ES: Chapter 10

volatile organic compounds (VOCs)

- Interacting with ozone to produce smog are a variety of _____ contribute to the formation of ozone and other photochemical oxidants.

1.Dust and fine aerosols can be carried great distances by the wind. 2. Pollution from the industrial belt between the Great Lakes and the Ohio River Valley regularly contaminates the Canadian Maritime Provinces and sometimes can be traced as far as Ireland. 3. Similarly, dust storms from China's Gobi and Takla Makan Deserts routinely close schools, factories, and airports in Korea, Japan, and even Seattle in the U.S.

Air pollutants can travel far: 1. _____ 2._____ 3._____

1.increased probability of heart attacks 2. respiratory diseases 3.lung cancer.

Breathing dirty air can cause: 1. 2. 3.

ozone hole

Chemical reactions of atmospheric gases and pollution produce the phenomenon known as the _____

Unconventional (non-criteria) pollutants

Compounds that are produced in less volume than conventional pollutants, but that are especially toxic or hazardous.

The Clean Air Act

In 1970, _____ designated new air quality standards, to be applied equally across the country, for six major pollutants.

Toxic Release Inventory (TRI)

In 1986, Congress established the _____ to help inform communities about toxic substances produced and handled in their area.

Montreal Protocol

In 1987 an international meeting in Montreal, Canada, produced the _____, the first of several major international agreements on phasing out most uses of CFCs by 2000.

Smoke, haze, dust, odors, corrosive gases, noise, and toxic compounds are among our most widespread pollutants

Name some forms that pollution comes in.

1.CO2 2.Methane 3.Nitrous oxide 4.Hydrofluorocarbons, perfluorocarbons and sulfur hexafluoride.

Name some greenhouse gasēs.

1. Asbestos 2. Benzene 3.Beryllium 4.Mercury 5.Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) 6. Vinyl chloride. 7.CO2 (added in 2009), remains controversial.

Name the unconventional pollutants.

1. Particulate removal involves filtering air emissions. Filters trap particulates in a mesh, or electrostatic precipitators are used. 2.Sulfur removal is important because sulfur oxides are among the most damaging of all air pollutants in terms of human health. 3. Nitrogen oxides (NOx) can be reduced in both internal combustion engines and industrial boilers. 4. Hydrocarbon controls mainly involve complete combustion or the control of evaporation.

The best strategy is reducing pollution, but pollutants can also be captured from effluent after burning. 1. 2. 3. 4.

sulfur dioxide, nitrogen oxides, carbon monoxide, ozone (and its precursor volatile organic compounds), lead, and particulate matter.

These six are referred to as conventional or criteria pollutants, and they include: 1._____ 2._____ 3._____ 4._____ 5._____ 6._____

cap-and-trade

_____ approach sets maximum emission levels for pollutants.

Ozone (O3)

_____ ground level ozone is highly reactive oxidizing agent that damages eyes, lungs, and plant tissues, as well as paint, rubber, and plastics.

point source

_____ is a smokestack or some other concentrated pollution origin.

Nitrogen oxides (NOx)

_____are highly reactive gases formed when the heat of combustion initiates reactions between atmospheric nitrogen (N2) and oxygen (O2).

Primary pollutants

_____are released in a harmful form.

- Acid rain

_____became recognized as a widespread form of pollution in the 1980s. It can affect forests and croplands far from industrial centers

Secondary pollutants

_____become hazardous after reactions in the air.

Fugitive or nonpoint-source

_____emissions are those that do not go through a smokestack.

Global warming

_____in which pollutants are altering the earth's energy budget, is the best-known case of interaction between anthropogenic pollutants and the atmosphere.

Particulate material

_____includes dust, ash, soot, lint, smoke, pollen, spores, algal cells, and many other suspended materials like aerosols.

Sulfur dioxide (SO2)

_____is a colorless, corrosive gas that damages both plants and animals.

Carbon monoxide (CO)

_____is a colorless, odorless, but highly toxic gas produced mainly by incomplete combustion of fuel (coal, oil, charcoal, wood, or gas).

temperature inversion

_____is a situation in which stable, cold air rests near the ground, with warm layers above. This situation reverses the normal conditions

Lead

_____our most abundantly produced metal air pollutant, impairs nerve and brain functions.

hazardous air pollutants (HAPs),

_____these chemicals cause cancer, nerve damage, disrupt hormone function, and fetal development.

Clean Air Act of 1963

_____was the first legislation in the US aimed at air pollution control.