EPSC Exam 3 (Review)

Mineral Properties : Color

•is the least helpful •property to identify a mineral.

Rock

a material that is made of one or more minerals

Polymorphs

if two or more minerals have the same chemistry.

Electron Microprobe

Machine use to analyze rocks. Focuses on electron beam at an element to knock electron out orbit. (x-ray)

Talc

softest mineral. used to make baby powder and shows an earthy or soapy luster.

Frost wedging

strong factor in weathering. Water gets into the cracks of rocks as a liquid, later when temperatures drop the liquid water turns to ice, expands, and breaks the rock

Igneous ID

Porphyritic

Lithification

(rock cycle) the compaction and cementation transforms detrital sediment into a detrital sedimentary rock.

What are the types of weathering?

-Mechanical Weathering -Chemical Weathering

How many directions of cleavage?

1

How many directions of cleavage are shown above?

2

How many directions of cleavage are shown (in pic?)

3

How many directions of cleavage are shown ?

3

Cleavage

A mineral that breaks with two flat surfaces on opposite sides has one direction of cleavage

This is Regional metamorphism and..

Foliated

Is this consider Non-Detrital?

Coal is not a mineral because it is organizc but is i guess non-detrital sedimentary rocks.

What sedimentary rock is this?

Detrital

Type of igneous rock texture shown?

Glassy

Non- Silicate Minerals

Halides - cation + anion - Ex: Flourite - CaF2 (Mohs Hardness 4) • Carbonates - (CO3 ) - cation + carbon + oxygen - Ex: Calcite - CaCO3 (Mohs Hardness 3) • Sulfates - (SO4 ) -cation + sulfur + oxygen - Ex: Gypsum - CaSO4 2H2O (Mohs Hardness 2) • Sulfides - (S) - cation + sulfur - Ex: Pyrite - FeS2 • Oxides - (O) - cation + oxygen - Ex: Hematite - Fe2O3 • Native Element - Mineral made up of a single element - Ex: Diamond - (Mohs Hardness 10)

Obsidian

Igneous ID?

Increase Temperature and Pressure (8)

Igneous Rock to Metamorphic Rock

Weathering and Erosion (7)

Igneous to Sediment

Increase Temperature and Pressure (5)

Metamorphic Rock to Molten

Weathering and Erosion (4)

Metamorphic and sedimentary

Cool and Crystalize

Molten to Igneous Rock

the sedimentary rock is...

Non-Detrital

The type of metamorphism is

Non-Foliated and Contact Metamorphism

Type of igneous rock is this?

Phaneritic

What type of igneous rock texted is shown?

Phaneritic

What type of igneous rock texture?

Porphyritic

What type of igneous rock texture is shown?

Pyroclastic

What type of igneous rock?

Pyroclastic

Non-Foliated

Quartz

Compacted and Cemented

Sediment to Sedimentary Rock (squish to cemented)

Weathering and Erosion

Sedimentary Rock - to- Sediment (break to move)

Increase Temperature and Pressure

Sedimentary Rock to Metamorphic Rocks

Granite

This is Granite

Foliated

This stress deforms the rock causing the mineral grains to become aligned in a common direction.

Mechanical Weathering

aka physical. breaks rocks into smaller pieces but does not change its composition

Minerals

are a collection of different types of atoms

Regional Metamorphism

associated with mountain building (foliated)

Detrital Sediments

consists of weathered solids pieces of preexisting rock ( i.e. sediment). Size is the basis for the naming or classification of detrital sediment or sedimentary rocks. (aka clay)

Chemical Weathering

destroys or alters existing minerals, changing the rock's composition (at the molecular level).

Metallic

is shiny like metal or dull like metal rust/ tarnish

Erosion

is the movement of pieces of rock

Luster

is the way a mineral reflects light (metallic and non-metallic)

Root wedging

mechanical weathering

Contact Metamorphism

non-foliated texture. occur where the pressure is not as intense. happens close to a magma body.

Non-Detrital

sedimentary rocks consist of rocks that are either the by products of life (like seashells) or formed inorganically by direct precipitation of ions from fluids. • For the non detrital sedimentary rocks, the size of the particles is not important. What is important are the minerals in these rocks.

Foliated / Slate

see the layers of the regional metamorphism

Periodic Table

there are 92 naturall occuring elements. Main ones: oxygen, carbox dioxide, etc.

Exfoliation

when a part of the earth is heated, it expands; later when it cools down it shrinks.

Weathering

when a rock breaks

Mineral (Definition)

• Is naturally occuring •Solid •Crystalline •Has a definite chemical composition

Silicon-Oxygen Tetrahedra

• every oxygen atom is shared with another oxygen atom in an adjacent

Intangibles

•Magnetic-Magnetite •Effervescence- Calcite •Taste- Halite • Smell- Sulfur • Polarization •Iridescence

Moh's Hardness Scale

•Minerals are sorted into a hardness scale from 1-10. •one being the softest and ten the hardest. •a mineral with a higher number would scratch any lower number. •*Two minerals with the same hardness will scratch each other*

Quartz

•can be 120 different colors

Cleavage and Fracture

•if a mineral has zero directions of cleavage. • surfaces offuce rwhen minerals break along rough and irregular surfaces, this occurs in quartz. fracture is the absence of cleavage. •fracture occurs when strong chemical bonds are present in a mineral that result

Calcite

•main component of limestone when hydrochloric acid is thrown on it.

Streak Color

•when a mineral is rubbed on a piece of porcelain. •the color of the powder •very helpful to determine metallic minerals because the streak contains metallic minerals. •not very useful for non-metallic minerals.

Crystal Form

•when minerals grow into specfic shapes if there is enough space for them to grow.