ESS 5346 Student Exam2 Review Questions
When should an independent t test be used in a study?
2 different groups with different treatments
What's an example of a type II error? a. Fire alarm goes off - No fire b. No fire alarm - Fire c. No fire alarm - No fire
B
Name three kinds of experimental designs
Pre-experimental, True-experimental, Quasi-experimental
Explain what is meant by the statement that a statistical test may be statistically significant but not meaningful. Give an example of such a circumstance.
2% increase in strength may be statistically significant, but not meaningful because strength can be increased by a lot more than 2%. Can be bigger than 0 but still not be meaningful. Should focus more on magnitude.
What is an interaction and how does a significant interaction affect the interpretation of results?
Can change the meaning of the results or make them less meaningful because it becomes conditional.Ex: X independent variable is best - but only best for males vs. females.The interaction becomes the story.
What are three major methods of qualitative data collection?
Collection, reduction, analysis
Distinguish between what information a significant F in an ANOVA tells you and what Omega squared tells you about the ANOVA results
F ratio compares 2 or more groups (tells you if effect is 0T ratio is 2 groupsOmega squared tells you the size of the effect
What does non-parametric mean?
Not representative of the whole population. Statistical test for your sample only. What does non-parametric mean?
Why is it poor research design for a study to examine numerous dependent variables with statistical tests from the same dataset?
The more dependent variables, the more likely that the results are up to chance. Hard to prove significance - hard to interpret what variable caused what.
Explain the meaning of the finding that there is a negative correlation between class attendance (number of absences) and achievement in class (as measured by the final examination). Use the concept of r square in your explanation
The more they don't show up, the more likely they will have lower grades.R squared tells % variation.
Statistics are used and often misused in research. In a conceptual sense, explain what statistics can tell about (a) the reliability of a result (significance) and (b) the meaningfulness of it. Be specific and provide examples of how each of these two aspects would be presented in a research paper.
The size relative to other measurements is what makes it meaningful. Compare effect size. Discuss these. Don't use vague language, "group one was better than group two". We want to know if one is better than the other, how it's better, and by how much it's better.Reliability is presented in the results section.Discussion section discusses the meaningfulness - training is how much better?
A major limitation in the use of videotape in observational research is its: a. obtrusiveness c. inability to observe multiple participants b. audio limitations d. poor value in complete observation
a
A physical education teacher develops a skill test in volleyball. After administering the test to 50 students, she asks the volleyball coach to rate the students on volleyball skills. She then correlates the students' test scores with the coach's rating. This is an example of what type of validity? a. criterion-referenced c. content b. logical d. face
a
In developmental studies, when one wants to determine how individual children change rather than what is typical at each stage, one would prefer the ________ method. a. longitudinal c. multiple baseline b. normative d. cross-sectional
a
Likert rating scales are somewhat controversial because the data are not considered _____ level scales, at best, by some scientists. a. ratio c. nominal b. ordinal d. interval
a
The term describing the concentration (hump) and tail of scores of a distribution is: a. skewness c. kurtosis b. the stem d. variance
a
What tool is used to create argument that interprets or assigns meaning to qualitative data? a. narrative vignette c. quotations b. audit trail d. member checking
a
When an experimenter states that the level of significance is the .05 level, he or she is setting the probability of committing which type of error? a. Type I c. Power b. Type II d. sampling
a
Which is NOT a major assumption of most parametric statistics? a. ordinal measurement c. homogeneous variance b. normality d. random sampling from population
a
Which of the following is a method to strengthen the internal validity of a study? a. blinding c. expectancy b. history d. selection bias
a
A case study design: a. attempts to predict conditions that are likely to prevail in the future b. gathers data from a single person or from a limited number of similar people c. examines the content of written or printed materials to detect trends d. seeks to infer the results to a much larger population
b
A researcher finds a Pearson correlation of .70 between popularity ratings and self-concept scores. What percentage of common association can be inferred between the two variables? a. 36% c. 64% b. 49% d. 70%
b
Predicting a continuous criterion variable from more than one variable is: a. canonical correlation c. MANOVA b. multiple regression d. regression
b
The statistical tool for predicting variables from other variables is: a. ANOVA c. correlation b. regression d. ANCOVA
b
What P-Value is associated with an ideal Type II error a. 0.15 b. 0.8 c. 0.3 d. 0.95
b
What is not a characteristic of qualitative research? a. in-depth description c. time-consuming data analysis b. large sample d. inductive construction of a theory
b
Which is not an example of a Descriptive Study? a. Case Study b. Experimental c. Observational d. Survey Methods
b
Which of the following smoke detector situations is analogous to a type II statistical error? a. Alarm with a fire c. Alarm with no fire b. No Alarm with a fire d. No alarm with no fire
b
A quasi-experimental study design does not have: a. treatments c. control group b. independent variable d. interval level measurement
c
A researcher seeking to know if a new training method was superior to weight training, compared randomly sampled participants in three groups (control, WT, new training). What statistical test is most appropriate? a. dependent t tests c. ANOVA b. multiple regression d. independent t test
c
A study examining one independent variable and is interested in its combined/simultaneous effect on three dependent variables should be analyzed by: a. three t tests c. discriminant analysis b. correlation d. ANCOVA
c
Greater attention may be paid to methodology in qualitative research because: a. numbers are used c. the investigator(s) are the instruments b. validity issues d. reliability issues
c
Qualitative research is more likely than quantitative research to have a: a. hypothesis c. theoretical framework b. statistical test d. generalization to a population
c
The most appropriate relative reliability statistic because it detects change over trials and can examine more than 2 trials is: a. Bland-Altman plot c. intraclass correlation b. Pearson correlation d. mean difference
c
What is the coefficient of determination of a Pearson r=.5? a. 1% b. 5% c. 25% d. 50%
c
What statistical test adjusts scores for variables that cannot be controlled? a. ANOVA c. ANCOVA b. t-test d. MANOVA
c
When a researcher states that a result is "significant" this means that: a. the result is especially important b. the scores are not correlated c. the result is unlikely to be an observation due to chance d. the result is an effect/treatment close to zero
c
What are ethical issues in qualitative research?
confidentiality and informed consent
Developmental research in which the data collected comes from subjects of different ages for the same test is called:
cross sectional
A Pearson correlation is an inappropriate measure of association between two variables when: a. the variables are ordinal c. the scatterplot is not linear b. there are many outliers d. all these factors make correlation inappropriate
d
A good absolute statistic for measurement reliability is: a. Pearson correlation c. intraclass correlation b. standard deviation d. standard error of measurement
d
A null hypothesis is: a. the same as the research hypothesis b. a statistical hypothesis that assumes there is a difference between groups/treatments c. a statistical hypothesis assuming equal variability between groups/treatments d. a statistical hypothesis assuming no difference between groups/treatments
d
A study failing to reject a null hypothesis when there really was a difference is an example of: a. a one-tailed test c. Type I error b. a two-tailed test d. Type II error
d
A threat to the validity of an instructor's ratings of student participation in a course from previous experience with some students in previous courses is an example of: a. Hawthorne effect c. personal bias effect b. reminiscence effect d. halo effect
d
After a population of 1,600 high school seniors from a school district is divided by sex and school attended, the random selection of a sample to represent these proportions of the population is called: a. convenience sampling c. cluster sampling b. systematic sampling d. stratified random sampling
d
Alpha and beta error rates: a. sum to 1.0 c. should always be less than 0.4 b. are unrelated d. are inversely related
d
Common post HUC tests are? a. Scheffe b. Tukey c. Newman-Kewls d. All of the above
d
For a study with two (or more) independent variables (e.g., type of instruction and sex) and one dependent variable (e.g., achievement), the most appropriate statistical technique is: a. t test c. repeated measures ANOVA b. Spearman r d. factorial ANOVA
d
If there is a Pearson correlation of .80 between a strength test and performance on a track field event, one can infer that: a. 40% of performance is caused by strength b. 64% of performance is caused by strength c. 80% of performance is caused by strength d. no causal relationship between strength and performance
d
Qualitative research is: a. imprecise c. theoretical b. systematic d. both b and c
d
The accuracy with which a 12-min run estimates maximal oxygen consumption in a group of female high school seniors represents: a. content c. construct b. logical d. concurrent
d
The most efficient (least expensive) way to study a variable over large amounts (years) of time a. longitudinal c. case b. correlational d. cross-sectional
d
The primary variability statistic illustrated with a box plot is: a. the standard deviation c. the coefficient of variation b. the range d. the interquartile range
d
The standard deviation represents: a. the error in the measurement b. the distance of sample mean to the population mean c. the error in sampling from the population d. the spread or variability of scores
d
What % of scores lie within the 1st SD of a normal distribution d. 60% e. 95% f. 99% g. 100%
d
What are two kinds of validity? a. Statistical b. Measurement c. Constructive d. A and B
d
What are two kinds of validity? a. Statistical b. Measurement c. Reliability d. A and B e. A, B, and C
d
When the purpose of the research is to evaluate the effects of an independent variable on a dependent variable while controlling the influence of another characteristic, the best choice of a statistical analysis is: a. ANOVA c. discriminant analysis b. multiple regression d. ANCOVA
d
Which is not a technique to document trustworthiness of qualitative research? a. rich descriptions c. peer debriefing b. negative case checking d. narrative vignette
d
Which is the highest level of measurement? a. Nominal b. Ordinal c. Interval d. Ratio
d
Which of the following is a major assumption of parametric statistical tests? a. normal distribution c. independence of observations b. equal variance d. all of the above
d
Which type of error is a false positive? e. Type 1 error f. Type 2 error g. Type 3 error h. Error
e
T-tests use ________ while ANOVA use ________. e. 3 Groups, 3 Groups f. 2 Groups, 3 Groups g. 3 Groups, 2 Groups h. 1 Groups, 2 Groups
f
What is the coefficient of determination r=0.7? e. 16% f. 36% g. 49% h. 81%
g
Within a longitudinal study, which ANOVA would be more appropriate? e. Multifactorial ANOVA f. ANCOVA g. Repeated Measures ANOVA h. T test
g
What are three threats of bias in qualitative research?
history, maturation, experimenter bias
If you want to gain expert opinion, what kind of survey would you use? i. Questionnaire j. Interview k. Delphi Method l. Normative Survey
k
A Likert Scale is used for which of the following? i. Survey j. Qualitative k. Quantitative l. Questionnaire m. More than 1 above
m
What type of developmental research produces the highest quality? m. Longitudinal n. Normative o. Cross-Sectional p. Retrospective
m
What are the types of scales used for affective variables?
nominative and ordinal
Interviews have what kind of ecological validity? n. Poor o. Alright p. Good q. All of the above
q
What is the main difference between experimental and quasi-experimental research designs?
random selection and control group
What are three techniques to document trustworthiness in qualitative research?
triangulation, member checking, audit trail
Why do quantitative studies require statistics?
variability in our results and error in our measurements.