ES315 Final

EF or SV/ED*100

% of blood pumped by the left ventricle

Hematocrit

% of red blood cells (RBCs)

Generally speaking, for well balanced training sessions, resistance programs aimed at improving muscular strength should involve Select one: a. concentric and eccentric training or dynamic/functional movements b. eccentric training only c. concentric training only d. isometric and eccentric training

Concentric and eccentric training or dynamic/functional movements.

How many ATP are produced when glycogen in the muscle is completely oxidized? Select one: a. 1 b. 2 c. 3 d. 39

39

The partial pressure of carbon dioxide (PCO2) in arteries is? Select one: a. 200 mmHg b. 40 mmHg c. 46 mmHg d. 100 mmHg

40 mmHg

The partial pressure of oxygen (PO2) in venous blood is? Select one: a. 200 mmHg b. 40 mmHg c. 46 mmHg d. 100 mmHg

40 mmHg

The partial pressure of carbon dioxide (PCO2) in venous blood is? Select one: a. 200 mmHg b. 40 mmHg c. 46 mmHg d. 100 mmHg

46 mmHg

EDV

Amount of blood volume (in mL or L) in the ventricles at peak relaxation

ESV

Amount of blood volume (in mL) in the ventricle after peak contraction

If the ventilatory equivalent for oxygen (i.e., VE/VO2) starts to increase and at the same time the ventilatory equivalent for carbon dioxide (i.e., VE/VCO2) does not increase, this means that

Anaerobic metabolism is increasing

The lactate threshold is best estimated using Select one: a. maximal voluntary ventilation b. anaerobic threshold c. field testing d. venous PO2

Anaerobic threshold

Resistance training techniques designed for men Select one: a. must be altered to accommodate a woman's physique b. are too rigorous to be widely applied to the general population c. are equally appropriate for women's training d. do not employ free weights enough to be used for children and the elderly

Are equally appropriate for women's training

HR x SV

C.O. or Q

Which one of the following muscle types has what is termed "automaticity" and will contract for a time even if removed from the body? Select one: a. Smooth b. Skeletal c. Cardiac

Cardiac

Name the chemical receptors that monitor the blood's chemical environment. Select one: a. chemoreceptors b. baroreceptors c. pressor receptors

Chemoreceptors

P-wave

Represents atrial depolarization

QRS-wave

Represents ventricular depolarization

T-wave

Represents ventricular repolarization

Isokinetic training ensures that Select one: a. resistance remains constant b. speed remains constant c. joint angle remains constant d. number of reps and sets remains constant

Resistance remains constant

Calcium is required for muscle to contract. Where is calcium (Ca2+) housed inside the muscle fiber? Select one: a. Sarcoplasmic reticulum b. Sarcoplasm c. Transverse tubule d. Synaptic cleft

Sarcoplasmic reticulum

Which one of the following muscle types is voluntary? Select one: a. Cardiac b. Skeletal c. Smooth

Skeletal

Which one of the following muscle types is found mostly in blood vessel walls and organs? Select one: a. Smooth b. Cardiac c. Skeletal

Smooth

The concept of periodization is the cycling of Select one: a. Intensity + specificity only b. Duration + intensity only c. Specificity, intensity and volume d. Hard/easy days

Specificity, intensity and volume

During submaximal exercise at a constant workload, heart rate reaches a plateau called Select one: a. cardiovascular drift b. steady-state heart rate c. EPOC d. MVV

Steady-state heart rate

Which athlete, through long term training, tends to have the lowest mean wall thickness (of the left ventricle) when compared to other athletes? Select one: a. runners b. rowers c. strength athletes d. cyclists e. Frisbee golfers

Strength athletes

What part of the autonomic nervous system induces increases in the catecholamines, and thereby helps increase heart rate, breathing rate, heart contractility, and blood pressure during exercise? Select one: a. parasympathetic system b. sympathetic system c. cerebral cortex

Sympathetic system

Contraction pressure of phase of cardiac expulsion of blood from ventricle

Systole

Which one of the following is not part of a nerve cell? Select one: a. Dendrite b. Axon c. Myelin sheath d. T-tubule

T-tubule

What is a heart rate greater than 100 bpm termed?

Tachycardia

The outer most layer of a muscle fiber is Select one: a. the basement membrane b. the synaptic knob interface c. the ryanodine receptor d. the sarcolemma membrane

The basement membrane

A training needs analysis, prior to implementing a strength training routine, looks at four main points, namely: (a) muscle groups to be trained, (b) types of training, (c) energy systems utilized, and (d) sites of concern for injury prevention. Select one: True False

True

Acetyl CoA is the common meeting point for the metabolic breakdown of fats, carbohydrates, and protein. Select one: True False

True

After high intensity, 30-90 sec exercise, it may take as long as 34-minutes for muscle pH to return to baseline or a normal value. If you include active recovery, this may speed up the return to normal blood pH levels due to better distribution and uptake of lactate + H+ from the blood. Select one: True False

True

All of the following are feasible causes of fatigue during hard exercise: accumulation of metabolic by-products, such as lactate and H+; failure of the muscle fiber's contractile mechanism (i.e., actin and myosin); alteration in the nervous system ("neuromuscular fatigue"); depletion of muscle glycogen; and your brain says "STOP," which might relate to the "central governor theory of fatigue." Select one: True False

True

Aortic pressure is equal to afterload. This indicates that as exercise intensity increases so does aortic pressure and therefore afterload. Select one: True False

True

Blood returns to the heart through veins, assisted by valves, the muscle pump, and respiratory pump. Select one: True False

True

CO2 is produced in the Krebs Cycle, an oxidative energy system pathway, and will increase as exercise intensity increases because as you recruit more muscle fibers or motor units, more mitochondria are utilized and oxygen is required to "fuel" ATP production in the "power house of the cell." Increased CO2 output drives your breathing rate "up." True False

True

During 3-hrs of cycling at a constant intensity/workload (i.e., submaximal workload), insulin levels will gradually diminish or decline while blood glucose is nicely maintained, dropping only slightly. Select one: True False

True

During muscle contraction, the belly of a muscle "bulges." Select one: True False

True

EF = SV / EDV. A normal EF is about 60%. EF will be greatly diminished in clients with coronary heart disease, especially if they have diagnosed or new onset heart failure. Select one: True False

True

Excessive training is training that is done with an unnecessarily high volume or intensity with little or no additional improvements in conditioning or performance. Select one: True False

True

Exercise training decreases steady-state heart rate for a given submaximal workload. This may be due to an increased SV because of endurance training. Select one: True False

True

Fartlek training (speed play) is performed on roads, trails, or the track; athletes "surge" for a certain amount of time with rest breaks. Select one: True False

True

Glycogen can be stored in liver and muscle. Select one: True False

True

Hemoglobin contains iron and is a protein that's part of the red blood cell. Therefore, it binds oxygen and if you're low on hemoglobin, such as during anemia, you'd feel sluggish and tired most of the time. Select one: True False

True

High intensity efforts (i.e., at or just below the lactate threshold or build up of lactate in the blood), whether it be in swimming, endurance running, or cycling (among other sports) for greater than one hour, would eventually yield fatigue because of glycogen depletion in the specific muscles being utilized. Select one: True False

True

If you had a greater fast twitch fiber composition vs. slow twitch make-up, you should be able to contract muscle with greater force and speed vs. a "slow poke" person. Select one: True False

True

In some cases, fatigue during long duration events of submaximal intensity could be due to neuromuscular fatigue. Select one: True False

True

Increased H+ concentrations stimulate respiratory centers to remove CO2 or whenever H+ levels begin to rise, from carbon dioxide or lactate accumulation, bicarbonate ions can buffer the H+ to prevent acidosis. Select one: True False

True

Ingesting carbohydrates at rest usually will replenish liver and muscle glycogen stores. However, superfluous consumption of carbs, fats, and/or protein while leading a sedentary lifestyle will lead to excessive fat stores. Select one: True False

True

Intramuscular triglycerides (IMTG's) are more readily accessible to make ATP through beta-oxidation vs. stored adipose tissue (such as "fat" stored in the mid-section or abdominal region). However, IMTG amounts are limited vs. the virtually unlimited stored fat in other areas of our body. Select one: True False

True

It's known that all the fibers of the heart contract as one unit once the SA node "fires." This can be termed a functional syncytium. Select one: True False

True

Low-repetition, high-resistance training enhances strength development. Select one: True False

True

Lung volumes and capacities are measured by spirometry. Select one: True False

True

Movement of air into and out of the lungs is termed pulmonary ventilation and can be abbreviated VE. Select one: True False

True

Muscle fiber type alone does not predict athletic success. There are numerous factors that will help predict athletic success, such as high VO2max, high LT, and superior mental ability. Select one: True False

True

Muscle tension equals muscle force development. This may be considered how you develop or have strength. Select one: True False

True

Myoglobin transports O2 to the mitochondria from hemoglobin. Therefore, myoglobin is a protein that binds oxygen and resides in skeletal muscle, among other tissues. Select one: True False

True

Myosin ATPase is an enzyme needed to split ATP to release energy into the myosin head for muscle contraction to occur. Select one: True False

True

Normally, the greatest distribution or percent of CO or Q is in the kidneys, liver, stomach, intestine (among other organs) during rest. Of course, with exericse, a greater percent of Q is directed to skeletal muscle in use. And, luckily, as exercise intensity increases, CO rises in a near linear fashion. In other words, it's accurate to note that HR increases in a linear fashion as SV plateaus at about 60% of VO2max in untrained persons to maintain the linear CO response to increasing exercise intensity. Select one: True False

True

PO2 literally means the partial pressure of oxygen or the concentration of oxygen within a given space. Select one: True False

True

PV loss, especially during exercise in the heat without adequate rehydration, results in hemoconcentration (a reduction in the fluid component of the blood). Select one: True False

True

Passive recovery is almost never recommended. Active recovery in between hard bouts of exercise or during interval training helps clear lactate + H+ and readies your energy systems to produce ATP optimally vs. passively "sitting around". Select one: True False

True

Power = force x distance / time. This indicates that a person may not have superior strength but if they're "quick" or can lift a certain amount of weight with great speed, they may be more powerful than another performer, just not as "strong." Select one: True False

True

Pulmonary artery pressure is greater than left atrial pressure so that blood will easily flow to the left heart. Select one: True False

True

Pulmonary diffusion is related to replenishing the blood's oxygen supply that has been depleted for oxidative energy production in skeletal muscle (among other tissues) and removing carbon dioxide from returning venous blood. Select one: True False

True

Pulmonary ventilation (VE) may limit performance in some highly trained athletes due to exercise-induced arterial hypoxemia. Hypoxemia literally indicates low oxygen in the blood. Select one: True False

True

Regular exercise of moderate intensity will boost the immune system. This is termed the inverted J-Shaped Model and depicts the relationship between the amount of exercise and immune function. Select one: True False

True

Renin release by the kidney, especially during exercise of long duration in the heat, leads to increased blood pressure + Na+ conservation and therefore H2O retention. This in turn promotes or attempts to maintain blood volume and sufficient cardiac output. Select one: True False

True

Skeletal muscle fiber alpha motor neurons are normally larger when innervating FT fibers vs. ST fibers, which usually are innervated by smaller alpha motor neurons. Select one: True False

True

Stored glycogen is more economical (meaning uses less oxygen) to utilize in the mitochondria vs. fat breakdown for ATP production and sustained muscle action. Select one: True False

True

Stored triglycerides (in adipose tissue) are slow to mobilize, transport in the blood, uptake into muscle and mitochondria, and breakdown to Acetyl CoA. Thus, they are considered a "slow" metabolic fuel. Select one: True False

True

Strength is measured by assessing a person's 1 RM. Select one: True False

True

Take your pick, excessive duration of exercise (i.e., greater than one hour) and/or high intensity over a long time period or even for a short period (e.g., less than one hour), will lead to a gradual and continuous rise in the catecholamines, epinephrine and norepinephrine released by the adrenal glands. Select one: True False

True

The Fick Equation is expressed as: VO2 = HR x SV x (a-v)O2difference. Select one: True False

True

The Frank-Starling mechanism indicates the heart will pump the blood it receives, such as if a person has a high preload, they should have a high SV involving some passive recoil of the myocardium along with a more forceful cardiac cell contraction. Select one: True False

True

The PNS and SNS, working in opposition to one another, both control heart rate and force of cardiac contractility. The PNS decreases rate and force while the SNS increases rate and force. Select one: True False

True

The PO2 in systemic arteries is 100 mmHg and 105 in the alveolar space. Thus, this indicates that systemic arterial blood is partially deluded by deoxygenated blood. Ultimately, this does not affect performance. Select one: True False

True

The Valsalva Maneuver is a breathing technique where air is trapped in the lungs against a closed glottis, and intra-abdominal and intrathoracic pressures are increased. Normally this is contraindicated during resistance training sessions in healthy, non-elite exercisers. However, this "breathing" technique might be used by experienced lifters to enhance performance via increasing the rigidity of their torso and therefore ability to lift a large weight. Select one: True False

True

The aerobic metabolic system requires oxygen because O2 needs be the final electron (H+) acceptor in the ETC to make metabolic water, which is neutral compared to the build-up of pesky H+'s, which can "uncouple" actin and myosin, casuing a decrease in muscular force generation and therefore promote fatigue. Select one: True False

True

The autonomic nervous system (NS) is comprised of the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems. The sympathetic NS gradually becomes more active as exercise intensity increases, which also indicates that parasympathetic withdrawal is occurring. Select one: True False

True

The bicarbonate ion (HCO3-) is released by the kidneys in response to dropping blood pH, such as during moderate duration, high intensity exercise which produces lactate + H+. Select one: True False

True

The following variables "change" during acute exericse and relate to a person's cardiovascular response during exertion. •Heart rate (HR) •Stroke volume (SV) •Cardiac output (Q) •Blood pressure (BP) •Blood flow •Blood Select one: True False

True

The lactate threshold (LT) can be explained as the point beyond which the rate of lactate production exceeds lactate clearance. This might also be stated as the onset of blood lactate accumulation or OBLA. Select one: True False

True

The pulmonary arteries are the only arteries in the human body with deoxygenated blood. Therefore, it stands to reason that the pulmonary vein is the only vein in the human body with oxygen-rich blood. Select one: True False

True

The size principle and principle of orderly recruitment both follow the same pattern of muscle recruitment, in that ST are recruited first followed by FTa and then FTx. Select one: True False

True

There are "3" classification types or systems for muscle fibers. (check your text on this one...). Select one: True False

True

To estimate a ventilation threshold (VT) using ventilatory equivalents, you should know the VT occurs when VE/VO2 begins to show a non-linear rise and at the same time VE/VCO2 stays the same or begins to decrease slightly. Select one: True False

True

True or False - An action potential is either dormant or active. There is no "in between" Select one: True False

True

True or False - Carbohydrates and protein together can help speed recovery of the muscles after strenuous exercise, per our conversation in class. Heck, even a little fat in recovery helps Select one: True False

True

True or False - Endurance athletes are typically fatigue resistant "animals" because they have a high amount of red fibers (i.e., high in "red" iron), which are efficient and economical at processing oxygen Select one: True False

True

True or False - Exercise will help glucose uptake into muscle independent of insulin Select one: True False

True

True or False - Once a muscle fiber type fatigues, another fiber type can become favored, even if it's not normally the fiber type of choice during or specific to a particular activity Select one: True False

True

True or False - myosin ATPase is responsible for muscle relaxation Select one: True False

True

True or False - stored fat consists of "3" fatty acids + glycerol = triglyceride (TG) Select one: True False

True

True or False - the breakdown of stored fat in adipose tissue is termed lipolysis Select one: True False

True

True or False - the production of ATP from the ATP-PCr energy system is a great example of a coupled reaction Select one: True False

True

True or False. A cholinergic response is normally indicative of a parasympathetic nervous system response and activated by the neurotransmitter, Acetylcholine. Select one: True False

True

True or False. A chronotropic effect on the heart is defined as rate control or causing the rate to increase or decrease, depending on the situation - such as a medication that slows or increases the heart rate. Select one: True False

True

True or False. A high lactate threshold can indicate potential for endurance performance (better than VO2max!). Select one: True False

True

True or False. A normal resting cardiac output might be 5 L/min and a peak exercise C.O. might be around 30 or 35 L/min, or even up to 40 or more L/min in an elite level endurance athlete. Select one: True False

True

True or False. A primary reason for heart rate increasing in a linear fashion as exercise intensity increases from rest to maximal exertion, is PNS withdrawal. With less PNS activation, the heart will also begin to contract with more force. Select one: True False

True

True or False. An adrenergic response occurs primarily during sympathetic nervous system input. Select one: True False

True

True or False. An ionotropic effect on the heart is defined as the force of cardiac contraction or contractility - such as a medication that increases the force of cardiac ejection of blood, thereby increasing cardiac output in someone who might be in heart failure. Select one: True False

True

True or False. An untrained person might have their LT occur at 50-60% of VO2max. A highly trained person's LT would most likely be 10% greater or more. This would indicate the trained person's LT occurs at a faster "pace" or higher intensity vs. the untrained person. Select one: True False

True

True or False. As energy in the form of stored glycogen is depleted, a person's rating of perceived exertion during moderate to hard exercise over a few hours should increase. Select one: True False

True

True or False. At the start of moderate, submaximal exercise, O2 consumption (by skeletal muscle) requires several minutes to reach the required steady state level at which point the aerobic processes are fully functional. With that in mind, oxygen deficit is calculated as the difference between the oxygen immediately required for a given exercise intensity as it starts and the actual oxygen consumption curve during the approximate 3-minute period leading to a stead-state. Select one: True False

True

True or False. Atrial fibrillation (AF) in athletes may be termed "lone" AF, which means the AF is secondary to no other condition or disease, such as cardiovascular abnormalities. And, compared to non-athletes, athletes in general have up to a 55-60% greater chance of being diagnosed with lone AF. Select one: True False

True

True or False. Because type II muscle fibers tend to twitch or contract-relax faster and are on average more anaerobic in nature (i.e., used without requiring oxygen), they rely mostly on carbohydrate stores (i.e., stored muscle glycogen), and thus normally have greater glycogen reserves versus slow twitch fibers, which not only use carbohydrate but fat or intramuscular triglycerides for energy. Select one: True False

True

True or False. Does low to moderate daily exercise promote increased immune function (what does your gut tell you)? Select one: True False

True

True or False. Down hill running tends to burn or utilize stored muscle glycogen, such as in the gastrocnemius, vastus lateralis, and soleus musculature to a greater extent than level over ground running. Select one: True False

True

True or False. During "continued sympathetic adrenergic outflow", which occurs during exercise of any intensity level, the sympathetic nervous system is activated and causing appropriate vasoconstriction, muscle pump action, and therefore functional venous return to the heart to augment or enhance cardiac output. Select one: True False

True

True or False. During exercise, blood is shunted to working muscle. Interestingly, the heart and brain receive the same amount and/or a greater percent of cardiac output during progressive increases in exercise intensity vs. rest. Select one: True False

True

True or False. EPO supplementation via needle injection should work to boost endurance performance because it mimics human EPO, which stimulates the production of RBC's from red bone marrow. Select one: True False

True

True or False. EPOC occurs because your body requires excess oxygen post-exercise to correct bodily systems back to a normal or resting O2 uptake and use range - such as after a long duration/low intensity or short duration/high intensity effort. Said another way, EPOC occurs in recovery (post-exercise) because ventilation rate might be elevated, the body is still hyperthermic (over heated), lactate clearance is on-going, among other homeostatic disturbances. Select one: True False

True

True or False. End-diastolic volume (EDV) is the volume of blood in the left ventricle just before contraction is initiated. Select one: True False

True

True or False. From "cool" research that the instructor forgot to discuss "in class", know that an electric (e) bike (i.e., via an e-mountain bike) ridden to maximal effort on the same 5.5 mile, single track loop versus a standard mountain bike (i.e., human powered) ridden to maximal effort, elicited moderate to vigorous intensity based on ACSM exercise guidelines. This is TRUE. Select one: True False

True

True or False. Hemoglobin, a protein in the blood, has the ability to carry oxygen AND carbon dioxide. Select one: True False

True

True or False. If H+ is buffered with HCO3-, water and CO2 are formed based on a chemical reaction occurring in the body. For instance, when this (the production of CO2 + H2O) occurrs in the blood, then CO2 is exhaled and water acts as a "neutralizer." Select one: True False

True

True or False. If you're sedentary, but then go through consistent, hard endurance training, you can improve your genetically determined VO2max value; such as improving it from 50 ml/kg/min up to potentially 62 ml/kg/min or greater. Select one: True False

True

True or False. In regard to VO2max values, normal active untrained college-aged students = 38-42 ml · kg-1· min-1. Select one: True False

True

True or False. In untrained individuals, motor units are recruited asynchronously at first. Later, after many weeks of training, motor units are "trained" to fire more synchronously. Select one: True False

True

True or False. Intercalated disks in the myocardium allow impulses to travel quickly in cardiac muscle and allow it to act as one large muscle fiber. In other words, the heart muscle depolarizes as a functional unit.

True

True or False. Intercalated disks in the myocardium allow impulses to travel quickly in cardiac muscle and allow it to act as one large muscle fiber. In other words, the heart muscle depolarizes as a functional unit. Select one: True False

True

True or False. Intercellular and blood pH levels lower than 6.9 tend to slow glycolysis and ATP production. Thus, when you produce H+'s that actually build up in the blood and muscle tissues, this indicates that "acid" has overwhelmed the mitochondria and muscle cross bridges; and ultimately this leads to severe fatigue. Select one: True False

True

True or False. Live high / train low refers to living at an altitude whereby total hemoglobin concentration will increase to produce increased oxygen carrying and extraction capabilities when back at sea level. Ordinarily, an altitude training camp for elite runners, is about 4-weeks. Select one: True False

True

True or False. PGC-1ɑ is an important regulatory protein involved with mitochondria biogenesis in skeletal muscle (Ok, Google it). Select one: True False

True

True or False. Running economy or the economy of movement indicates how well someone utilizes or processes oxygen. Therefore, although an athlete might have a lower VO2max than a competitor, if they have a greater economy of movement, such as in racing a marathon, then they'd most likely "win" an endurance event against the person with a higher VO2max but lower economy. Select one: True False

True

True or False. The "amount" of EPOC produced in L/min or mL/kg/min can be used to estimate anaerobic capacity. Select one: True False

True

True or False. The central nervous system may limit exercise performance as a protective mechanism, this is termed the "central governor" theory coined by Noakes and colleagues. Select one: True False

True

True or False. The more times cross country skiers competed in Finland's Vasaloppet 90km ski race and the faster they completed the course, the greater their risk of reporting arrhythmias vs slower skiers and those who completed in less races. Select one: True False

True

True or False. The primary treatments of lone atrial fibrillation in athletes are: sports abstinence, Antiarrhythmic drugs or meds, and using anticoagulation therapy. Select one: True False

True

True or False. The rate of lactate production exceeds lactate clearance is what most likely describes something termed the lactate threshold (LT) and more to the point, going beyond the LT. Going beyond the LT, then, would cause muscle action to begin to fail or fatigue because the build-up of lactate + H+ causes the contractile mechanism (i.e., actin and myosin interaction) to fail. Select one: True False

True

True or False. The relationship between exercise intensity and oxygen uptake in trained and untrained men is linear. Additionally, both trained and untrained males will exhibit a plateau in VO2 if a true max is reached. This relationship is the same for trained and untrained women. Select one: True False

True

True or False. The three main causes of lone atrial fibrillation from long term endurance training are (as mentioned in the class notes): The "substrate" seem to be (a) atrial scarring w/ fibrosis, (b) hyperactive PNS, (c) genetics. Select one: True False

True

True or False. The whole blood tube on the right indicates an aerobic exercise training effect with a greater plasma volume, total blood volume, and decreased hematocrit.

True

True or False. This graphic, below, simply illustrates that as a runner increases her "pace" or velocity of movement, from blue to red on the graph, oxygen extraction increases to accommodate the higher pace.

True

True or False. Time to exhaustion, such as cycling at 90% of maximum exertion until complete fatigue, is decreased as the air temperature increases. For instance, doing this cycle test at 87° F and not 51° F would decrease your time to exhaustion. Select one: True False

True

True or False. VE during high intensity to maximal exercise might approach 150 or 200 L/min. Select one: True False

True

True or False. VO2max = The Fick principle = VO2max = Q x a-vO2 diff. Select one: True False

True

True or False. VO2max declines in active people after age 25-30 by ~ 1% per year. Select one: True False

True

True or False. With regard to PO2, at altitude this drops because of the drop in atmospheric pressure despite the percentage of oxygen to carbon dioxide to nitrogen (or %ratio of O2:CO2:N2) staying the same. Select one: True False

True

Types of resistance training may include the following: static-contraction (isometric) resistance training, free weights, eccentric training, variable-resistance training, isokinetic training, plyometrics, and electrical stimulation training. Select one: True False

True

Ventricular VOLUME, DISTENSIBILITY, and CONTRACTILITY are but three of four factors that effect SV, per in-class notes. Thus if ventricular contractility is blunted becasue of diease or medication, EF and SV may drop. However, it's probable that if ventricular volume and distensibility are preserved despite poor contractility, SV will most likely remain adequate. Select one: True False

True

When Acetyl CoA enters the Krebs cycle it will help "kick start" aerobic metabolism, which forms 2 GTP (i.e. ATP), carbon dioxide, and hydrogen per glucose molecule in the Krebs Cycle. Select one: True False

True

When viewing a graph, on the y-axis is normally where you'll find the dependent variable. True False

True

True or False. The graphic, below, depicts a "dose response" to aerobic training. Note, UT = untrained, MT = moderately trained, and HT = highly trained.

True. #59 on exam #3

Compared to someone who can squat 75 kg, someone else who can squat 150 kg has Select one: a. twice the power b. twice the strength c. twice the muscular endurance d. twice the 5-repetition maximum

Twice the strength

A marathon runner's legs begin to fatigue absolutely during the final 10k (6.2 mi) of a marathon (26.2 miles) and all the glycogen in the slow oxidative and fast oxidative glycolytic fibers is used up; what fiber type is she most likely relying on at this point? Select one: a. Type I b. Type IV c. Type Ia d. Type IIx

Type IIx

Induced during rest and causes rests HR's of below 60 bpm

Vagal Tone

Where are three or more consecutive PVCs termed?

Ventricular Tachycardia

Which two factors are most commonly manipulated in training for increased performance (hint: think about which two factors most affect 'overload')? Select one: a. intensity and modality b. frequency and rest intervals c. rest intervals and volume d. volume (or duration) and intensity

Volume (or duration) and intensity

Depolarization of a nerve cell or motor unit begins when Select one: a. threshold is met b. K+ gates open c. Na+/K+ pumps activate d. T-tubules are activated

When threshold is met.

Questions: (a) what enzymes cause muscle relaxation and contraction, (b) what substrate enters the blood and becomes pyruvate and then glucose in the liver

a) Ca-ATPase and Myosin ATPase b) Lactic Acid

A periodized training schedule typically only trains a person for muscular hypertrophy and muscular endurance. Select one: True False

False

A triglyceride is comprised of glycerol plus two free fatty acids (FFA's). Select one: True False

False

As concentric action speed increases, force production in muscle increases. Select one: True False

False

As eccentric action speed increases, force production in muscle decreases. Select one: True False

False

Beyond about 6-8 weeks of resistance training in a beginner, hypertrophy stops and neural gains start. Select one: True False

False

Cardiovascular drift indicates a declining HR as SV increases during long endurance activity. Select one: True False

False

During long endurance events, where the intensity is held more constant and usually below the lactate threshold, fatigue would primarily be due to the build-up of lactate + H+. Select one: True False

False

ESV indicates the amount of blood volume left in the heart immediately prior to cardiac contraction. Select one: True False

False

Endurance is measured by how quickly a person can move a moderately heavy object or weight. Select one: True False

False

Generally VE/VO2 flucuates wildly over a wide range of exercise levels. This is most pronounced during early onset exercise becasue of the anticipatory rise in VE and HR. Select one: True False

False

Glycogenolysis is creating glucose from a non-carbohydrate source (such as from fat or protein or glycerol or alanine). Select one: True False

False

Heart rate (HR) during progressive and increasing power output (PO) is a linear response. This indicates that as PO increases, oxygen consumption and use by "working" muscle diminishes. Select one: True False

False

Hemoglobin unloading of O2 into tissues is enhanced by: 1.Decreased PO2 2.Decreased pH (causes rightward shift in oxyhemoglobin dissociation curve) 3.Increased temperature (causes rightward shift in oxyhemoglobin dissoc. curve) 4.↑ 2,3-DPG (in WBC) = "knocks off O2" Select one: True False

False

If you had a fast twitch fiber composition of 30%, you would have a high rate of fatigue because of your superior rate and force of contraction ability. Select one: True False

False

Individual motor units respond to a stimulus, such as being required or recruited for a particular movement; however, they are not recruited in an orderly manner related to required force. Instead, the recruitment process is haphazard to allow maximal muscle adaptation. Select one: True False

False

Intrinsic control of blood flow is monitored by metabolic factors (such as increased sense of pressure in a vessel), myogenic responses (such as release of nitric oxide from the smooth muscle), and endothelium-released factors (such as increased production of metabolic waste products in the lactic acid system). Select one: True False

False

Lipolysis is the breakdown of stored glycogen and fat in combination with utilizing the glycolytic pathway and Krebs Cycle to produce ATP. Select one: True False

False

Muscle hyperplasia has certainly been proven in humans. If you train on a regular basis with 3 sets of 10, three times per week, over about 10 exercises, you will witness skeletal muscle hyperplasia. Select one: True False

False

PO2 indicates the partial pressure of CO2 in the blood. Select one: True False

False

Passive recovery in between hard bouts of exertion is the best way to clear blood lactate and return your blood and muscle pH to neutral. The passive recovery allows your heart to beat effectively and economical by restoring a resting heart rate quickly just prior to the next hard bout of exercise, such as during interval training (e.g., 12 x 400 meters "fast" with 60 seconds of sitting between 400's). Select one: True False

False

Peak power normally occurs at about 99% of a maximal effort. This ensures maximal weight lifted and speed of muscle action. This might be used to train someone sport specifically, such as during a simulated javelin throw. Select one: True False

False

Power is measured by how much a person can lift over time. Select one: True False

False

Pulmonary diffusion is the exchange of O2 and CO2 between the bronchioles and alveoli. Select one: True False

False

Review question: Systole is commonly known as ventricular relaxation while diastole is known to indicate cardiac contractility. Select one: True False

False

Satellite cells only respond when a person becomes severely de-trained. They're activated in this state to help increase muscle mass. Select one: True False

False

Stored carbohydrate in the body (e.g., muscle and liver), on average, houses about 2,500 kcals of energy, which is enough to sustain someone for a full marathon or 26.2 miles of running in 3 hrs 30 min without refueling during the event. Select one: True False

False

The A-band as part of skeletal muscle is considered a light area where only actin is visible. Select one: True False

False

The I-band as part of skeletal muscle is considered a dark area with both actin + myosin visible. Select one: True False

False

The Krebs Cycle and Electron Transport Chain (ETC) are housed in the cytoplasm of a muscle cell and interact regularly with the muscle cell's outer phospholipid membrane. Select one: True False

False

The Krebs Cycle or TCA produces 3 direct ATP. The rest of the ATP production occurs from the delivery of an electrion (or H+) into the ETC from NADH and FADH2. Select one: True False

False

The lungs themselves don't receive oygenated blood because this would interfere with the transport of O2 into the lung space. Select one: True False

False

True or False - Carbohydrates are always over emphasized related to sport performance and should be greatly reduced in the typical athlete's diet, such as only 5-10% of total daily kcals Select one: True False

False

True or False - Fiber type conversion is possible (i.e., converting a type I to a type II fiber) Select one: True False

False

True or False - Sodium/potassium pumps restore the resting cell membrane potential so that more K+ is outside the cell membrane than inside Select one: True False

False

True or False - Sprint athletes are typically fast twitch athletes and therefore have more type I fibers versus type II fibers Select one: True False

False

True or False - When the speed of a concentric action increases, the force also increases Select one: True False

False

True or False - the production of CO2 during the metabolic breakdown of carbohydrate occurs primarily during glycolysis Select one: True False

False

True or False. A cholinergic response occurs primarily during sympathetic nervous system (SNS) input. Select one: True False

False

True or False. Cells buffer H+ with bicarbonate (HCO3-) ions to keep cell pH between 7.1 (at exhaustion) and 6.4 (neutral) pH levels. Select one: True False

False

True or False. DOMS is associated with inflammatory mediators but not actual structural damage to the muscle. Select one: True False

False

True or False. During high intense exercise for any duration, such as 10-30 min, blood flow to the brain and gut are preserved vs other tissues where blood flow is significantly decreased, such as to the heart. Select one: True False

False

True or False. EF is equal to EDV / SV. Select one: True False

False

True or False. History of PACs or SVTs in an athlete equaled increased risk of developing permanent atrial fibrillation over a life time. Select one: True False

False

True or False. Hypoxic inducible factor-1 alpha (HIF-1a) is inhibited during hypoxia (i.e., low inspired oxygen) and promoted or operational during non-hypoxic situations, such as living at sea level. Of course, HIF-1a signals the destruction of high amounts of red blood cells. Select one: True False

False

True or False. In the live high / train low study, the three groups actually trained the same amount of miles or volume per week. There was not a trend for one group to train more vs the others. Select one: True False

False

True or False. Oxygen deficit is calculated as the difference between the oxygen required for a given exercise intensity and the actual oxygen in the standard, temperature, pressure, dry (STPD) air inspired per breath. Select one: True False

False

True or False. Plasma consists mainly of RBC's and formed elements consist primarily of water. Select one: True False

False

True or False. Resistance training is only beneficial for competitive athletes. Select one: True False

False

True or False. The extreme exercise hypothesis states that excessive exercise decreases a person's relative risk (RR) for atrial fibrillation from 5 (high risk) to 1 (normal risk). Select one: True False

False

True or False. The graphic, below, indicates that lactate concentration in the blood during an incremental exercise test to maximal exertion is related to a person's %VO2max, such that in the untrained state, the LT occurred at a greater percent of VO2max vs the trained state.

False

True or False. The influx of calcium with some potassium is the cause of the slight repolarization phase during a fast cardiac action potential. This is protective against ectopic beats. Select one: True False

False

True or False. The pacemaker of the heart is the AV-node. Select one: True False

False

True or False. The pre-exercise anticipatory response is defined by a deactivation of the motor cortex to allow an excitatory response in the parasympathetic nervous system with reciprocal changes in the sympathetic nervous system. Select one: True False

False

True or False. Volume overload on the heart is specifically related to resistance training, whereby through consistent training the septum thickens with very little chamber volume increase. Select one: True False

False

True or False. With regard to the graphic, below, male elite rowers show the highest sport-specificity with regard to uphill running.

False

VT is the point during exercise when ventilation (VE) increases disproportionately to oxygen consumption (VO2). However, VT has a very poor correlation with the accumulation of blood lactate. Select one: True False

False

Which one of the following is an uncontrollable risk factor for coronary artery disease (CAD)? Select one: a. high cholesterol b. sedentary lifestyle c. family history of heart/cardiovascular disease d. diabetes (Type II)

Family history of heart/cardiovascular disease

If you had 75% fast twitch muscle fibers in your quadriceps muscle, what would be your probable force and speed of contraction/muscle action? Select one: a. fast b. slow c. fast and slow in one motor unit d. none of the above

Fast

A characteristic(s) of an FT fiber is Select one: a. slow speed of contraction b. fast speed of contraction c. low force of contraction d. A & C

Fast speed of contraction

An increase in the number of muscle fibers in a muscle is called Select one: a. fiber hypertrophy b. fiber hyperplasia c. fiber elongation d. fiber optics

Fiber hyperplasia

The principle of orderly recruitment related to muscle fiber type indicates Select one: a. fibers are recruited from largest to smallest b. fibers are recruited smallest to largest c. fast twitch fibers fire before slow twitch

Fibers are recruited smallest to largest

The mechanism that underlies preload's effects on stroke volume is the Select one: a. Frank-Starling mechanism b. Hering-Breuer mechanism c. Willis mechanism d. end-diastolic mechanism

Frank-Starling mechanism

Advanced weight lifters should particularly emphasize "real world" movements, therefore they should focus on Select one: a. isokinetic resistance training b. isometric resistance training c. free-weight and dynamic resistance training d. machine resistance training

Free-weight and dynamic resistance training

Explain - relative to blood volume levels AND substrate utilization - why a person fatigues at a submaximal level or "easy" pace for 3-hours of running or cycling with no water or food intake

GO BACK

List "4" chemical messengers/hormones in the blood that affect carbohydrate metabolism

Glucagon, epinephrine, norepinephrine, cortison

What usually causes fatigue during a heavy, high intense bout of exercise that lasts longer than an hour? Select one: a. glycogen depletion b. build up of lactate + H+ in the blood c. failure of the neuromuscular junction d. depletion of PCr

Glycogen depletion

Define glycolysis

Glycolysis is the breakdown of glucose by enzymes which releases energy and pyruvic acid. May be anaerobic or aerobic.

How does SV change from untrained to highly trained? Select one: a. goes from around 90 to 110 ml/beat b. goes from about 50 to 65 ml/beat c. goes from 110 to about 85 ml/beat d. goes from about 55 to up to 110 ml/beat

Goes from about 55 to up to 110 ml/beat

Which of the following "senses" too much tension on a muscle and counters with relaxation of the muscle fiber to reduce possible injury? It is embedded in the proximal tendinous area Select one: a. Golgi tendon organs b. Muscle spindles c. alpha motor neuron d. gamma motor neuron

Golgi tendon organs

Which of the following may actually disinhibit the active muscle, such as through consistent strength training? This allows the agonist (i.e., targeted muscle) to contract more forcefully or with greater "tension" Select one: a. Golgi tendon organs b. Muscle spindles

Golgi tendon organs

Is muscle fiber type distribution genetic? What type of studies have proved or disproved this concept? a. fraternal twin studies b. identical twin studies c. muscle biopsy studies done on rats d. weight lifting felines

Identical Twin Studies

Who would be most likely to have similar responses to a given training program (hint: yes, this is intuitive)? Select one: a. identical twins b. two 150 lb, 5' 10" athletes c. two female swimmers d. two elite 10 k runners

Identical twins

Which one of the following is NOT a metabolic factor that controls blood flow? Select one: a. increased oxygen need b. decreased pH c. increased body temperature d. increased release of NO from the endothelium

Increased release of NO from the endothelium

Resistance training in elderly populations is especially helpful because (think in every day life for best answer) Select one: a. it can help prevent falls b. it can help prevent diabetes c. it can help prevent multiple sclerosis d. it can help prevent dementia

It can help prevent falls

Which of the following is not true about cardiac output? Select one: a. It decreases as heart rate increases. b. It increases linearly with exercise intensity. c. It is the primary limiting factor of endurance performance or VO2max. d. It is the product of stroke volume and heart rate.

It decreases as heart rate increases

Decreases heart rate and force of cardiac contraction

PNS

A fast cardiac action potential has the following characteristic. Select one: a. It utilizes magnesium entering the myocardium, causing slight repolarization b. It's representative of the SA node c. It depolarizes slowly d. It depolarizes quickly

It depolarizes quickly

An action potential occurs and is quickly reversed. Which of the following minerals is responsible for repolarization of the cell membrane? a. Na+ b. K+ c. Ca+

K+

Explain why a person fatigues at their maximal volume of oxygen uptake or when they reach maximal exertion and can not sustain the required max work output for more than a few minutes

Lactate builds up and then there is acidity in the blood. You can no longer deliver enough oxygen to maintain a pace.

The relationship between cardiac output and VO2max is Select one: a. curvilinear b. there is no relationship or cause and effect between CO and VO2max c. linear d. random

Linear

Which of these is not a cause of strength loss with DOMS? Select one: a. physical disruption of muscle structure b. failure of excitation-contraction coupling process c. loss of contractile proteins d. long-term accumulation of lactic acid in muscle tissue

Long-term accumulation of lactic acid in muscle tissue

When study participants are tested more than once over time, this type of arrangement is termed a Select one: a. Double-blind placebo cross over study b. Cross sectional study c. Longitudinal study d. Randomized controlled trial

Longitudinal Study

Which one of the following is an example of a peer reviewed journal? Select one: a. Outside magazine b. Running Times c. Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise d. Chronicles of Higher Education

Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise

Which intracellular change likely contributes the most to increases in fiber size, cross-sectional area, and strength? Select one: a. more sarcoplasm b. more mitochondria c. more actin and myosin filaments d. more connective tissue

More actin and myosin filaments

Which of the following "senses" too much stretch on a muscle and counters with a muscular contraction or reaction to resist further stretching? Select one: a. Golgi tendon organs b. Muscle spindles c. alpha motor neuron d. gamma motor neuron

Muscle spindles

During moderate exercise in the heat, which vascular beds receive the most blood flow? Select one: a. muscle, splanchnic (gut) b. muscle, renal (kidneys) c. muscle, skin d. muscle, brain

Muscle, skin

When motor units contract more synchronously, Select one: a. muscles cannot sustain steady forces anymore b. muscles increase the rate of force development c. the ability to generate force is impeded d. a single motor neuron now innervates several motor units

Muscles increase the rate of force development

Oxygen is stored in skeletal muscle in small amounts bound to? Select one: a. hemoglobin b. myoglobin c. albumin d. white blood cells

Myoglobin

The point at which a branch of an axon from the CNS "connects" with the Sarcolemmal or muscle membrane is termed? Select one: a. Neuroactin junction b. Neuromuscular junction c. Plasmalemmal junction d. Neuromyosin junction

Neuromuscular Junction

With regard to exercise training, the neuromuscular system is Select one: a. one of the most responsive systems to training b. very difficult to train c. fully developed by puberty d. more responsive as humans age

One of the most responsive systems to training

Plasma

Part of whole blood that is mostly water with some protein

The explosive aspect of strength is Select one: a. muscle endurance b. aerobic power c. maximal aerobic power d. peak anaerobic power

Peak anaerobic power

79%

Percentage of nitrogen in normal inspired air

21%

Percentage of oxygen in normal inspired air

What structure below, found in skeletal muscle, surrounds individual fascicles? Select one: a. Endomysium b. Sarcoplasm c. T-tubule d. Perimysium

Perimysium?

The principle of _________________ states that by routinely changing the intensity, volume, or mode of exercise, training will always remain challenging. Select one: a. periodization or variation b. reversibility c. diminishing returns d. overload

Periodization or variation

A muscle fiber with a high capacity for oxidative metabolism would most likely be a Select one: a. white fiber b. red fiber c. white & red fiber with green stripes d. red, white, & blue fiber

Red Fiber

Based on breathing patterns immediately after exercise, postexercise breathing is most likely Select one: a. perfectly matched to metabolic need b. determined by PO2 c. mediated solely by neural mechanisms d. regulated by blood pH, PCO2, and temperature

Regulated by blood pH, PCO2, and temperature

Bicarbonate

is HCO3-, a buffer released by kidneys and formed to transport CO2 in blood

What part of the autonomic nervous, when "trained," will cause positive decrements in resting heart rate and heart rate recovery after exhaustive or moderate exercise? Select one: a. parasympathetic system b. sympathetic system c. basal ganglia d. cerebrum

parasympathetic system

.03%

percentage of carbon dioxide in normal inspired air

You are studying the effects of an anti-depressant drug, so you feed one study group the drug, one group caffeinated coffee, and one group de-caffeinated coffee for one week. All groups believe they're ingesting the "happy drug." To your surprise, all groups turn out "happier" when assessed on "happiness" from pre to post test. What occurred during the course of this study? Select one: a. a treatment effect b. a placebo effect c. a caffeine effect d. a severe drug overdose with induced delusional tendencies

A placebo effect

________________ is often caused by accumulation of fluid or H+. Select one: a. DOMS b. Acute muscle soreness c. Chronic hypertrophy d. Fiber hyperplasia

Acute muscle soreness

If the rate of oxidative production of ATP is low, then Select one: a. aerobic power is low b. aerobic power is high c. anaerobic power is low d. anaerobic power is high

Aerobic power is low

Which one of the following is an uncontrollable risk factor for coronary artery disease (CAD)? In other words, which factor will eventually catch up with all of us? Thus, we need to modify (in a positive direction) our controllable cardiac risk factors? Select one: a. age b. sedentary lifestyle c. smoking d. high blood pressure

Age

A sarcomere, the smallest contractile unit of a muscle fiber, contains Select one: a. actin and myosin b. cytoskeleton structures c. dark and light areas d. titin e. all of the above

All of the above

A single muscle fiber contains Select one: a. sarcoplasmic reticulum b. mitochondria c. t-tubules d. all of the above

All of the above

The renin-angiotensin-aldosterone pathway includes which of the following Select one: a. conversion of angiotensin I to angiotensin II via ACE b. conversion of angiotensinogen to angiotensin c. renin release from the kidney d. all of the above are part of the given pathway

All of the above are part of the given pathway

A rightward shift in the oxyhemoglobin dissociation curve is caused by? Select one: a. increased body temperature (thermogenic effect) b. increased lactate + H+ production by muscle (metabolic effect) c. increased CO2 production from Krebs Cycle (metabolic effect) d. all of the above are true and contribute to the rightward shift

All of the above are true and contribute to the rightward shift

The muscle pump concept is important to know because Select one: a. it helps return blood to the right heart b. it helps prevent blood from pooling in extremities c. it helps get rid of metabolic waist d. it aids in avoiding undue fatigue e. All of the above are true and important parts of the "muscle pump"

All of the above are true and important parts of the "muscle pump"

A cross over, double blind study indicates that Select one: a. all subjects receive the treatment b. researchers working with the subjects do not know who is getting the treatment c. subjects do not know if they're receiving the treatment d. all of the above is true

All of the above is true

What is the resting heart rate below 60 bpm termed?

Bradycardia

What usually causes fatigue during a heavy, high intense bout of exercise that lasts less than an hour? Select one: a. glycogen depletion b. build up of lactate + H+ in the blood c. failure of the neuromuscular junction d. depletion of PCr

Build up of lactate + H+ in the blood

What was the last name of the first director of the Harvard Fatigue Lab in 1927?

Dill

Ventilation is Select one: a. directly proportional to exercise intensity b. inversely proportional to exercise intensity c. not related to exercise intensity d. primarily an anticipatory response to exercise

Directly proportional to a exercise intensity

Which of the following will likely result in the most severe DOMS? Select one: a. LSD training around town or in the park b. sprint interval training on the track c. downhill-running interval training d. uphill-running Fartleks

Downhill running interval training

What was the last name of the female exercise physiologist who invented the Female Athlete Triad concept?

Drinkwater

Which one of the following equations illustrates or defines SV? Select one: a. HR x SV b. SV / EDV c. 2/3 DBP + 1/3 SBP d. EDV - ESV

EDV - ESV

_____________ training is critical in developing fiber hypertrophy (hint: what is the best answer and which one creates the most DOMS? Also, which type of muscle fiber 'action' - concentric or eccentric - increases in force with increasing movement speeds). Select one: a. Concentric b. Anaerobic c. Variable-resistance d. Eccentric

Eccentric

Transient hypertrophy is primarily stimulated by Select one: a. edema b. lactic acid accumulation c. glycogen depletion d. fluid and electrolyte losses

Edema

Electrical stimulation provides the most benefit for maintaining muscle strength or helping prevent some lean mass loss when Select one: a. employed during immobilization (i.e., non-use of a limb) after an injury b. alternated with isokinetic resistance training c. used concurrently with eccentric resistance training d. substituted for variable-resistance training

Employed during immobilization (i.e., non-use of a limb) after an injury

A field test in exercise physiology has all of the following characteristics except? Select one: a. Estimates measures b. Efficient to administer c. Expensive d. Cheap

Expensive

Which protein shields the myosin-binding site, preventing contraction from happening at rest? Select one: a. actin b. myosin c. troponin d. tropomyosin

Tropomyosin

Name the two proteins that sit on actin; one winds around it and the other binds with Ca2+. They are ________.

Troponin and tropomyosin

A high concentration of K+ inside of the neuron and Na+ on the outside of the neuron defines a resting membrane potential. Of course, when an action potential (AP) occurs, the aforementioned ion concentrations are reversed then corrected back to normal via a Na+/K+ ATPase Pump. Select one: True False

True

An athlete's ____________________ is the maximal weight he or she can lift only once. Select one: a. 5-repetition maximum b. 25-rep max c. 1RM (repetition maximum) d. endurance

1 RM (repetition maximum)

How long is a typical macrocycle? Select one: a. 1 month b. 1 year c. 6 months d. 3 months

1 year

Which of the following will decrease stroke volume (SV)? Select one: a. increased preload b. increased contractility c. increased Ca2+ concentrations d. increased afterload

Increased afterload

State or briefly describe (e.g., saying: highest, high, low, lowest) the rate AND availability of ATP with regard to: 1.) ATP-PCr system: rate and availability - 2.) Glycolysis: rate and availability - 3.) Carbohydrate (oxidative system): rate and availability 4.) Fat (oxidative system): rate and availability

1.) ATP-PCr Fastest, lowest 2.) Glycolysis Fast, low 3.) Carb (oxidative system) Slow, high 4.) Fat (oxidative system) Slowest, highest

1.) This is what the vagus nerve "drips" on the SA node to decrease HR after exercise or during rest to induce bradycardia in trained endurance athletes. 2.) This acts primarily through the blood, is released during exercise, and aids in vasodilatation and vasoconstriction to shunt blood to working (exercising) muscle. 3.) This is part of the sympathetic nervous system (SNS) and acts directly on the SA node to increase heart rate and force of cardiac contraction during exercise.

1.) Acetylcholine (ACh) 2.) Epinephrine 3.) Norepinephrine

Match the the cardiac arrhythmia with the appropriate definition. 1.)What are three or more consecutive PVCs termed? 2.)What is a resting heart rate below 60 bpm termed? 3.)What is a heart rate greater than 100 bpm termed?

1.) Ventricular Tachycardia 2.) Bradycardia 3.) Tachycardia

An example of a field test (versus a lab test) is a(n) Select one: a. 1.5 mile walk test on the track b. maximum effort on a cycle ergometer in the exercise lab c. lactate threshold test on a treadmill in a lab d. arm-cranking assessment while hooked up to a gas analysis machine

1.5 mile walk test on the track

The partial pressure of oxygen (PO2) in arteries is? Select one: a. 105 mmHg b. 40 mmHg c. 46 mmHg d. 100 mmHg

100 mmHg

When thinking of the fiber to nerve ratio (F:N), which ratio(s) below would be recruited during a maximal lift (1 repetition maximum or RM) in the quad, for instance? Think about what would happen "in" the entire muscle Select one: a. 25:1 - one motor unit b. 1000:1 - one motor unit c. 2000:1 - one motor unit d. All of the above

1000:1?

The partial pressure of oxygen (PO2) in alveoli is? Select one: a. 105 mmHg b. 40 mmHg c. 46 mmHg d. 100 mmHg

105 mmHg

How many ATP are oxidized/produced when, for instance, a 16-carbon free fatty acid (FFA) is completely metabolized? Select one: a. 68 b. 24 c. 130 d. 37-38

130

Which elbow joint angle is associated with the weakest force generated by the biceps (as presented in the notes; hint: think about which angle(s) have the best actin-myosin cross bridge interaction)? Select one: a. 100° b. 120° c. 140° d. 180°

180

How many ATP are produced when blood glucose is partially oxidized, such that pyruvic acid is converted to lactic acid to lactate + H+? Select one: a. 1 b. 2 c. 3 d. 37-38

2

Which one of the following equations illustrates MAP? Select one: a. HR x SV b. SV / EDV c. 2/3 DBP + 1/3 SBP d. EDV - ESV

2/3 DBP + 1/3 SBP

Which of these systolic pressures would realistically be seen at maximal endurance exercise in a healthy-active person? Select one: a. 80 mmHg b. 120 mmHg c. 135 mmHg d. 200 mmHg

200 mmHg

How many ATP are produced when glycogen is partially oxidized to pyruvic acid then lactic acid to lactate + H+? Select one: a. 1 b. 27 c. 3 d. 37-38

3

During maximal exercise, how much cardiac output is redirected to muscles? Select one: a. 20% b. 40% c. 60% d. 80%

80%

A motor unit is comprised of which of the following structures? Select one: a. alpha motor neuron b. muscle fibers c. ST & FT fibers d. A & B

A & B

In order for you to contract muscle or to respond to a painful situation, this type of neurological signal(s) has to be sent? a. afferent signal b. efferent signal c. A & B

A &B

List the "3" energy systems AND give a time range when each is favored during all out exercise

ATP-Pcr (1-15 seconds) Glycolytic System (90 seconds) Oxidative system (>90 seconds-2 minutes)

Urine produced after strenuous exercise is most likely __________ compared to urine produced before exercise. Select one: a. mildly alkaline b. strongly alkaline c. neutral d. acidic

Acidic

VA (alveolar ventilation)

Acronym for alveolar ventilation

VE (pulmonary ventilation)

Acronym for pulmonary ventilation; literally means - ventilation, exhalation

RV

Acronym indicating residual volume related to spirometry

TV

Acronym indicating tidal volume related to spirometry

TLC

Acronym indicating total lung capacity related to spirometry

VC

Acronym indicating vital capacity related to spirometry

Thin filaments are often named for which protein? Select one: a. actin b. myosin c. troponin d. tropomyosin

Actin

A myofibril contains two primary contractile proteins. They are termed? Select one: a. Actin only b. Actin and myosin c. Myosin only d. Titin

Actin and myosin

Who has the most power (note, all weights lifted per athlete are at 90% of 1 RM)? Select one: a. Athlete A (bench presses 100 kg over 0.6 m in 0.5 s) b. Athlete B (bench presses 150 kg over 0.6 m in 1.0 s) c. Athlete C (bench presses 200 kg over 0.6 m in 2.0 s) d. Athlete D (bench presses 250 kg over 0.6 m in 2.5 s)

Athlete A (bench presses 100 kg over 0.6 m in 0.5 s)

Resistance training can decrease inhibitory impulses to agonist muscles by reducing Select one: a. frequency of stimulation b. coactivation c. asynchronization d. autogenic inhibition

Autogenic inhibition

Name the stretch receptors that are found in the aortic arch and carotid artery and sensitive to change in blood pressure. Select one: a. chemoreceptors b. baroreceptors c. pressor receptors

Baroreceptors

The most effective buffer in the body is Select one: a. protein b. phosphate c. hemoglobin d. bicarbonate

Bicarbonate

Myoglobin

Binds oxygen in muscle and carries O2 to mitochondria

Define gluconeogenesis

Creating glucose from a non-carbohydrate source.

When a large cross section of a population is gathered and analyzed at one time, this type of arrangement is termed a Select one: a. Longitudinal study b. Double-blind placebo cross over study c. Cross sectional study d. Randomized controlled trial

Cross Sectional Study

Which athlete tends to have the largest left ventricular mass (LVM) from long term training? Select one: a. golfers b. runners c. race car drivers d. strength athletes e. cyclists

Cyclists

Cardiovascular drift is associated with Select one: a. increased muscle sympatholysis b. increased cardiac output c. decreased venous or plasma return d. decreased heart rate

Decreased venous or plasma return

Protein synthesis ___________ during exercise and ____________ after exercise. Select one: a. increases, decreases b. decreases, decreases c. increases, increases d. decreases, increases

Decreases, increases

After an exhaustive bout (without lactate build-up in the blood) of continuous cycling for 95-minutes, a muscle biopsy from your vastus lateralis muscle (quad) is taken. You would expect the analyzed sample from your muscle to have Select one: a. near normal (resting level) glycogen stores b. fully loaded fat stores c. depleted glycogen stores d. an equal number of fast to slow twitch fibers with a red stripe for iron stores

Depleted glycogen stores

What usually causes fatigue during supramaximal bouts of repeat exercise that last less than 15 sec with very little rest (e.g., 60 seconds) (i.e., think of doing 5 x 15 second sprints with 60 sec rest interval in between each rep)? Select one: a. glycogen depletion b. build up of lactate + H+ in the blood c. failure of the neuromuscular junction d. depletion of PCr

Depletion of PCr

The loss of exercise capacity, strength, and performance after cessation of training is called Select one: a. progressive underload b. periodization c. microcycling d. detraining

Detraining

Relaxation pressure or phase of heart chambers filling with blood

Diastole

List "4" hormones, or blood borne, chemical messengers, that affect fat metabolism

Epinephrine, norepinephrine, cortisol, growth hormone

A laboratory test has all of the following characteristics except? Select one: a. Very accurate b. Estimates measures c. Gold standard d. Reliable

Estimates Measures

With regard to autonomic nervous system regulation of the myocardium (i.e., heart muscle) sympathetic innervation occurs Select one: a. at the SA node + AV node + Purkinje fibers b. at the endocardium and epicardium only c. at the Purkinje fibers only d. everywhere

Everywhere

Give two primary reasons, per our in class discussion, as to why plasma insulin levels tend to decline during exercise, especially when intensity is held at a submaximal or constant level over several hours of exercise?

Exercise may enhance insulin binding to receptors on the muscle fibers which reduces the need for high concentrations of plasma insulin. Contracting muscles take up glucose without insulin.

Functional Syncytium

Heart contracts together or "all or none" once SA node fires

Compared to untrained individuals, trained endurance athletes have Select one: a. higher maximal heart rates b. higher resting cardiac outputs c. higher resting heart rates d. higher maximal stroke volumes

Higher maximal stroke volume

As muscles become stronger, what is required to continue gaining strength? Select one: a. higher resistance b. lower intensity c. decreased overload d. continuation of the same training program

Higher resistance

What was the last name of the person who won the Nobel Peace Prize in 1927 for biochemistry and experimental physiology?

Hill

During a long, steep, slow downhill run, your quad muscle is lengthening under great tension (eccentric action). You now decide to greatly pick up the pace and are running fast downhill. What is happening to force generation in the quad as you "pound" down the pavement while increasing the rate or speed of eccentric action? a. increasing b. decreasing c. staying the same d. none of the above

Increasing

When viewing a graph, the x-axis is normally where you'll find ____________ variable

Independent

The principle of _______________ articulates the notion that from athlete to athlete, there will be variations in cell growth rates, metabolic activity, muscle fiber types, cardiorespiratory regulation, and so on. Select one: a. individuality b. reversibility c. diminishing returns d. overload

Individuality

Anaerobic fibers contain more stored ____________ versus slow twitch fibers Select one: a. myoglobin b. glycogen c. glucose d. intramuscular triglycerides

Intramuscular Triglycerides or Glycogen?

Maximal anaerobic capacity would involve Select one: a. maximal ATP production from PCr b. maximal ATP production from oxygen-dependent pathways c. maximal ATP production from NADH d. maximal ATP production in the mitochondria

Maximal ATP production from PCr.

Name the receptors that sense change in muscle length and tension (e.g., GTO's and spindles). Select one: a. chemoreceptors b. baroreceptors c. pressor receptors d. mechanoreceptors

Mechanoreceptors

With regard to autonomic nervous system regulation of the myocardium (i.e., heart muscle) Vagal innervation occurs Select one: a. only at the SA node b. at the SA Node + AV Node + Purkinje fibers c. everywhere d. at the SA Node + AV Node only

SA node + AV node + purkinje fibers

Increases heart rate and force of cardiac contraction

SNS

This type of muscle fiber has "smaller" neuron enervations & an overall smaller fiber diameter vs fast twitch fibers Select one: a. FT b. FTa c. FTx d. ST

ST

Which one of the following equations illustrates EF? Select one: a. HR x SV b. SV / EDV c. 2/3 DBP + 1/3 SBP d. EDV - ESV

SV/EDV

The smallest functional unit of skeletal muscle is termed a Select one: a. Myofilament b. Myosin head c. Sacromere d. Z-line

Sarcomere

What is the basic functional or contractile unit of a myofibril? Select one: a. endomysium b. sarcomere c. muscle fiber d. gap junction

Sarcomere

What skeletal muscle structure propagates action potentials or impulses deep into a fiber? Select one: a. Calmodulin b. Neuromuscular junction c. Sarcoplasmic reticulum d. Transverse tubule

Transverse Tubule

Think: If blood pressure is relatively (and from a healthy viewpoint) low, will it have an effect on stroke volume? Why? Select one: a. no, because blood pressure has no effect on end-diastolic volume b. yes, because they are both indicators of good cardiovascular health c. yes, because the left ventricle pumps against less resistance d. no, because the vasculature does not affect cardiac function

Yes, because the left ventricle pumps against less resistance

In relation to the satellite cell response to muscle injury, what is the appropriate order of the reaction or response? Select one: a. muscle injury, satellite cell activation and proliferation, chemotaxis to injured fiber, fusion to damaged myofiber (leads to hypertrophy), regenerated myofiber with central nuclei, resting myofiber b. satellite cell activation and proliferation, muscle injury, chemotaxis to injured fiber, fusion to damaged myofiber (leads to hypertrophy), resting myofiber, regenerated myofiber with central nuclei c. muscle injury, satellite cell activation and proliferation, chemotaxis to injured fiber, regenerated myofiber with central nuclei, fusion to damaged myofiber (leads to hypertrophy), resting myofiber d. muscle injury, satellite cell activation and proliferation, fusion to damaged myofiber (leads to hypertrophy), chemotaxis to injured fiber, regenerated myofiber with central nuclei, resting myofiber

muscle injury, satellite cell activation and proliferation, chemotaxis to injured fiber, fusion to damaged myofiber (leads to hypertrophy), regenerated myofiber with central nuclei, resting myofiber