecosystem Approach

A. Nature is worthy of out ethical concern B. Nature has value merely because it exists. C. Humans should consider all of nature.

A. Interdependence B. Renewability C. Adaptability D. Institutional Commitment

A. Sustainable communities are part of a larger whole B. Sustainable communities use renewable resources. C. Sustainable communities can absorb shocks and adapt to new opportunities. D. Sustainable communities adopt laws and political processes that mandate sustainability.

A. Natural Capitalism B. Environmental economics C. industrial Ecology E. Triple bottom line

A. The idea that businesses can be both profitable and take good care of the environment B. Applying accounting techniques that include all of the externalized cost of doing business C. The modeling of industrial production on biological processes in order to account for waste. D. Using financial, social, and environmental metrics as a way to measure corporate success.

Which of the following situations regarding decision an elected official has to make include conflicting ethical positions?

Allowing oil drilling within 200 feet of homes because there might be a increase in sales tax revenue.

The World Health Organization estimates that 10 million deaths worldwide could prevented annually by ___ improvement.

Environmental

The exchange of ideas and culture worldwide, known as globalization, plays an increasingly large role in solving environmental problems because ___?

Many of the problems occur worldwide and cross political and economic boundaries

Much of the current environment crisis is rooted in and exacerbated by which of the following?

The status quo is expecting the widening gap between rich and poor nations.

Which of the following are ways that two populations of the same species can differ?

1. Age distribution 2. Spatial distribution 3. Growth rate 4. Natality 5. Genetics 6. Sex ratio 7. Density 8. Mortality

Current human population growth has led to which of the following?

1. Air pollution 2. Extinctions 3. Political unrest 4. Water pollution 5. Famine 6. Environmental degradation

In many regions of the world, ___ is replacing fossil fuels as a source of domestic and industrial power.

1. Biomass 2. Wind power 3. Nuclear power 4. Solar power 5. Wave power

The thin, nutrient-poor soils found in tropical rainforests ______.

1. Cannot support long term agriculture production 2. Are easily eroded when the forests are removed

Temperate deciduous forest are _____.

1. Characterized by trees that lose their leaves during the winter 2. Common along the east coast of the United States 3. Seasonal with a winter / summer change.

A hypothesis can be tested by ___.

1. Collecting existing information that relates to the problem in question 2. Developing an experiment 3. Making observations of the phenomenon being studied.

How can market forces work to reduce pollution via a pollution tax?

1. Companies are free to determine how they reduce pollution. 2. The less a company pollutes, the more it saves.

The temperate deciduous forest in heavily impacted by humans because it occurs in population centers in ____.

1. Europe 2. Northeastern United States

Places the following states of matter in order from their kinetic energy. Highest to lowest.

1. Gas 2. Liquid 3. Solid

Which of the following would be considered an ecosystem?

1. Lake 2. The beach at South Padre Island 3. Amazon rainforest

Rank the tropic levels, with the level at the top representing the group that initially captures the energy in the ecosystem, followed y each group that consumes the one above it.

1. Producers 2. Herblvores 3. Carmlvores that eat herblvores 4. Camlvores that eat camlvores

Why was the reintroduction of wolves to Yellowstone difficult even though the biological problems were solved?

1. Ranchers were concerned about the economic impact of wolf reintroduction. 2. Yellowstone National Park crosses state boundaries, so political issues were a problem. 3. Different stakeholders

Which of the following are methods that can reduce residential energy consumption?

1. Replace incandescent light-blubs with compact fluorescent bulbs. 2. Wash only full loads of dishes and clothing 3. Unplug electronic devices when not in use.

Which of the following are characteristics of organisms that are most likely to be controlled by density-dependent limiting factors?

1. Reproductive few offspring 2. Large in size 3. Long life span

Which of the following are common misconceptions regrading science?

1. Science is capable of solving any problem humans face. 2. Science can only be understood by very smart people. 3. Scientific research is often threatening and dangerous work.

How do scientist explore sources of knowledge to gain information in order to form a question.

1. Searching for information on the internet 2. Contacting other scientist interested in the same field of study. 3. Reading scientific publications

Which of the following are characteristics of organisms that are most likely to be controlled by density-independent limiting factors?

1. Small in size 2. Reproductive abundant offspring 3. Short life span

Which of the following are reproductive strategies employed by r-strategists?

1. Small organisms 2. Produce many offspring

Several important component make up the scientific method:

1. Willingness to submit one's ideas to scrutiny. 2. Openness to new information and ideas 3. Asking questions about observed events 4. Constructing and testing hypotheses 5. Careful observation

As fuel and energy prices rise, many people are returning to burning wood as an energy source. This has some regulatory agencies concerned because ___.

1. Wood smoke contains many carcinogenic chemicals, making it a health concern. 2. Wood stove pollution is made worse by winter conditions, the same time of year where most people need to burn wood for heat.

How is phosphorus cycled through ecosystems?

1. through animals. 2. Through an animal's waste products 3. Through plants 4. Through the erosion of rocks

In Costa Rica, the birth rate of 16 per thousand individuals in the population. The death rate is 4 per thousand. The difference between the tow is 12 per thousand, which is equal to an annual population increase of ____ percent.

1.2

The background rate of extinctions estimated to be about __ species per year. but to today the rate is___.

10 ; much higher

The 2005 population growth rate for Brazil was 0.05 percent. Using=the formula doubling time = 70 . the doubling time for growth rate of 0.5 percent would be___ years.

140

From 1900 to 1950, the number of automobiles in the United States increased from only 8,000 to over 40 million. At the same time, the percentage of energy provided by oil changed from ___ to __ percent.

2 ; 40

Industrialized counties, which contain about ____ percent of the world's populations, use about ____ percent of the world's electricity.

20 ; 50

North America comprise 5 percent of the world's pollution, yet we consume ___ percent of the world's oil.

25

The organization of petroleum Exporting Countries ( OPEC) controls an estimated ___ percent of the world's oil reserve.

72

A A given soil is deficient in essential plant nutrients. B A late forest destroys a herbivore's food supply. C A faulty aquarium filter results in all the fish dying. D An algai bloom results in an oxygen-depleted pond and fish die-off.

A The availability of raw materials B The availability of energy C The accumulation of waste products D Interactions among organisms

A Birth rate is greater than the death rate. B Birth rate is less than the death rate. C Birth rate is equal to the death rate.

A The size of population is increasing B The size of a population is decreasing C The size of a population is not changing.

The drying up of a pond to drought that results in a massive fish die-off is an example of ___ limiting factor.

A density-Independent

A. Temperate Deciduous Forest B. Tropical Rainforest C. Northern coniferous forests.

A. Two or three dominant tree species shade the forest floor; spring ephemeral are present. B. Many different tree species are scattered throughout the forest, forming a distinctive 3D habitat. C. The dominant tree type has leaves that are modified into needles, which are kept year-round.

Which of the following statements about asexual reproduction is true?

Asexual reproduction results in individual hat are identical to the original organism.

The "right question" in science usually means _____.

Asking a focused question that can be answered thought testing and observation.

Which of the following examples demonstrates the validity of the process of natural selection and the evolutionary changes that results from natural selection?

Bacteria have become resistant to antibiotics that were formerly effective against them.

The population growth rate _____ during the deceleration phase.

Begins to decrease

An abyssal ecosystem is a ____ ecosystems and occurs ____ in the ocean.

Benthic ; deep

___ oxygen demand (BOD) is the amount of oxygen used by decomposers to break down a specific amount of organic matter in a body of water.

Biochemical

Nutrients cycles, such as the carbon, nitrogen and phosphorus cycle are collectively called ___ cycles because atoms move through biological, geological and chemical processes.

Biogeochemical

Natality is also known as the ___ rate.

Birth

Human impact in ____ forests is limited mostly to native people who rely on subsistence hunting .

Boreal

Which country is most likely devote to large amount of its residential energy use to space heating?

Canada

The heat energy of the oceans is considered low quality because it ___.

Cannot be used to do anything useful work.

Burning fossil fuels, destroying forest, and farming in a way that reduces soil organic matter are all human activities that have altered the __ cycle.

Carbon

The maximum sustainable population for a species in an area is called the _____.

Carrying capacity.

A ___ and ___ relationship occurs when one event is the result of a previous event.

Cause ; Effect

Cars, modern homes, farms, and many household items- the cornerstones of the modern human lifestyle- are dependent upon access to ___.

Cheap, abundant energy.

A(n) ___ bond is an attractive force exerted between atoms that results from the interaction of their electrons.

Chemical

Which of the following statements illustrating the influence of political thinking on human population growth is false.

China's official policy that the nation's population growth rate was too high changed to one saying it's too low.

Charles Darwin is generally credited with developing the ____.

Concept of natural selection

Sustainable development is most similar to which of the three general attitudes or approaches to the environment

Conservation approach

____ reefs are made up of individual organisms that share a symbiotic relationship with photosynthetic algae, which allow them to build large external skeletons of calcium carbonate.

Coral

The relationship shown between collared lemmings and short-tail weasels on Greenland is an example of a population ____.

Cycle

The major reason for the relatively recent exponential growth of the human population has been decrease in the ___ rate.

Death

An environment is ____.

Everything that affects an organism during its lifetime.

The changing in the genes an characteristic of successive generations of a population of organisms over time is known as ___.

Evolution

For any given region with a heavy human population, the use of wood as a primary fuel source generally resulted in ___.

Exhaustion of the resources.

___ chemical reactions release energy. ___ chemical reactions require an input of energy to get started.

Exothermic ; Endothermic

One way to test a hypothesis is by designing a(n) ___ that recreates an event or observation in such a way that it either verifies or disprove the hypothesis.

Experiment

.The fact that parents may be producing a second set of offspring at the same as their original set has matured and begun to have their own young best explains the ___ phase of a population growth curve.

Exponential growth

All deserts have sparse vegetation and low species diversity

False

Density-dependent limiting factors are those that become less effective as the density of the population increases.

False

Gasoline prices are often lower in the United States than they are in European countries because ___.

Fuel taxes are much lower in the United States compared to Europe.

Two population of the same species can differ in all of the following ways except ___ rate.

Gestation

Two populations of the same species can differ in all of the following ways expect___ rate.

Gestation

Which of the following statements illustrating the influence of political thinking on human population growth is true?

Governments are concerned about a lack of working-age people in the future as their populations age and there are fewer births.

The relationship between the rate at which the population of a country is growing and its standard of living counties in which the population growth rate is ___ have a ___ standard of living.

High and low

This dispersal of individuals organisms from one location to new areas is primary driven by which of the following?

High population density.

If energy is in a form that is available to do lots of work, such as electrical energy, it is said to be ____.

High-quality energy

In the United States, the average vehicle fuel economy in 29 miles per gallons. In Europe, the average vehicle fuel economy is 43 miles per gallons. Which of the following statements best explains this difference?

Higher fuel taxes in Europe encourages the purchase of more fuel-efficient vehicles.

In general, which of the following factors would exhaust the use of wood fuels the fastest?

Higher human population density

A(n) ___ offers a potential explanation to a specific question, whereas a ____ is a generalization that explains why certain phenomenon happen.

Hypothesis ; theory

The logic behind extended product responsibility is that ___?

If manufacture pay for post- consumer waste, they will design a product with a small amount of waste.

The movement or organisms into the new area is called ___.

Immigration

Which of the following statements can be used to illustrate how human populations growth is influenced by economic thinking?

In less- developed countries, the economic benefits of children are extremely important.

Which of the following statements regarding the economics of having children in more-developed countries is true?

In more-developed countries, having large numbers of children is an economic drain.

Density-dependent limiting factors are those that become more effective as the density of the population ____.

Increases.

The slow deterioration for clothing, cars and household appliance id due to ___ entropy

Increasing

What country erected a high - tech fence in 2008 to prevent illegal immigration (due to climate change) in the future?

India

Coal was century to the cultural change known as the ___, which involved the invention of machines that replaced human and animal labor.

Industrial Revolution

Which of the following is synonymous with biotic potential?

Inherent reproductive capacity.

As part of the carbon cycle, plants take in __ carbon-containing molecules and convert them into __ molecules.

Inoganic ; organic

Organic: 1. Must contain carbon atoms 2. Can be very large 3. Many different types

Inorganic: 1. Small molecules 2. relatively few exist 3. Combinations of ions

Two robins vying for the same worm is an example of ____ competition, whereas a palm tree and a fig tree that grow side by side in the rain forest vying for sunlight is an example of ___ competition

Intraspecific ; interspecific

The term age distribution ___.

Is the number of individuals of each age of the population.

One advantage in enacting a carbon tax for each ton of carbon emitted that ___.

It reduces pollution with fewer rules and regulations

Which of the following traditionally Catholic countries are examples of developed countries where the use of birth control is extremely important to regulating the birth rate, regarding of religion.

Italy Spain

Which of the following traditionally Catholic countries are examples of developed countries where the use of birth control is extremely important in regulating the birth rate, regardless of religion?

Italy and Spain

Based on the age distribution shown for Kenya, the United States, and Italy, the population of which of these countries should grow rapidly in the future?

Kenya

A ___ species is one that has a critical role to play in the maintenance of a specific ecosystem.

Keystone

Sea otters are a good example of a ___ because they eat sea urchins, which in turn eat kelp. By maintaining the sea urchin populations, the sea otters keep the kelp beds healthy and the ecosystem in a state capable of supporting populations of many other species, including fish and invertebrates.

Keystone

Moving objects contain ___ energy. The energy contain in an object due to its position is __ energy.

Kinetic ; potential

The fact that organisms must mature into adults before they can reproduce best explains the ___ phase of a population growth curve.

Lag

The initial part of a population growth curve, where the population grows very slowly is known as the ___ phase.

Lag

Sensible Heat: 1. A cup of coffee is cooled slightly with the addition of room-temperature. 2. Your hand recoils after touching a pot of boiling water on the stove.

Latent Heat: 1. A boiling pot causes the evaporation of liquid water into water vapor. 2. Ice cubes drooped into a glass of lemonade begin to melt.

Unlike a theory, a scientific ___ is a constant fact of nature that describes what happens in nature but does not attempt to explain a phenomenon.

Law

Freshwater resources make up ___ percent of the water in the world, and nearly every living thing on Earth relies on freshwater ecosystems have been heavily impacted by humans because any activity on land results in runoff.

Less than 1

_____ are an important pioneer species that are made up of mutualistic relationship between a fungus ans a photosynthetic organism such as algae.

Lichens

The process of assessing the environmental effects associated with the production, use, reuse, and disposal of a product over its entire useful life called ___ cycle analysis.

Life

All of the different ___ factors that act on a population are collectively known as environmental resistance.

Limiting

The three common states of matter are ___, ____, an solid

Liquid ; gas

The team defined as the number of deaths in a population over a particular time period is___.

Mortality

Which of the following species would be difficult to categorize in regards to their relationship with other organism because they do not kill and eat their prey, nor do they live in or on a host.

Mosquito

Which of the following is not an implication of rapid over reproduction, as employed by r-strategists?

Most of the individuals of the rapids reproducing species will produce offspring.

Why is agriculture difficult in tropical rainforests?

Most of the nutrients in a tropical rainforest are tied up on the biomass, not the soil.

As the result of the second law of thermodynamics, which states that whenever energy is converted from one from to another, some of the energy is converted to a non useful form, the amount of energy available in the highest trophic level (carnivores that eat carnivores) is ___ the amount of energy contained in the lowest tophic level. (producers)

Much less than

Accounting for 33 percent of world energy demand, ___ is most important source of worldwide energy. A close second is ___, which accounts for 30 percent of world energy demand.

Oil ; coal

Organisms concert high-quality energy to low-quality energy when they ___.

Perform cellular respiration

Algae in rivers usually grows attached to rocks and other objects on the bottom; this collective is called ___.

Periphyton

___ is the permanently frozen subsoil that is characteristic in the tundra biome.

Permafrost

____ are the predominant producers in aquatic ecosystem and consist of tiny, floating single-celled organism.

Phytoplankton

The ___ community is made up of the first organisms to establish themselves following a disturbance; they are the first living things in the succession process and help make the substrate more habitable for future colonizers

Pioneer

Why is the accumulation of waste not considered a limiting factor for plants?

Plants produce few waste.

Which of the following examples correctly marches the components of an ecosystem.

Polar bear, seals, ice and the Arctic Ocean

When energy is converted from one form to another, a common by product is ____. such as the emissions form power plants or the wear of automobile brakes.

Pollution

How does the tradable emission system work for industry?

Pollution limits are set and companies can buy credits if they are over or sell credits if they are under those limits.

Because an individual organism is not a species but a member of a species the species concept is a ___ concept, and because individuals that are of different species are not capable of exchanging DNA through reproduction, it is also a ___ concept.

Population ; genetic

Which of the following formulas defining the Population Growth Rate is correct?

Population growth rate = birth rate - death rate

Lions, hyenas, and leopards are important carnivores in the ____ biome.

Savanna

The ___ law of thermodynamics is related to the generation of useless energy called entropy. The ___ law of thermodynamics explains they the chemical energy in gasoline can be burned to provide kinetic energy to power a car.

Second ; First

Detritus consist of ___.

Small bits of nonliving organic material

While oil prices have been extremely volatile since the late 1990s as of 2014 it is expected that oil prices will ___.

Steadily rise as worldwide economic conditions improve.

The single greatest factor that accounts for differences in gasoline prices between countries is ____.

The amount of tax-placed on fuel

Mediterranean shurblands are dominated by ___ shrubs that are adapted to withstand occasional fires and may be dormant during the hot and dry summers.

Woody

Which of the following best explains why a county's age distribution affects its population growth projection.

Young peoples' are either raising families or will be raising families in the near future.

____ are small animals that feed on primary producers in the ocean and are an important food source for larger fish and invertebrates.

Zooplankton

Economically less-developed countries have a ___ population growth rate.

high

Fossil fuels, long-lived plants, soil organic matter, and ocean sediments are all considered carbon ____ because carbon is tired up in them for extended periods of time.

sinks

What is the difference between the alpine tundra and true tundra.

they are similar, but the alpine tundra occurs on or near mountaintops.

Which of the following components of corporate green washing?

1. Companies privately engage in environmentally damaging practices 2. It is a form of corporate misrepresentation. 3. It tries to take advantage of public concern about environmental issues. 4. It is an attempt to create an environmentally responsible image. 5. It is a form of rhetoric and social marketing.

Long-term successful and sustainable fisheries must _____.

1. Control by-catch 2. Protect fish nurseries and other sensitive habitats 3. Set safe catch limits

Why was the reintroduction of wolves t Yellowstone difficult even though they biological problems were solved?

1. Different stakeholders. 2. Yellowstone National Park crosses state boundaries, so political issues were a problem. 3. Ranchers were concerned about the economic impact of wolf reintroduction.

___ in freshwater ecosystems.

1. Flowering plants and insects have major roles to play 2. There is very little salt 3. Temperature is widely variable.

Rank the following events regarding the history of the wolf populations and politics regarding wolves in the United States. Place the oldest event at the top and the most recent event at the bottom.

1. Gray wolves were listed as endangered under the Endangered Species Preservation Act. 2.. Gray wolves were relisted as endangered throughout the lower 48 states with the exception of Minnesota. 3. Gray wolves were reintroduced into the greater Yellowstone ecosystem. 4. The federal government proposed to remove wolves from the endangered species list.

Which of the following statements correctly identify components of a beaver's niche?

1. Harvester of trees 2. Creator of pond habitats 3. Dam builder, causing flooding

Many new products claim to be ecologically friendly, or green, but some of these claims are misleading. As a general rule, good green products will ____.

1. Have packaging with specific statements regarding the material in the product. 2. Be produced by companies with a demonstrated environmental commitment. 3. Include recyclable or biodegradable materials.

Which of the following statements is true about ecocentrism?

1. Humans are members of a community that also includes the land of the water. 2. The environment deserves direct moral consideration. 3. Humans abuse land because we regard it as a commodity, not a community.

Which of the following is true of the human impact on desert ecosystems?

1. Humans have begun building cities in desserts as a result of the ability to divert water for irrigation. 2. Historically, humans have had little impact on desserts when compared to the other biomes.

Which of the following statements are consistent with the conservationist approach to the environment?

1. Humans should protect large amounts of habitat for waterfowl, deer and elk. 2. Human well-being is best served if there is a balance between unrestrained exploration and protection of nature.

____is a reason that modern fishing is not sustainable.

1. Increased ability to process and store fishing vessels 2. Destructive fishing methods 3. Sonar instruments to fish findings 4. Large, efficient and non selective fishing gear.

Since the late 1990s, oil prices have been extremely volatile. Which of the following are factors that contribute to this volatility?

1. Increased demand from rapidly industrializing countries. 2. Increased demand from rapidly industrializing counties 3. Increased solidarity among OPEC members.

Which of the following are examples of a intrinsic limiting factor?

1. Infanticide 2. Decreased litter size 3. Parental neglect

Which of the following are factors associated with environmental justice?

1. It draws heavily from civil rights, public health and community organizing. 2. It challenges the unfair distribution of environmental risks and the benefits of natural resources. 3. It promotes efforts to prevent pollution from impacting low-income communities. 4. The original scope was community-orientated anti-toxic activism.

Order the different phases of a typical population growth curve, put the first phase on top and the last phase on the bottom.

1. Lag phase 2. Exponential growth phase 3. Deceleration phase 4. Stable equilibrium phase

Biomes progress from tropical rainforest to tundra with increasing ___.

1. Latitude 2. Altitude

Sustainability involves which of the following two characteristics?

1. Living on Earth's renewable recourse. 2. Using fossil fuels in a sustainable way.

Which of the following are reasons why the future is especially pertinent to environmental ethic? The effect of the action are ___.

1. Long-lasting 2. Cumulative 3. initially hidden

Many governments have passed legislation to replace incandescent light bulbs with compact florescent light bulbs (CFLs). This is due to the perceived benefits of CFLs compared to their incandescent counterparts, which includes ___.

1. Longer life spans 2. Considerable less energy usage.

Which of the following characteristics the life history of typical K-Strategists?

1. Low infant mortality rate 2. High degree of parental care 3. Small number of offspring produced 4. Carrying capacity dependent 5. Large body size

Subsidies may take the form of ___.

1. Low-interest loan 2. business grant 3. Tax rebate

Which of the following are all elements of good risk management plan?

1. Making a decision about what constitutes acceptable risk. 2. Evaluation of relevant scientific information 3. Prioritizing risk factors

What is likely to happen to subsistence farmers whose crops were destroyed by a flood?

1. Many people might starve, especially children and the elderly? 2. There would be migration of people to areas with food. 3. Armed conflicts may break out between the people who have food and those who do not.

Besides displacement by climate change and habitat destruction, what are some leading factors in wildlife moving into urban areas?

1. Modern cities are designed to be greener, making them more attractive to wildlife. 2. Many wildlife conservation efforts have been so successful in restoring populations that they now "spill" into urban areas.

Which of the following statements are consistent with the preservationist approach to the environment?

1. Nature has intrinsic value or inherent worth apart from human uses. 2. Humans should think of nature as a refuge from economic activity, not as a resource for it. 3. Large portions of nature should be preserved intact. 4. Nature is beautiful and restorative and should be preserved for future generations to enjoy.

Which of the following characterize the life history of typical r-strategists?

1. No degree of parental care 2. High infant mortality rate 3. Large number of offspring produced 4. Small body size 5. Carrying capacity independent.

Upon closer examination, pseudoscience claims are ____.

1. No supported by unbiased test. 2. Often motivated y the desire for personal gain.

Place the stages of aquatic succession in order from the deepest portion of lakes and ponds at the top of the shallow areas closest to lands at the bottom.

1. Only floating plants and algae exist. 2. Submerged plants are establish roots in sediment. 3. Emergent plants are established 4. Grasses and other plants grow from the wet soil.

Which of the following are characteristics of newly industrialized countries?

1. Population migration away from agricultural areas 2. Growing economic with low labor costs. 3. Capital investment from foreign countries.

According to the strict definition of anthropocentrism, which of the following have direct moral standing?

1. Presently living generations of human beings 2. Corporations operating as "artificial persons"

Which of the following are the three components of the triple bottom line?

1. Social 2. Environmental 3. Financial

Which of the following is true of plants in the desert?

1. Store water in bodies and roots 2. Small leaves 3. Widely dispersed

Which of the following are K-strategists?

1. Swan 2. Hawks 3. Lions 4. Deer

The demographics of the United States are different from the rest of the more-developed nations such as those in Europe, because of which of the following?

1. The baby boom 2. Immigration

Which of the following statements are consistent with the sustainable development approach to the environment?

1. The focus is meeting the needs of current generations without compromising the ability of future generations to meet theirs. 2. The focus is to promote appropriate development in order to alleviate poverty while still preserving the ecological health of the landscape.

Which of the following are some of the basic assumptions scientist must make when using the scientific method?

1. The fundamental rules of nature apply regardless of where and when they occur. 2. Events that occur repeatedly probably have the same cause. 3. Specific cause exist for events observed in the natural world. 4. The causes of observed events can be identified. 5. General rules can be used to describe what happens in nature.

Which of the following are valid factors regarding humanitarian aid for countries that are unable to provided enough food for their people?

1. The government of the country receiving humanitarian aid should work toward solving its own problem. 2. Humanitarian aid should be provided in local villages rather than in large cities. 3. The emphasis of humanitarian aid must be on self-sufficiency. 4. The aim of humanitarian aid should be provided temporary help.

Which of the following are the primary factors that control worldwide energy usage?

1. The price of oil 2. Political instability in oil-producing regions 3. Worldwide economic conditions

Which of the following are examples of externalized cost?

1. The process of hydraulic fracturing for shale gas in exempted from the Clean Water Act, Clear Air Act and Safe Drinking Water Act. 2. A coal-powered electrical generating plant discharge hazardous levels of mercury into the air. 3. A nuclear power plant uses water from a nearby river for free in order to cool down the facility, releasing the warm water back into the river.

Which of the following is true about ecosystem

1. Their boundaries can be difficult to define. 2. Smaller ecosystems may be include in larger ecosystems. 3. Ecosystems included both the biotic and abiotic components of an area.

How have farms altered the nitrogen cycle?

1. They apply inorganic fertilizers to their lands. 2. they grow nitrogen-fixing crops and then plow the crops into the soil, so the organic matter can decompose.

Which statements accurately describes the vegetation of temperate grasslands?

1. They are dominated by grasses. 2. Trees are rare.

Which of the following statements correctly identify impacts that the introduction of the zebra and quagga mussels have had on the Great Lakes?

1. Toxic algal blooms have increased in frequency 2. Diatoms and other tiny algae have declined greatly.

Which of the following are examples of how many modern-day pollution problems are international in nature?

1. Toxic sludge from a Hungarian aluminum plant polluted the Danube river, which flows through Croatia, Serbia, Bulgaria and Romania. 2. Air emissions from burning Chinese is carried across the Pacific Ocean and contribute to air pollution in California and other western states.

Rank the following countries in order of their citizens' energy consumption, placing the country with the greatest individual energy consumption at the top and the county with the least individual energy consumption at the bottom.

1. United States 2. Germany 3. China 4. India

Which of the following environmental changes is most likely to reduce human security?

1. Urbanization 2. Human migration 3. Natural disasters

Which of the following are characteristics of tropical rainforests?

1. Vegetation is kept wet year-round. 2. They have high species diversity. 3. Temperatures are warm to hot year-round.

Conservation of high-quality energy is important because ____.

1. Waste heat generated from the use of high quality energy is low quality and is not useful 2. The use of high quality heat produces pollution. 3. There is a limited amount of high quality energy available.

Abnormal social behavior in rats, such as infanticide, due to overcrowded living condition is an example of ___ limiting factor.

A density-dependent

A. Food chain B. Food web

A. A series of organism occupying different trophic levels through which energy passes as a result of one organism consuming another. B. An overlapping and intersecting dispiction food sources (e.g prey) and the organism that feed upon them.

A. Ralph Waldo Emerson B. Henry David Thoreau C. John Mulr D. Aldo Leopold E. Rachel Carson

A. An early critic of rampant economic development, he sought to correct the social and spiritual errors of the time. B. He wrote a book about living for tow years in a small cabin on the edge of Walden pond in order to have direct contact with nature. C. He started the sierra club and convinced the federal government to restrict development in the Yosemite Valley, which preserved its beauty for generations. D. He pioneered the field of game management by proposing that regulated hunting should be used to maintain a proper balance of wildlife and on a landscape. E.She alerted people to the potential dangers of pesticides to food, wildlife, and humans, which eventually led to changes in pesticides use in the United States.

A. Producers B. Consumers C. Decomposers

A. Atmosphere / air B. Plants or other animals C. Waste products and dead organisms

A. Sand B. Mud C. Rocky surfaces

A. Clams, burrowing worms, and small crustaceans. B. Mangrove trees and sea grasses C. Large Algae

A. Intraspecific competition B. Interspecific Competition

A. Competition between members of the same species B. Competition between members of different species.

A. London B. Rome C. Tokyo D. Hong Kong

A. Drivers moving through the Congestion Changing Zone must pay a daily fee. B. Certain types of traffic are banned in the city from 6:30 AM to 6:00 PM C. Before they can purchase a vehicle, buyers must prove there is a permanent parking sport available for the vehicle. D. Beginning in 2011, the initial cost of our registration was made equal to 40 percent the value of vehicle.

A. Development B. Preservation C. Conversation

A. Earth and its resources exist solely for human benefit and pleasure. B. Earth and its resources have intrinsic value or inherent worth apart from human uses. C. Earth and its resources can be used in a balanced manner to promote human well-being.

A. Industrial country B. Developing country C. Non industrialized country

A. Energy useage split evenly between industry, residential and transportation. B. Devotes a large amount of energy to industry to develop industrial base. C. Most energy use for residential purposes, namely cooking and heating.

A. Skin Cancer B. MRSA C. Malaria D. Coronary heart disease E. Pneumonia F. Diarrhea

A. Exposure to ultraviolet light B. Widespread use of antibiotic in both humans and livestock. C. Lack of protection from mosquitoes D. Exposure to cigarette smoke E. Air pollution F. Water pollution

A. Judaism, Christianity and Islam B. Buddhism C. Confucianism and Taoism D. Hinduism and Jainism

A. God's creation of material reality B. The interdependence of life. C. The Tao that course through nature D. The karmic processes underlying the recycling of matter

A. Industrialized country B. Developing country C. Nonindustrial country

A. Industry uses one-firth to one quarter of total energy B. Spends a significant fraction of energy use to build up industrial base C. Very little industrial energy use.

A. Climax B. Successional

A. Maintains it species mix for a long time; has many specialized ecological niches and more kinds of organisms and interactions among organisms; recycles nutrients and maintains relativity constant biomass. B. Shows changes in the kinds of species present; has more generalized niches and fewer kinds of organisms and interactions among organisms; tends to accumulate larger amounts of new material.

A. Coal B. Oil and natural gas

A. Mostly formed during the Carboniferous period when the Earth's climate was hot and humid B. Formed when tiny marine organism accumulated on the seafloor were compressed by overlying sediments.

A. Ecofeminism B. Social Ecology C. Deep Ecology D. Environmental pragmatism E. Environmental aesthetics F. Animals rights

A. There are important relationships between how society treats women an dhow society treats the environment. B. Social hierarchies directly connected to behaviors that lead to environmental destruction. C. A key tenet includes a biocentric egalitarian world view. D. This human-centered ethical approach has an econcentric, long-range perspective. E. This approach is a study of how to appreciate beauty in the natural world. F. Humans have a strong moral obligation to nonhuman animals.

A. Fertilizer B. Photochemical smog C. Persistent organic chemicals

A. Used in food production but also acts as an environmental pollutant B. Produced by interactions between the atmosphere and air pollution. C. Last a long time because they're not broken down by microorganisms.

A. Apple B. McDonald's C. BP

A. Using a product packaging the evokes and environmentally friendly image, yet its factory workers clean its display glass with toxic chemicals. B. Changing the color of its logo from yellow and red to yellow and green, yet the company shares responsibility for the deforestation of the rainforest. C. Using a green and yellow sunburst design for its logo as they caused the worst environmental disaster in the U.S History.

A. Swamp B. Marsh C. Lake

A. Wetlands with trees B. Wetlands dominated by grasses and reeds C. Open water where vertical zonoation may be observed

Lichens contribute to the formation of soil on bare substrate by producing _____ that break(s) down rock into smaller particles.

Acids

Which of the following regions has the highest rate of natural population increase?

Africa

The number of individuals of each age in the population is called the ___.

Age distribution

A community is made up of ___.

All the interacting populations of different species or organism in the area.

Which of the following is not an abiotic factor?

An organism

Succession in ____ ecosystems such as ponds and lakes is largely the result of continuous input of organic matter from the surrounding land.

Aquatic

____ succession can be observed by traveling from deep to shallower portions of lakes and ponds

Aquatic

Successful and sustainable fisheries are achieved through continuous monitoring and enforcement to set safe catch limits, control the amount of ____ in order to reduce the catching of non target species and protect sensitive ____ such as spawning and nursing grounds, coral reef ecosystems, relatively pristine locations, and over exploited areas that need time to recover.

Bycatch ; habitats

The industrial revolution was primarily precipitated by a nation's ability to exploit and utilize ___ as a energy resource.

Coal

The industrial revolution was primarily precipitated by a nations ability to exploit and utilize __ as an energy source.

Coal

As wood fuel became scare in India, Europe and North America, the first alternative fuel sources that began to be utilized were ____.

Coal and animal dung

Flowers that produce bright colors and nectar are attractive to hummingbirds, which pollinate them while feeding on the nectar. This is an example of ___.

Coevolution

The larger a deer population becomes, the more likely it is that predators will have a chance to catch some of the individual; this is a limiting factor that is density-____ and ___.

Dependent ; extrinsic

Which market-based instrument designed to encourage environmental protection promotes recycling by consumers?

Deposit refund programs

In general, in a parasitic relationship, the parasite __ the host.

Derives nourishment from

What type of biome is defined by unpredictable and low (under 25 cm per year) precipitation rates?

Deserts

After humans learned how to ____ plants and animals, they no longer had to rely solely upon wild foods and had ready access to any energy source that could be used transportation and farming.

Domesticated

Tropical __ forest have been heavily impacted by humans; many have been converted to farming or for grazing for animals.

Dry

Which of the following is not a characteristic of a tropical dry forest?

Dry year-round

The science of ___ is the study of the ways organism interact with each other and with their nonliving surroundings.

Ecology

_____ plants protrude above the surface of the water in lakes, whereas submerged plants are rooted below the water line.

Emergent

Exothermic Reaction: 1. Natural gas is burned to heat a home. 2. When a block of pure (K) is dropped into a bucket of water, it explodes.

Endothermic Reaction: 1. Ice cubes are placed on a kitchen counter to melt. 2. Egg, flour, water and sugar are combined and then baked to make a bread.

The reason that people in the less-developed world eat much less meat than those from the developed world can be thought of in terms of economics and ____.

Energy

The fact that when plants are kept in the dark and when animals have no food to eat, they both die demonstrates that source of ___ are important to all organisms.

Energy.

The accompanying illustration shows how the second law of thermodynamics applies to cars: potential energy in gasoline is converted to kinetic energy to power the car, and some heat is lost in the process. This lost heat is known as ___.

Entropy

I P A T

Environmental Impact Size of the population Per person consumption of resources Effects of methods used to provide items consumed

Along the stable equilibrium phase of a typical population growth curve, the population growth rate is ____.

Equal to zero

A(n) ____ is a partially enclosed bay where freshwater from rivers meets salty ocean water.

Estuary

The ____ zone is the layer of the ocean where the sun's rays penetrate, making photosynthesis by phytoplankton possible.

Euphotic

____ lakes are shallow, murky and full of nutrients, whereas ___ lakes are cold and clear; the latter lakes are poor in nutrients and therefore low in productivity.

Eutrophic ; oligotrophic

Nearly all of the world's electrical energy is generated solely from the burning of fossil fuels.

False

About 16 distinctly different populations of the black bear can be found in ___ areas throughout North America.

Forested

There appears to be a(n) ___ relationship between the rate at which the population of a country is growing and its standard of living.

Inverse

The less-developed countries of the world typically have a per capita income that ____ per year.

Is less than $ 15,000

If a plant's survival becomes restricted due to the lack of precipitation, then water can be said to be a ___ factor in the plant's environment.

Limiting

The ___ zone in lakes contains rooted vegetation, whereas the limnetic zone does not.

Littoral

___ is the biggest impact that humans have on the trees of the temperate rainforest.

Logging

What was the significance of the Kyoto Protocol?

Many world leaders signed an agreement to implement changes that wold reduce emissions of some greenhouse gases.

Anything that takes up space and has mass is called ____.

Matter

Habitat: 1. The space that the organism inhabits, the place where it lives 2. An organism's "address"

Niche" 1. The functional role that an organism has in its surroundings 2. An organism's "profession"

____ bacteria convert ammonia to nitrate and ___ bacteria convert nitrate or other nitrogen-containing compounds to nitrogen gas.

Nitrifying ; denitrifying

Latin America: 1. Government encourage public transportation. 2. Personal ownership of automobiles is uncommon or rare. 3. Rail and bus transport is widely used.

North America: 1. Government policy promotes automobile industry over public transport. 2. Automobile is the dominant form of transportation. 3. Public transportation is used primary in metropolitan areas.

Which of the following is an example of how human population growth is influenced by social thinking?

Not someone agrees that reducing fertility rates would be to everyone's advantage.

Bears are considered ___ because they have both plants and animals in their diet.

Omnivores

In a scientific experiment, a variable is ____.

One of many factors that contribute to the outcome of an event.

According to the World Health Organization, what fraction of all disease are caused by environmental exposure?

One-quarter

In the poorer counties of the world, approximately what fraction of deaths are related to the enviornment?

One-third

Competition occurs when two ____.

Or more organisms strive to obtain the same limited resource(s)

The important role played by decomposers is the conversion of ___ matter into matter.

Organic ; inorganic

A scientist publishes the results of their latest experiment in a prestigious journal, claiming the results support their Theory of Everything. What will be the likely response from the rest of the scientific community?

Other scientist will attempt to reproduce the same results to determine whether the Theory of Everything is correct.

__ is a condition in which the number of sets of chromosomes in the cells of the plant increases, and it is a mechanism of speciation in plants.

Polyploidy

Distinct cycles of which of the following have been documented, since the 1920s, for many kinds of animals living in Earth's northern regions?

Population

In northern regions of the world, many kinds of animals go through distinct cycles that fluctuate relatively high to relatively low ___.

Population

Kinetic Energy: 1. Water moving downstream in a river. 2. A gust of wind

Potential Energy: 1. Water held behind a dam 2. Calm air, no wind

The organisms involved in a predation relationship are the ___ and the ___.

Predator ; prey

What is a common effect of a subsidy on the price of goods and services?

Prices are kept artificially low.

___ succession begins with a total lack of organisms and bare substrate, whereas ____ succession starts with the destruction of an existing ecosystem.

Primary ; Secondary

Which of the following statements best describes the function of a catalyst? A catalyst ____.

Reduces the amount of activation energy needed to start a chemical reaction.

One of the primary reasons for fuel taxes is so governments have money available to build and maintain ___.

Roads

Mycorrhizae are a ____.

Root-fungus association, whereby the fungus obtains organic molecules from the roots while the fungus assists the plant into obtaining nutrients.

___ have been impacted by agriculture and grazing; in the drier part, livestock is raised, and in the more wet areas, farming is possible.

Savannas

What is the difference between grasslands and savannas?

Savannas have a sparse tree cover in addition to the grass-covered areas.

Some people believe that we don't need to search for alternative to fossil fuel because scientist will soon find or create a replacement for them. Why is this line of reasoning flawed?

Science cannot solve every problem, and there is not guarantee scientist will ever find a replacement for fossil fuel.

Primary Consumer: 1. Seed-eating birds 2. Leaf-eating insects

Secondary Consumers: 1. Sharks 2. Eagles

Heat transfer from a hot object to a cold object is known as ___ heat transfer. When heat transfer is used to change the state of matter (from liquid to gas) is know as ___ heat transfer.

Sensible ; Latent

The sequence of successional stages from pioneer to climax community is called a(n) _____.

Sere

The term ____ refers to the relative numbers of males and females.

Sex ratio

Which of the following statements about sexual reproduction is true?

Sexual reproduction can occur with or without the production of eggs.

When compared to asexual reproduction, which of the following statements about sexual reproduction represents the fundamental difference between the two?

Sexual reproduction results in individuals that are generically different from the parents.

Who can require that a corporation's directors run the corporation with ethical obligations to the environment

Shareholders

The statement that not everyone in the world feels that reducing fertility rates would be to everyone's advantage is an example of how human population growth is influenced by ___ thinking.

Social

In addition to concern about unknown risk from genetic engineering, factors such as decreasing soil fertility, desertification, loss of cropland due to urbanization, and ___ are adding to the uncertainty about the world's future food production.

Soil Erosion

___ results when a species is divided into two isolated sub populations that each have different natural selection pressures and eventually develop into sub populations that are no longer able to interbreed.

Speciation

Which of the following is an implication of rapid over reproduction, as employed by r-strategists?

Species that are not able to reproduce rapidly will be out completed.

The accompanying graph is representative of which of the following general types of survivorship curves?

Species that have high mortality among their young.

If two species are in physical contact and at least one of them derives a benefit from the contact, they are said to have a ___ relationship

Symbiotic

In many countries, the money used to build and repair roads comes from ____.

Taxes placed on gasoline

The giant California redwoods occur in locations that received abundant rainfall and have mild temperatures year round. These locations are known as____.

Temperate rainforests

What two characteristics are the most important in determining the distribution o fa biome?

Temperature and precipitation

In business, externalized costs are those costs ___.

That are passed off to someone else

Not including the availability of sunlight, what is the major limiting factor influencing marine productivity.

The availability of nutrients.

Which of the following best describes the relationship between the birth rate and death rate during the stable equilibrium phase of a population growth curve?

The birth rate and the death rate are approximately equivalent.

Which of the following best explains why the deceleration phase of a population growth curve occurs?

The death rate and the birth rate come to equal one another.

All species have limiting factors, and because of this, ___.

The range where a species can be found is often limited.

All of the following contributes to the unsustainable nature of modern fishing practices except ____.

The restricted ability to fish farther offshore.

Which of the following characteristics of boreal forests is incorrect?

The trees are fast-growing and reach enormous size.

Why are phytonplankton a key part of the marine ecosystem?

They form the base of the marine food web.

Population density is the ___.

Total number of organisms of a species per unit area.

A community with drought-tolerant forest species, hot temperatures year-round, and low precipitation for most of the year except for the periodic rain to support tree growth describes the ____ biome.

Tropical dry forest

A scientific law is a ____.

Uniform constant fact that describes what happens in nature.

People living in which of the following countries consume the greatest amount of resources per person?

United States

____ Molecules exhibit some rather unique properties, such as the ability to dissolve nearly any substance, since they are polar molecules with both positive and negative ends.

Water

Because measuring the amount of energy in each trophic level in an ecosystem is difficult, often scientist collect ___ data, which tells them the weight of living material at each trophic level. By weighting all the producers, herbivores, and carnivores, is an ecosystem, a 90 percent loss of energy from one trophic level to the next has been observed.

biomass

The appearance of the ___ altered people lifestyles, giving them the ability to travel farther on vacations and spurring a migration of the population in the suburbs.

car