EPSC Exam 3 (Review)
Mineral Properties : Color
•is the least helpful •property to identify a mineral.
Rock
a material that is made of one or more minerals
Polymorphs
if two or more minerals have the same chemistry.
Electron Microprobe
Machine use to analyze rocks. Focuses on electron beam at an element to knock electron out orbit. (x-ray)
Talc
softest mineral. used to make baby powder and shows an earthy or soapy luster.
Frost wedging
strong factor in weathering. Water gets into the cracks of rocks as a liquid, later when temperatures drop the liquid water turns to ice, expands, and breaks the rock
Igneous ID
Porphyritic
Lithification
(rock cycle) the compaction and cementation transforms detrital sediment into a detrital sedimentary rock.
What are the types of weathering?
-Mechanical Weathering -Chemical Weathering
How many directions of cleavage?
1
How many directions of cleavage are shown above?
2
How many directions of cleavage are shown (in pic?)
3
How many directions of cleavage are shown ?
3
Cleavage
A mineral that breaks with two flat surfaces on opposite sides has one direction of cleavage
This is Regional metamorphism and..
Foliated
Is this consider Non-Detrital?
Coal is not a mineral because it is organizc but is i guess non-detrital sedimentary rocks.
What sedimentary rock is this?
Detrital
Type of igneous rock texture shown?
Glassy
Non- Silicate Minerals
Halides - cation + anion - Ex: Flourite - CaF2 (Mohs Hardness 4) • Carbonates - (CO3 ) - cation + carbon + oxygen - Ex: Calcite - CaCO3 (Mohs Hardness 3) • Sulfates - (SO4 ) -cation + sulfur + oxygen - Ex: Gypsum - CaSO4 2H2O (Mohs Hardness 2) • Sulfides - (S) - cation + sulfur - Ex: Pyrite - FeS2 • Oxides - (O) - cation + oxygen - Ex: Hematite - Fe2O3 • Native Element - Mineral made up of a single element - Ex: Diamond - (Mohs Hardness 10)
Obsidian
Igneous ID?
Increase Temperature and Pressure (8)
Igneous Rock to Metamorphic Rock
Weathering and Erosion (7)
Igneous to Sediment
Increase Temperature and Pressure (5)
Metamorphic Rock to Molten
Weathering and Erosion (4)
Metamorphic and sedimentary
Cool and Crystalize
Molten to Igneous Rock
the sedimentary rock is...
Non-Detrital
The type of metamorphism is
Non-Foliated and Contact Metamorphism
Type of igneous rock is this?
Phaneritic
What type of igneous rock texted is shown?
Phaneritic
What type of igneous rock texture?
Porphyritic
What type of igneous rock texture is shown?
Pyroclastic
What type of igneous rock?
Pyroclastic
Non-Foliated
Quartz
Compacted and Cemented
Sediment to Sedimentary Rock (squish to cemented)
Weathering and Erosion
Sedimentary Rock - to- Sediment (break to move)
Increase Temperature and Pressure
Sedimentary Rock to Metamorphic Rocks
Granite
This is Granite
Foliated
This stress deforms the rock causing the mineral grains to become aligned in a common direction.
Mechanical Weathering
aka physical. breaks rocks into smaller pieces but does not change its composition
Minerals
are a collection of different types of atoms
Regional Metamorphism
associated with mountain building (foliated)
Detrital Sediments
consists of weathered solids pieces of preexisting rock ( i.e. sediment). Size is the basis for the naming or classification of detrital sediment or sedimentary rocks. (aka clay)
Chemical Weathering
destroys or alters existing minerals, changing the rock's composition (at the molecular level).
Metallic
is shiny like metal or dull like metal rust/ tarnish
Erosion
is the movement of pieces of rock
Luster
is the way a mineral reflects light (metallic and non-metallic)
Root wedging
mechanical weathering
Contact Metamorphism
non-foliated texture. occur where the pressure is not as intense. happens close to a magma body.
Non-Detrital
sedimentary rocks consist of rocks that are either the by products of life (like seashells) or formed inorganically by direct precipitation of ions from fluids. • For the non detrital sedimentary rocks, the size of the particles is not important. What is important are the minerals in these rocks.
Foliated / Slate
see the layers of the regional metamorphism
Periodic Table
there are 92 naturall occuring elements. Main ones: oxygen, carbox dioxide, etc.
Exfoliation
when a part of the earth is heated, it expands; later when it cools down it shrinks.
Weathering
when a rock breaks
Mineral (Definition)
• Is naturally occuring •Solid •Crystalline •Has a definite chemical composition
Silicon-Oxygen Tetrahedra
• every oxygen atom is shared with another oxygen atom in an adjacent
Intangibles
•Magnetic-Magnetite •Effervescence- Calcite •Taste- Halite • Smell- Sulfur • Polarization •Iridescence
Moh's Hardness Scale
•Minerals are sorted into a hardness scale from 1-10. •one being the softest and ten the hardest. •a mineral with a higher number would scratch any lower number. •*Two minerals with the same hardness will scratch each other*
Quartz
•can be 120 different colors
Cleavage and Fracture
•if a mineral has zero directions of cleavage. • surfaces offuce rwhen minerals break along rough and irregular surfaces, this occurs in quartz. fracture is the absence of cleavage. •fracture occurs when strong chemical bonds are present in a mineral that result
Calcite
•main component of limestone when hydrochloric acid is thrown on it.
Streak Color
•when a mineral is rubbed on a piece of porcelain. •the color of the powder •very helpful to determine metallic minerals because the streak contains metallic minerals. •not very useful for non-metallic minerals.
Crystal Form
•when minerals grow into specfic shapes if there is enough space for them to grow.