Equity Theory and Motivation
Fixed Ratio
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Reinforcement Theory
Behavior is a function of consequences
Magnitude
Beliefs about accomplishing similar tasks
Perceived Inequity
Changing inputs or outcomes to reduce dissatisfaction
Self-efficacy
Confidence in organizing and executing tasks
David McClelland
Desire for human companionship is need for affiliation
David McClelland
Desire to master complex tasks is need for achievement
Hierarchy of Needs
Developed by Abraham Maslow
Two-Factor Theory
Developed by Frederick Herzberg
Expectancy Framework
Effort leads to performance, performance leads to rewards
Equity Theory
Employees comparing input/output ratios with others
Scientific Management
Employees not primarily motivated by social needs
Extinction
No longer reinforcing behavior to discourage it
Scientific Management
Overemphasizes economic rewards in motivation
Human Relations Approach
Participation in decision-making enhances motivation
Expectancy Model
Perceived value of a given reward or outcome
Social Comparison
Phenomenon of comparing oneself with others
Equity Theory
Provides insights for managerial applications
Punishment
Reducing work hours of low performing employees
Fixed Interval
Reinforcement after a certain time period
Variable Ratio
Reinforcement after unpredictable number of instances
Variable Interval
Reinforcement after unpredictable time intervals
Continuous Reinforcement
Reinforcement each time behavior occurs
ERG Theory
Relatedness needs parallel belongingness needs
Learning
Relatively permanent change in behavior from experience
Motivator Factors
Shortage lowers satisfaction, focuses on hygiene factors
Implementing Extinction
Withholding reinforcement to discourage behavior
Motivation
Forces causing behavior engagement
Performance
Function of motivation, ability, and opportunity
Herzberg
Hygiene satisfaction includes pay, status, and working conditions
Motivator Factors
Intrinsic job factors that increase satisfaction
Herzberg's Two-Factor Theory
Job satisfaction and dissatisfaction on separate continuum
B.F. Skinner
Laid foundation for behavior modification
Observational Learning
Learning through observing others
Equity Theory
Motivated to maintain or increase effort when treated equitably
Human Relations Approach
Motivation approach excluding financial rewards