EPPP - Social Psychology

Zimbardo's deindividuation study found......

individuals are more willing to act in antisocial ways when the can do so anonymously

Psychological reactance

when a person acts in a way that is opposite of what is being requested because the person feels that their freedom of choice is being restricted.

A communicator's __________________ has been identified as a key contributor to attitude change

Credibility

Symbolic Racism (Sears, 1988)

anti-black affect and conservative values characterized by more subtle forms of prejudice and discrimination

Heider's (1958) "balance theory" describes attitude change as a function of which of the following?

"Balance theory" focuses on the relationships between three entities (the person, a second person, and a third person, object, or event). It proposes that the relations between these entities can be balanced or unbalanced. When the relationships between these entities are unbalanced, the person experiences a state of disequilibrium (inconsistency) and is motivated to change his/her attitude toward one of the entities.

What are several elements needed for inducing attitude change?

- high credibility and trustworthiness for a communicator - moderate range of discrepancy between communication and recipient - order of presentation = primacy vs. recency effect - accidental messages (increases communicator's trustworthiness) - fear arousal messages that focus on negative consequences and info on how to avoid these consequences. - audience members who are easily persuaded

What are some characteristics of individuals who are easily persuaded?

- low IQ - High and Low self-esteem - teens and early 20s

According to Hays (2001), which age group has been identified as privileged?

30-60 year-olds

The approach-avoidance conflict occurs when

A goal has both positive and negative aspects. As the person moves CLOSER to the goal, the desire to avoid it becomes STRONGER.

This attitude component reflects a person's liking for the entity or situation

Affective Component

In a research study on bystander intervention, a participant hears someone fall and cry out in pain in an adjacent room. In this situation, the participant is most likely to respond for this apparent need for help when he/she is:

Alone A bystander is more likely to intervene when alone than when in the presence of others, regardless if its a strangers or friends.

Cognitive Dissonance theory is most useful for understanding

Attitude Change Cognitive Dissonance Theory is useful for understanding how attitude change is sometimes an attempt to alleviate cognitive dissonance.

Social Exchange Theory

Based on the premise that the decision to stay in a relationship depends on the balance of costs and rewards. Based on the premise that human behavior is affected by the exchange of rewards.

This attitude component represents a person's behavioral tendencies toward entity or situation

Behavioral component

This attitude component consists of person's beliefs about the entity or situation

Cognitive component

Social Judgment Theory predicts that the size of these latitudes are affected by the individual's level of

Ego-involvement

______________________ predicts that our perceptions of fairness in relationships are more important than the absolute costs and rewards of being in that relationship.

Equity Theory

Attributing a stranger's rude behavior to his unpleasant personality than the possibility of him having a bad day is an example of

Fundamental attribution error

According to Herek (1991), harassment of and violence against lesbians and gay men is the result of:

Heterosexism

Actor-Observer Effect

Predicts that actors tend to attribute their own behaviors to situational factors, while observers tend to attribute the actor's behaviors to dispositional factors.

Research on ______________________ has shown that people tend to pay more attention to information that confirms their beliefs about themselves than to information that contradicts those beliefs.

Schemas research has shown that people pay more attention to and recall schema-consistent information better than information that is inconsistent with their current schemas.

The tendency to take credit for our successes but to blame other people or external circumstances for our failures is referred to as

Self-Serving Bias

The results of the research with the "Jigsaw Classroom" are consistent with which other study?

Sherif Robber's Cave study

T or F: A person with symbolic racist views is likely to oppose other efforts designed to promote equality or benefit members of minority groups

TRUE

According to the frustration-aggression hypothesis

aggression is the consequence of frustration, which is produced whenever the attainment of a desired goal is blocked.

The Behavioral catharsis hypothesis states that

an act of aggression reduces an individual's arousal level, which then decreases the likelihood that he/she will act aggressively again in the near future.

Theory of Planned behavior

attitudes are accurate predictors when the attitude measure assesses all 3 components of behavioral intention: - the person's attitude toward engaging in a behavior - what the person believes other people think he or she should do - the person's perceived behavioral control

The tendency to ignore base rate (general) information and to focus, instead, on a specific case, is referred to as the

base rate fallacy

Ajzen's (1991) "theory of planned behavior" predicts that attitudes are good predictors of a person's behavior when the measure of attitudes assesses the person's:

behavioral intention

Confirmation Bias

focusing on and seeking out information that confirms our preconceptions.

Social Judgment Theory distinguishes between three categories of judgment that determine our susceptibility to persuasion

latitude of acceptance, non-commitment, and latitude of rejection.

Fundamental attribution error

overestimating the role of dispositional factors and underestimating the role of situational factors.

What is the jigsaw classroom referring to?

students work together in teams to complete an assignment (a subordinate goal). this exercises has been found to reduce hostilities related to racial, ethnic, or cultural differences.

Base Rate Fallacy

tendency to rely on irrelevant information rather than statistical information when making a judgment.

Hedonic Relevance

the extent to which other person's behavior has positive or negative consequences for us.

Gain-Loss Theory

the tendency to like or be most attracted to people who initially evaluate us negatively but subsequently evaluate us in positive ways.