Ergonomics Final Exam

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What is the two illuminance measurements used?

1 foot candle= 10 lux, 1 foot lambert= 3.4 candela/m^2

What is the Easy Reach Zone

16"-18"

What is the eye's diameter?

2.5 cm

What is the Maximum Reach Zone

26"-34"

What is the visible light range for color vision? (in NMs)

380nm-760nm

What could prevent cold stress?

Acclimatization, warm liquids, well balanced diet, proper clothing, control measures

What are some ways to prevent heat stress?

Adjusting work schedules, alternating work with breaks, monitoring workers for symptoms, Train employees to look for symptoms, drinking fluids and electrolytes

What else can factor into heat stress?

Age, weight, fitness, alcohol/drug use, acclimization

What are the four WBGT parameters?

Air temperature, Mean radiant temperature, Air Speed, Absolute Humidity

What can a Power Grip do?

Allows neutral posture

What is thermoregulation?

Body's attempt to maintain temperature of 98.6°F

What is the definition of metabolic heat?

By product of the body's activity

What is Cubital Tunnel Syndrome?

CTS symptoms across the ulnar nerve from the elbow

What does CTS stand for?

Carpal Tunnel Syndrome

What is one common nerve disorder?

Carpal Tunnel Syndrome

Where should the mouse be located?

Close to the keyboard

What are the stresses caused by HAVS?

Cold, vibration, static muscle effort, postures

What is organizational analysis?

Company level issues such as staffing, work schedules, overtime

What part of the eye doesn't operate in low illumination?

Cones

What are the causes of CTS?

Constant firm gripping, frequency of repetition, Hand/Wrist use against resistance, strong vibration exposure

What industries is cold stress common in?

Construction, freezer plants, meat packing houses, cold storage

What is the eye's structure? (made up of)

Cornea, pupil, retina, rods, cones

What is contrast?

Difference in illuminance between two adjacent objects

Where should our keyboard be placed?

Directly in front of monitor

Where should our monitor(s) be placed?

Directly in front of us or have edges touch at an angle

Why are upper extremities vulnerable?

Due to soft tissue and constant use of arms and hands

What is workstation analysis?

Examines the physical components of a workstation

What is environmental analysis?

Examines workstation lighting, glare, temperature, proximity to background noise

What is fatigue?

Feelings of tiredness, reduction in energy, increased effort to perform desired tasks

What are the upper extremities?

Fingers, hand, arm, wrist, shoulder

What are the CTD causative factors?

Force, repetition, posture, no rest

What is task analysis?

Gathering of information about how a specific worker does their job

What are heat stress engineering controls?

General ventilation, AC, convection, insulation

What is Pinch Grip?

Grip using thumb and index finger

What does HAVS stand for?

Hand Arm Vibration Syndrome

What are the five heat disorders and health effects?

Heat exhaustion, heat cramps, heat stroke, heat syncope, heat rash

What is the definition of calorie?

Heat required to raise 1 gram of water 1°C

What are the risk factors for upper extremity CTDs?

High hand force, awkward postures, PPE, pinch grip, extreme temperatures

What is a reach zone?

How far one can reach without straining their body

What causes far-sightedness? (close objects appear blurry)

Hyperopia

What are the five cold disorders?

Hypothermia, HAVS, frostbite, trenchfoot

What is visible and not visible in low illumination?

Large letters are visible; color coding is not

What is blue light?

Light in the form of wavelengths that emit color visible by the human eye

What is acclimatization in hot environments?

Long term changes in physiological mechanisms, enables us to work in hot environments

What is bursitis?

Loss of synovial fluid and friction

What is synovial fluid?

Lubricant that nourishes the joints

What makes a great office chair?

Lumbar support, adjustable height, tilt, and seat, padded adjustable and removable arms, waterfall front edge, easy to reach controls

Who needs office ergonomics training?

Management, supervisors, committee members, employees, medical providers

What is the definition of heat?

Measure of energy in terms of quantity

What causes near-sightedness? (distant objects appear blurry)

Myopia

What are the eye's refractive errors?

Myopia, Hyperopia, Astigmatism, Presbyopia

What are the office sitting positions?

Neutral, upright, declined, reclined

What is the definition of evaporative cooling?

Occurs when sweat evaporates from skin

What are the three shift work solutions?

One odd shift, permanent shift assignments, "shift-pause-shift"

Where is the ulna nerve located?

Pinkie side of hand

What does the circadian rhythm naturally do?

Prepares body for work during the day and sleep at night

What are the best night shift scheduling practices?

Provide opportunity to rest, end night shifts at adequate time, limit # of consecutive night shifts, allow naps

When is special purpose lighting used?

Quality control, inspection, edge lighting, polarized light

What is the acronym of colors visible to us?

ROYGBIV

What does REBA stand for?

Rapid Entire Body Assessment

What does RULA stand for?

Rapid Upper Limb Assessment

What causes WMSDs in office work?

Repetition, static loading/sustained exertions, awkward postures, mechanical contact stress, forces

What are fatigue risk factors? (only need to know about half for exam)

Shift work, high risk hours, demanding jobs, long shifts, long weeks, sleep loss, no rest breaks, quick shift returns, long commutes

What are the causes of workplace fatigue?

Sleep loss, time of day, time on tasks

What are the results of workplace fatigue?

Slowed reaction time, trouble remembering, difficulty clearly communicating, falling asleep on job

What are bursa sacs?

Small, flat, fluid filled sac lined with the synovial membrane

What are some treatments for CTS?

Steroids, wrist braces, exposure reduction, surgery

What is acclimation in hot environments?

Sweating in response to temperature

What is Ulnar Tunnel Syndrome?

Swelling of tendon sheaths where ulnar enters the wrist

What is DeQuervain's Stenosing Tendonitis?

Tendonitis of the thumb, typically at the base

What are three common tendon disorders?

Tendonitis, tenosynovitis, epicondylitis

What is Carpal Tunnel Syndrome?

The compression of the median nerve caused by swelling tissue that results in numbness and pain of hand

What is one common neurovascular disorder?

Thoracic Outlet Syndrome

Where is the radial nerve located?

Thumb side of hand

What is the goal of office ergonomics?

To make work safe, more productive, and cost efficient by reducing the risk, number, and severity of workplace MSDs

What are heat stress administrative controls?

Training, scheduling work during cool parts of day, reduce physical demands, job pacing/rotation

What is the definition of conduction?

Transfer of heat between materials that contact each other

What is the definition of convection?

Transfer of heat in a moving liquid

What is the definition of radiation?

Transfer of heat through space

What is the humerus?

Upper arm bone

What causes Hypothenar Hammer Syndrome?

Use of pad of hand and thumb as a hammer

How can we reduce computer glare?

Use of window shades, management of overhead lights, desk positioning

How is Light and Dark Adaption achieved?

Via a photo chemical process

What are the risk factors of CTS?

Vibrations, extreme temperatures, gloves, grip types, aging

What is used to measure heat stress?

Wet Bulb Globe Thermometer (WGBT)

What is cold stress?

When body is unable to maintain normal temperature

What is shift work?

Work schedule regularly outside of traditional, eight hour daily, daytime schedule

What are three main causes of heat stress?

Working in hot environments, humidity, PPE/clothing


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