ES 350 Chapter 15-17 Quizzes

b.) list specific objectives to be achieved

The first step in conducting a questionnaire or survey is to: a.) select the sample b.) list specific objectives to be achieved c.) construct the questionnaire items d.) write the cover letter

d.) case-control study

A type of study that matches individuals with and without disease on factors such as age and ethnicity is the: a.) experimental-control study b.) repeated-measures study c.) split-plot study d.) case-control study

b.) direct observation is likely more accurate

An advantage of observational research as compared to survey research is: a.) the participant may be more candid in surveys b.) direct observation is likely more accurate c.) the presence of an observer may impact behavior d.) time to administer is less

b.) case study

An in-depth study to enhance understanding of similar cases is called: a.) cross-sectional developmental study b.) case study c.) observational research d.) unobtrusive research

c.) do not use items that have two or more separate ideas in the same item

Consider the following item from a 'yes-or-no' format questionnaire: "Do you use objective test items or essay items?" Which rule for writing good questions does this question not follow?: a.) avoid using negative items b.) do not lead the respondent to answer in a certain way c.) do not use items that have two or more separate ideas in the same item d.) use short questions because short questions are easier to understand

b.) unclear semantics

Developmental research is challenging. For example, instructions should be standardized. However, participants of various ages may understand or respond to the instructions differently from those of other ages. This is an example of which methodological problem in developmental research?: a.) unrepresentative scores b.) unclear semantics c.) lack of reliability d.) statistical problems

c.) mortality

In the article titled "Associations of Light, Moderate, and Vigorous Intensity Physical Activity With Longevity: The Harvard Alumni Health Study" (Lee & Paffenbarger, 2000), which of the following is an outcome?: a.) smoking b.) physical activity c.) mortality d.) sex

a.) smaller sample size

Questionnaires and personal interviews are similar. Which of the following applies to personal interviews when compared to questionnaires?: a.) smaller sample size b.) sampling technique c.) objectives of the project d.) no cover letter is necessary

b.) gathers data from a single person or from a limited number of similar people

The case study: a.) attempts to predict conditions that are likely to prevail in the future b.) gathers data from a single person or from a limited number of similar people c.) examines the content of written or printed materials to detect trends d.) seeks to generalize the results to a much larger population

b.) 1980s

The first solid evidence that low levels of physical activity increased the risk of heart disease and overall mortality was established in which decade?: a.) 1960s b.) 1980s c.) 2000s d.) 2020s

b.) physical activity

A friend has a membership at a fitness club and can bring a guest. He invites several friends and one says, "OK, I will try it even though I have never been to a club or done fitness but I have nothing else to do." What is the best descriptor for the friend's behavior?: a.) exercise b.) physical activity c.) physical fitness d.) movement

d.) what behaviors characterize a good teacher or good coach?

A major weakness of observational research lies in the operational definitions. Which question is an example of an operational definition?: a.) how often can I observe this behavior? b.) is my coding system reliable? c.) where will the observations be made? d.) what behaviors characterize a good teacher or good coach?

a.) longitudinal

A researcher wishes to study a group of children over a period of 10 years beginning in 2022 and ending in 2032. This is an example of a ___________ study: a.) longitudinal b.) correlational c.) case d.) cross-sectional

d.) risk factors

Determinants of disease are often called: a.) symptoms b.) syndromes c.) epidemic stressors d.) risk factors

d.) correlational research

Which method would best answer the question "are religious preference and vaccination status related?": a.) developmental research b.) case study c.) observational research d.) correlational research

a.) open-ended items

Which of the following are most difficult to analyze in a questionnaire study?: a.) open-ended items b.) yes-or-no items c.) Likert-type items d.) semantic differential items

b.) count how often students check out books from the library

Which of the following is the most unobtrusive technique for measuring student interest in reading?: a.) have students fill out an attitude-toward-reading inventory b.) count how often students check out books from the library c.) have students rank various types of leisure activities by preference d.) have students write an essay on the values of reading

d.) a survey question

Which of the following will appear last in the electronic survey?: a.) description of the purpose of the survey b.) informed consent c.) how to complete the survey (e.g., "click Next") d.) a survey question

d.) natural

Which type of study does not belong with the other cohort study designs?: a.) longitudinal b.) follow-up c.) prospective d.) natural

c.) does not manipulate variables and hence cannot establish cause and effect

A basic characteristic of correlational research is that it: a.) can deal with only two variables b.) cannot predict future performance c.) does not manipulate variables and hence cannot establish cause and effect d.) does not need both measures on all participants for two variables to be correlated

c.) a cohort study

A study design uses, for example, two groups of people representing a disease-free population who are then classified as exercisers and non-exercisers. After a period of time, the mortality rates of each group are compared. This design is called: a.) an ex post facto study b.) an experimental study c.) a cohort study d.) a participant observation study

a.) the inability to experimentally establish cause and effect

The major weakness of epidemiological studies is: a.) the inability to experimentally establish cause and effect b.) the small numbers of people as participants c.) insufficient information on diseases d.) insufficient time to collect data

d.) unobtrusive research

____________ research is when the participant is unaware that data is being collected: a.) cross-sectional developmental study b.) case study c.) observational research d.) unobtrusive research