Essentials of Life-Span Development (Ch. 1-4)

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1) Identify a disadvantage of breast feeding in the context of impoverished African countries. A) There is risk of passing HIV to babies through breast milk if the mothers have the virus. B) Breast milk is less hygienic than infant formula. C) Breast feeding predominantly deteriorates the health of the mother. D) Mothers who breast feed have a higher risk of breast and ovarian cancer.

10) Which of the following statements is true of the forebrain? A) It is the portion of the brain that is farthest from the spinal cord. B) It includes the tectum, the tegmentum, and the cerebral peduncles. C) It consists of the medulla, cerebellum, and pons. D) It insulates axons and helps electrical signals travel faster down the axon.

101) Lynne, five, loves to draw and color. She represents the world with words and her drawings. According to Piaget's cognitive development theory, Lynne is in the ________ stage of cognitive development. A) preoperational B) sensorimotor C) formal operational D) concrete operational

102) Rachel loves to read books, and she also encourages her daughter to read by regularly taking her to the local library and buying her lots of books. Rachel's daughter is now an avid reader. This reflects a(n) ________ correlation. A) passive genotype-environment B) evocative genotype-environment C) influential genotype-environment D) active (niche-picking) genotype-environment

104) Vygotsky's theory emphasizes how ________ guides cognitive development. A) culture and social interaction B) biology C) the unconscious mind D) genetic makeup

108) According to Sandra Scarr's description of the three ways that heredity and environment can be correlated, passive genotype-environment correlations occur because A) biological parents provide a rearing environment for a child. B) children seek out environments that are stimulating. C) a child's genetically influenced characteristics elicit certain types of environments. D) certain genes evoke environmental support.

11) The ________ includes the cerebral cortex and several structures beneath it. A) forebrain B) hindbrain C) midbrain D) top brain

110) The ________ view states that development is the result of an ongoing, bidirectional interchange between heredity and the environment. A) epigenetic B) biosocial C) sociogenic D) congenital

111) Bandura's most recent model of learning and development includes three elements: behavior, environment, and A) person/cognition. B) culture. C) education level. D) motivation.

117) According to Urie Bronfenbrenner's ecological theory, a person's family, peers, school, and neighborhood constitute his/her A) microsystem. B) mesosystem. C) chronosystem. D) macrosystem.

12) Which of the following statements is true of the structure of the brain? A) The brain has two hemispheres, and each hemisphere is divided into four lobes. B) Speech and grammar depend on activity in the right hemisphere of the cortex. C) Humor and the use of metaphors depend on activity in the left hemisphere of the cortex. D) The forebrain is the portion nearest to the spinal cord.

122) The idea that no singular theory can explain life-span development as a whole, but that each theory plays an important role, is referred to as a(n) A) eclectic theoretical orientation. B) mixed theoretical orientation. C) abridged theoretical orientation. D) severed theoretical orientation.

13) In the brain, the ________ lobe is involved in voluntary movement, thinking, personality, and intentionality or purpose. A) frontal B) parietal C) occipital D) temporal

13) ________, the units of hereditary information, are short segments of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA). They help cells to reproduce themselves and to assemble proteins. A) Genes B) Chromosomes C) RNA D) Ribosomes

131) A researcher is interested in the effect of exercise on stamina in elderly patients. The patients are randomly assigned to be in a high-exercise or low-exercise training program for eight weeks. At the end of the program, their stamina is measured by seeing how long they can walk comfortably on a treadmill. In this study, the dependent variable is A) the number of minutes on the treadmill. B) the exercise program (high versus low). C) the number of elderly patients. D) the eight-week duration of the exercise program.

132) In an experimental study, the ________ group serves as a baseline against which the effects of the manipulated condition can be compared. A) control B) experimental C) dependent D) independent

135) The longitudinal method of research consists of studying A) the same individuals over a long period of time. B) individuals of different ages. C) individuals from around the globe. D) individuals born in the same year.

17) Divya is 65 years old. She undergoes training and uses effective strategies to improve her memory. As a result, her memory does not decline but rather improves as she ages. According to Paul Baltes's view, which of the following aspects of the life-span perspective most likely explains the improvement in Divya's memory? A) Development is plastic. B) Development is contextual. C) Development is multidirectional. D) Development is multidimensional.

17) While watching a football game, Martin jumped up to cheer and dropped baby Theresa to the floor. If she later has trouble with higher-order thinking, planning, problem solving, or voluntary movement, it would indicate that the ________ lobe of her brain was damaged. A) frontal B) parietal C) occipital D) temporal

21) ________ is a stage in reproduction whereby an egg and a sperm fuse to create a single cell. A) Fertilization B) Osmosis C) Meiosis D) Mitosis

23) A cell that contains 46 chromosomes arranged in 23 pairs undergoes the process of ________ to produce two new cells, each containing the same DNA as the original cell, arranged in the same 23 pairs of chromosomes. A) mitosis B) osmosis C) meiosis D) fertilization

23) According to Paul Baltes, which of the following do normative age-graded influences include? A) sociocultural factors and environmental processes B) economic, political, and social upheavals C) long-term changes in the cultural makeup of a population D) long-term changes in the genetic composition of a population

23) In the context of the fibers that extend from a neuron's cell body, the fiber that carries signals away from the neuron's cell body is called a(n) A) axon. B) dendrite. C) neurotransmitter. D) synapse.

27) During ________, a cell of the testes in men or ovaries in women duplicates its chromosomes and then divides twice, thus forming four cells, each of which has only half the genetic material of the parent cell. A) meiosis B) mitosis C) osmosis D) fertilization

3) If a baboon learns to eat different kinds of fruit instead of relying on only one kind for its nutritive needs, we would argue that this behavior promotes its survival. Thus, the behavior is A) adaptive. B) aggressive. C) dominant. D) submissive.

31) Wang Ying is a clinical psychologist who specializes in counseling young adults. She helps her clients cope with depression, anxiety, and life transitions. In this scenario, Wang is most likely to A) work individually with clients. B) instruct clients to resolve their problems without seeking outside help. C) refrain from referring clients to medical facilities. D) conduct research on the effects of specific policies on children's well-being.

34) Melody and Harmony are identical twins. This means that they developed from A) a single egg that was fertilized by a single sperm. B) a single egg that was fertilized by two different sperms. C) two eggs that were fertilized by a single sperm. D) two eggs that were fertilized by two different sperms.

37) ________ genes are those that make an individual more vulnerable to specific diseases or accelerated aging. A) Susceptibility B) Longevity C) Vulnerability D) Mutated

38) Ethel is 50 years old but appears much more aged. Most of Ethel's relatives have not lived past the age of 60. Which of the following genes are responsible for the accelerated aging observed in Ethel and her family members? A) susceptibility genes B) longevity genes C) vulnerability genes D) mutated genes

4) Evolution takes place A) over the course of many generations. B) almost immediately. C) when a species is ready for it. D) because of active attempts at change on the part of a species.

4) The ________ pattern of growth is the developmental sequence in which growth starts at the center of the body and moves toward the extremities. A) proximodistal B) proximocaudal C) cephalocaudal D) cephalodistal

41) Carla is diagnosed with breast cancer. She informs her doctor that her mother and her grandmother have also had breast cancer. The doctor explains to Carla that she has specific genes that make her more vulnerable to breast cancer and that she is genetically predisposed to develop the disease. In this scenario, these genes are known as A) susceptibility genes. B) conditional lethal genes. C) complementary genes. D) duplicate genes.

5) Infants control the muscles of their trunk and arms before they control their hands and fingers, and they use their whole hands before they can control several fingers. This indicates a ________ pattern of growth. A) proximodistal B) cephalocaudal C) proximocaudal D) cephalodistal

52) Carrie's parents have brown hair. However, Carrie gets genes for blond hair from both of her parents, and as a result she has blond hair. This indicates that the gene for blond hair is a A) recessive gene. B) dominant gene. C) susceptibility gene. D) longevity gene.

54) A recessive gene exerts its influence only if both genes of a pair are A) recessive. B) complementary. C) conditional lethals. D) dominant.

56) Most individuals who have X-linked diseases are males because A) males have only one copy of the X chromosome. B) the diseases are triggered by the male sex hormone, testosterone. C) males have an extra Y chromosome. D) males have an extra X chromosome, making them XXY.

58) Genetic testing has found that Gary, Ben, Tara, and Matt all carry a copy of a gene for hemophilia. However, Tara, who is the only female out of the four, does not show any signs of the disease, whereas Gary, Ben, and Matt have developed the disease. In this scenario, it can be inferred that hemophilia is most likely a(n) A) X-linked disease. B) sex-linked chromosomal abnormality. C) gene-linked abnormality. D) autosomal dominant disorder.

59) Which of the following is an example of a chromosomal abnormality that occurs when whole chromosomes do not separate properly during meiosis? A) down syndrome B) hemophilia C) Huntington's disease D) sickle-cell anemia

6) According to evolutionary developmental psychologists, many evolved psychological mechanisms are ________. That is, the mechanisms apply only to a specific aspect of a person's psychological makeup. A) domain-specific B) maladjusted C) nonoperational D) unconditional

63) Human embryos must possess ________ to be viable. A) at least one X chromosome B) two Y chromosomes C) at least one Y chromosome D) three Y chromosomes

65) Tristan has a genetic disorder because of which he has an intellectual disability. His mother informs Tristan's pediatrician that Tristan has an extremely short attention span for any task. Based on Tristan's symptoms, the pediatrician is most likely to diagnose Tristan with A) Fragile X syndrome. B) XYY syndrome. C) Turner syndrome. D) Tay-Sachs disease.

66) Which of the following is true of fragile X syndrome? A) It occurs more frequently in males than in females. B) It occurs only in females. C) It makes a female XO instead of XX. D) It results in XXY males.

7) Which of the following statements is true of evolutionary developmental psychology? A) Many evolved psychological mechanisms apply only to a specific aspect of a person's psychological makeup. B) The mind is a general-purpose device that can be applied equally to a vast array of problems. C) All behaviors that were adaptive for our prehistoric ancestors serve us well today. D) Evolution has not impacted human development.

70) Which of the following statements about Turner syndrome is true? A) Turner syndrome occurs exclusively in females. B) People with Turner syndrome have extremely poor verbal ability. C) Males with Turner syndrome are short in stature and have webbed necks. D) Turner syndrome occurs in approximately 1 of every 25,000 live female births.

71) Which of the following is most likely a characteristic of persons with Klinefelter syndrome? A) They have undeveloped testes. B) They are usually short in stature. C) They usually have small breasts. D) They have an extra fold of skin over their eyelids.

74) Which of the following is true of phenylketonuria? A) It results from a recessive gene. B) It is a chromosomal disorder. C) It results in death by the age of five. D) It is caused by an accumulation of lipids in the nervous system.

78) _____ is a genetic abnormality in which delayed blood clotting causes internal and external bleeding. A) Hemophilia B) Phenylketonuria C) Sickle-cell anemia D) Tay-Sachs disease

8) Which of the following statements is true of the electroencephalogram (EEG)? A) It is a measure of the brain's electrical activity and is used to learn about the brain's development in infancy. B) It uses very low levels of near-infrared light to monitor changes in blood oxygen in infants' brains. C) It is an imaging technique that uses strong magnetic fields to generate images of the organs in the body. D) It is an imaging technique that uses computer-processed X-ray measurements to produce cross-sectional images of the organs in the body.

80) Samantha is diagnosed with a genetic disorder. She suffers from glandular dysfunction that hinders mucus production. She has difficulty in breathing, and her digestion is hampered. She also has frequent lung infections and suffers from shortness of breath. In this scenario, which of the following genetic disorders is Samantha most likely suffering from? A) Cystic fibrosis B) Huntington's disease C) Phenylketonuria D) Tay-Sachs disease

83) Mary and Jim are expecting a child. During prenatal diagnostic testing, the doctor confirms that the fetus has a genetic abnormality that will lead to a neural tube disorder causing brain and spine abnormalities. He also tells the parents that the baby will most likely have protruding tissue, especially from the lower back, and that the abnormality can be treated with corrective surgery at birth, orthopedic devices, and physical or medical therapy. Which of the following disorders is Mary and Jim's child suffering from? A) Spina bifida B) Tay-Sachs disease C) Phenylketonuria D) Huntington's disease

90) Esperanza, who is in the 11th week of her pregnancy, is undergoing a prenatal diagnostic test that involves the removal of a small sample of the placenta. The doctor informs her that the test may detect any genetic defects and chromosomal abnormalities in the fetus and that she will have to wait for at least 10 days for the diagnosis. In this scenario, which of the following prenatal medical procedures is Esperanza most likely undergoing? A) chorionic villus sampling (CVS) B) amniocentesis C) noninvasive prenatal diagnosis (NIPD) D) triple screen

93) Which of the following statements regarding chorionic villus sampling (CVS) and amniocentesis is true? A) Both CVS and amniocentesis provide valuable information about the presence of birth defects. B) Both CVS and amniocentesis increase the risk of miscarriage. C) Both CVS and amniocentesis increase the risk of limb deformities in the fetus. D) Amniocentesis allows a decision on abortion to be made sooner than CVS.

10) As an alternative to "________ evolutionism" presented in evolutionary psychology, Albert Bandura proposed a ________ view. A) bidirectional; unidirectional B) one-sided; bidirectional C) dynamic; linear D) balanced; biased

101) In twin studies, it is most common to A) assess the behavioral similarity of identical twins compared with the behavioral similarity of non-twin siblings. B) determine the behavioral similarity of identical twins compared with the behavioral similarity of fraternal twins. C) to conduct genetic studies of the difference between identical twins in their genetic makeup. D) to compare adopted fraternal twins with each other.

102) Hidalgo, eight, is very good at addition and subtraction, but he has a hard time understanding the complex algebraic problems that his 14-year-old sister does. Hidalgo is currently in which of Jean Piaget's stages of development? A) preoperational B) concrete operational C) formal operational D) conceptual operational

104) ________ correlations occur because a child's genetically influenced characteristics elicit certain types of environments. A) Passive genotype-environment B) Evocative genotype-environment C) Influential genotype-environment D) Active (niche-picking) genotype-environment

105) A characteristic feature of information-processing psychologists is that they are most likely to A) emphasize the influence of culture on development. B) emphasize that individuals manipulate information, monitor it, and strategize about it. C) state that individuals develop a gradually decreasing capacity for processing information. D) state that thinking does not constitute information processing.

105) Charlie is a cooperative, attentive child and is a favorite at home and school; he receives positive, instructive responses from adults. This is indicative of a(n) A) passive genotype-environment correlation. B) evocative genotype-environment correlation. C) influential genotype-environment correlation. D) active (niche-picking) genotype-environment correlation.

107) Dr. Nasrin believes that associating behavior with consequence can shape the probability of a behavior occurring. He is arguing that ________ conditioning is important for behavioral modification. A) stimulus B) operant C) classical D) cognitive

110) Danny's mother is even-tempered, fair, and tactful. Seeing this, Danny is growing up to be a polite, good-natured boy too. This imitation or modeling of behavior mirrors the concept of ________ in Bandura's social cognitive theory. A) operant conditioning B) observational learning C) salient stimuli D) classical conditioning

112) Fernando believes that the presence or absence of certain experiences in life has a long-lasting influence on individuals. He further believes that there is rapid, innate learning that involves attachment to the first moving object seen and that this learning takes place at a critical period very early in the life of an animal. In this scenario, Fernando is most likely taking a(n) ________ approach to human development. A) behavioral B) ethological C) social cognitive D) psychoanalytic

115) Konrad Lorenz performed research with goslings and found that many, upon hatching, identified him as their mother. He called this form of attachment A) conditioning. B) imprinting. C) internalizing. D) acclimatizing.

118) The ________ involves relations between microsystems or connections between contexts. A) metasystem B) mesosystem C) chronosystem D) macrosystem

121) Which of Urie Bronfenbrenner's environmental systems consists of the patterning of environmental events and transitions over the life course, as well as sociohistorical circumstances? A) the mesosystem B) the chronosystem C) the macrosystem D) the exosystem

123) Flevy, a marketing researcher, is conducting an extensive market study and has hired a big group of college students to hand out a standard set of questions to shoppers at malls and supermarkets and to seek their responses. Which of the following methods of data collection is Flevy using? A) laboratory research B) surveys C) naturalistic observation D) physiological measures

126) Which of the following is a criticism of standardized tests? A) They allow a person's performance to be compared with that of other individuals. B) They assume a person's behavior is consistent and stable. C) They provide information about individual differences among people. D) They are difficult to design.

127) Ariel wants to describe the strength of the relationship between the number of airplane companies in the world and global warming. Which of the following kinds of research is Ariel most likely to perform? A) descriptive B) correlational C) collaborative D) discrete

128) Dr. Jackson's research has found that the correlation between IQ and head circumference is +.10. From this information, we can conclude that A) people with large heads have a higher IQ than people with small heads. B) there is a weak relationship between head size and IQ. C) people with small heads tend to have a higher IQ than people with large heads. D) head circumference is an important predictor of IQ.

15) ________ are the building blocks of cells as well as the regulators that direct the body's processes. A) Genes B) Proteins C) Ribosomes D) DNA

16) The ________ lobe area in the brain plays an important role in registering spatial location, attention, and motor control. A) frontal B) parietal C) occipital D) temporal

19) Scientists have found that certain genes become turned on or off as a result of exercise mainly through a process called ________, in which tiny atoms attached themselves to the outside of a gene. A) genotyping B) methylation C) glycolysis D) hydroxylation

2) ________ introduced the theory of evolution by natural selection in 1859. A) Sigmund Freud B) Charles Darwin C) Stephen Hawking D) Wilhelm Wundt

20) According to Paul Baltes, which of the following statements most likely supports the view that development is plastic? A) Early adulthood is not the end point of development; rather, no age period dominates development. B) The cognitive skills of older adults can be improved through training and acquisition of effective strategies. C) Development has biological, cognitive, and socioemotional dimensions. D) All development occurs within a context, or a setting that changes.

22) "Individuals are changing beings in a changing world." Which characteristic of development is reflected in this statement? A) Development is multidisciplinary. B) Development is contextual. C) Development is multidimensional. D) Development is multidirectional.

22) When do the hemispheres of the cerebral cortex begin to specialize? A) before birth B) at birth C) at seven days of age D) around the first birthday

25) A cell that contains 23 pairs of chromosomes divides by mitosis to form two new cells. How many pairs of chromosomes does each new cell contain? A) 12 B) 23 C) 6 D) 48

28) In human beings, by the end of meiosis, each egg or sperm has ________ chromosomes. A) 46 paired B) 23 unpaired C) 23 paired D) 46 unpaired

33) ________ develop from a single zygote that splits into two genetically matching replicas, each of which becomes a person. A) Triplets B) Identical twins C) Fraternal twins D) Quadruplets

39) ________ genes are those that make an individual less vulnerable to certain diseases and more likely to live to an older age. A) Susceptibility B) Longevity C) Vulnerability D) Mutated

40) Erin, a 90-year-old, is healthy and leads an active lifestyle. Most of her relatives have lived to an old age. Researchers have found that Erin's family carries genes related to stress resistance, immunity, and metabolism that help extend life by repairing and protecting body tissues. In this scenario, which of the following genes is most likely responsible for Erin living to an old age? A) susceptibility genes B) longevity genes C) complimentary genes D) mutated genes

46) Which of the following is a characteristic of the developmental period known as early childhood? A) extreme dependency on adults B) development of school readiness skills C) formal exposure to the larger world D) development of sexual characteristics

48) For each genotype, a range of ________ can be expressed, thus providing a source of variability. A) genetic imprints B) phenotypes C) karyotypes D) monotypes

49) In some cases of genotypic expression, one gene of a pair always exerts its effects overriding the potential influence of the other gene. This is the ________ principle. A) sex-linked genes B) dominant-recessive genes C) genetic imprinting D) polygenic inheritance

51) Carla has brown hair, and her husband also has brown hair. However, Carla's son is born with blond hair. This most likely indicates that Carla's son A) inherited the dominant genes for blond hair. B) inherited the recessive genes for blond hair. C) has a susceptibility gene. D) has a longevity gene.

53) A(n) ________ gene overrides the potential influence of a recessive gene. A) longevity B) dominant C) susceptible D) aggressive

57) Which of the following conditions is due to an X-linked inheritance? A) Beckwith-Wiedemann syndrome B) hemophilia C) Wilms tumor D) diabetes

62) Which of the following women has the highest probability of giving birth to a child with Down syndrome? A) Sarah, a 21-year-old Asian woman B) Jane, a 41-year-old Euro-American woman C) Ella, a 27-year-old African American woman D) Destiny, a 38-year-old African American woman

67) Harry is an autistic child and has a short attention span for any task. His intellectual abilities are much lower than other children his age. His pediatrician reveals that Harry has a genetic disorder due to an abnormality in his X chromosome, which has become constricted. Harry most likely suffers from A) Turner syndrome. B) Fragile X syndrome. C) XYY syndrome. D) Klinefelter syndrome.

72) Brianna goes to a doctor who specializes in identifying genetic flaws to help prevent the risk of abnormalities. This doctor is called A) a genealogist. B) a genetic counselor. C) a chromosomal advisor. D) a physiologist.

73) Phenylketonuria (PKU) is a genetic disorder in which an individual cannot properly metabolize ________, an amino acid. A) phenylamine B) phenylalanine C) phenylacetylene D) phenylacetamide

75) Mateo, an infant, is on a special diet as his parents are aware that he has a genetic disorder in which he cannot metabolize phenylalanine, an amino acid. Mateo's parents are also aware of the importance of this diet and that excess phenylalanine buildup in the infant will produce intellectual disability and hyperactivity. This genetic disorder results from a A) dominant gene. B) recessive gene. C) complementary gene. D) longevity gene.

76) Which of the following is a gene-linked abnormality? A) Down syndrome B) Phenylketonuria (PKU) C) Turner syndrome D) Klinefelter syndrome

77) Tamara, an African American, is born with a genetic disorder that causes her body's red blood cells to become hook shaped instead of being disk shaped, impairing the normal oxygen-carrying capacity of the cells. The doctors explain to Tamara's parents that this condition, however, makes her resistant to malaria. Which of the following disorders is Tamara most likely suffering from? A) Tay-Sachs disease B) Sickle-cell anemia C) Leukemia D) Huntington's disease

79) Paul has a gene-linked abnormality, and as a result he suffers from an X-linked inheritance disease. Because of this disease, Paul suffers from internal and external bleeding due to delayed blood clotting. Which of the following will effectively treat Paul's condition? A) hydroxyurea B) blood transfusions C) anticoagulants D) blood irradiation therapy

8) The food-scarce environment of our ancestors likely led to humans' propensity to gorge when food is available and to crave high-caloric foods, a trait that might lead to an epidemic of obesity when food is plentiful. This illustrates how A) socialization influences the development of behavior and cognitive skills in human beings. B) evolved mechanisms are not always adaptive in contemporary society. C) organisms pass on characteristics they acquire during their lifetime to their offspring. D) the benefits of evolutionary selection decrease with age.

86) Benny has been diagnosed with a gene-linked abnormality characterized by deceleration of mental and physical development caused by an accumulation of lipids in the nervous system. He has been put on medication and a special diet, but his family has been told that he will probably not live beyond the age of five. Benny is suffering from A) spina bifida. B) Tay-Sachs disease. C) phenylketonuria. D) Huntington's disease.

89) ________ uses a powerful magnet and radio images to generate detailed images of the body's organs and structures. A) Triple screen B) MRI C) Ultrasound sonography D) Amniocentesis

9) In the context of evolutionary psychology, Albert Bandura (1998) acknowledged that A) "one-sided evolutionism" is primarily used to explain social behavior. B) evolutionary pressures created changes in biological structures. C) evolution dictated behavior. D) social behavior is strictly a product of evolved biology.

9) The life expectancy in the United States is currently A) 60 years. B) 79 years. C) 85 years D) 53 years.

9) Which of the following technologies measures infants' brains as they are exploring the world around them? A) positron-emission tomography (PET) scans B) functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) C) brain electron sampling (BES) D) electroencephalogram (EEG)

95) Don and Ellie are trying to conceive a baby. How long should they wait before they suspect infertility? A) 3 months B) 12 months C) 18 months D) 24 months

97) By far the most common high-tech assisted reproduction technique used is A) artificial insemination. B) in vitro fertilization. C) spermatogenesis. D) in vivo fertilization.

99) Which of the following is the main risk factor that a couple must be aware of when undergoing fertility treatments? A) high birth weight in babies conceived through such treatments B) an increase in the possibility of multiple births when such treatments are used C) negative psychological impact on children conceived through such treatments D) significant differences in developmental outcomes for children conceived through such treatments

1) Red-feathered and blue-feathered birds occupy the same environment. The birds with the red feathers are better able to survive and avoid predators. This means that the population of red-feathered birds will increase in future generations. This illustrates the process of A) genetic selection. B) natural adaptation. C) natural selection. D) genetic survival.

100) ________ is the field that seeks to discover the influence of heredity and environment on individual differences in human traits and development. A) Behavior influence B) Behavior therapy C) Behavior genetics D) Behavior development

103) Sandrine is now able to use abstract thought as well as logic; Piaget would argue that she is in the ________ stage of development. A) preoperational B) concrete operational C) formal operational D) conceptual operational

103) Tracy's parents are avid sports fans. Since she was a child, they took her to numerous baseball and football games, and Tracy regularly watched the sports channel with her dad. When she was old enough, her parents made her join the little league team at her school and she performed well. This is an example of a(n) A) evocative genotype-environment correlation. B) active (niche-picking) genotype-environment correlation. C) passive genotype-environment correlation. D) gene-gene correlation.

106) Behavioral and social cognitive theories emphasize A) unconscious motives. B) discontinuity in behavior. C) continuity in development. D) that development occurs in stage-like fashion.

107) Brad is an athletic child, and he is in every sports team in school as he enjoys sports immensely. He regularly practices football, tennis, and basketball and hopes to become the captain of one of the sports teams. This scenario most likely reflects ________ correlations that occur when children seek out environments that they find compatible and stimulating. A) passive genotype-environment B) evocative genotype-environment C) active (niche-picking) genotype-environment D) influential genotype-environment

109) B. F. Skinner, a behaviorist, would argue that the most important things that shape development are ________. A) thoughts and feelings B) unconscious motivations C) rewards and punishments D) culture and society

109) Which of the following is an example of a passive genotype-environment correlation? A) Uncooperative, distractible children receive more unpleasant and disciplinary action from parents and teachers. B) Outgoing children tend to seek out social contexts in which to interact with people. C) Parents who have a genetic predisposition to be musically inclined encourage their children to learn how to play a musical instrument. D) Infants who smile more receive more attention from the individuals in their social environment.

111) ________ is the interaction of a specific measured variation in the DNA and a specific measured aspect of the environment. A) Heredity-environment correlation B) Evocative genotype-environment correlation C) Gene × environment (G × E) interaction D) Passive genotype-environment interaction

113) Human infants go through an attachment period. John Bowlby calls this a ________ period, meaning that for optimal development attachment should occur during this period. A) positive B) critical C) sensitive D) severe attachment

114) A recent television documentary concluded that, from birth, girls are more nurturing than are boys. Daniel agrees with this because he believes nurturing is an evolutionary trait passed on through the generations, because females needed to be more nurturing to aid the survival of the species. Daniel's view reflects the ________ perspective of development. A) ideological B) clinical C) ethological D) theological

116) In Lorenz's view, imprinting needs to take place at a certain, very early time in the life of the animal, or else it will not take place. This period of time is called the A) receptive period. B) sensitive period. C) critical period. D) bonding period.

119) The ________ consists of links between a social setting in which an individual does not have an active role and the individual's immediate context. A) microsystem B) mesosystem C) exosystem D) macrosystem

12) ________ is a complex molecule with a double helix shape, like a spiral staircase, and contains genetic information. A) RNA B) A chromosome C) DNA D) A ribosome

124) Which of the following is true of physiological measures used in the study of life-span development? A) They are based on the assumption that a person's behavior is consistent and stable, yet personality can vary with the situation. B) They involve the use of a standard set of questions to obtain people's self-reported beliefs about a particular topic. C) They involve the use of electromagnetic waves to construct images of a person's brain tissue and biochemical activity. D) They provide insights that sometimes cannot be attained in the laboratory and are used at sporting events and child-care centers.

130) A(n) ________ is a carefully regulated procedure in which one or more factors believed to influence the behavior being studied are manipulated while all other factors are held constant. A) case study B) survey C) experiment D) correlation

133) The cross-sectional approach to developmental research compares A) various research methodologies. B) various developmental theories. C) individuals of different ages. D) individuals of different genders.

136) A group of people who are born at a similar point in history and share similar experiences as a result is referred to as A) a cult. B) a clan. C) a cohort. D) a posse.

137) According to APA's guidelines, all participants must know what their research participation will involve and what risks might develop. This guideline addresses which of the following issues? A) deception B) debriefing C) informed consent D) confidentiality

14) In the context of the four lobes of the brain, which of the following statements is true of the occipital lobes? A) They are involved in voluntary movement. B) They have an active role in hearing. C) They function in vision. D) They play an important role in motor control.

14) The nucleus of each human cell contains ________, which are threadlike structures made up of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA). A) mitochondria B) ribosomes C) chromosomes D) mesosomes

17) In the context of approaches to gene identification and discovery, ________, in which the goal is to discover the location of a gene (or genes) in relation to a marker gene (whose position is already known), is often used to search for disease-related genes. A) the Thousand Genomes Project B) genome-wide association C) linkage analysis D) next-generation sequencing

18) While scooting on the floor, baby Giovanni fell down the stairs. If he can no longer see, it is likely that the ________ lobe of his brain was damaged. A) frontal B) parietal C) occipital D) temporal

19) Which of the following statements is true about the involvement of the left and right hemispheres of the brain in performing different functions? A) Most neuroscientists believe that complex brain activity involves only one particular hemisphere. B) Logical thinkers are primarily 'right-brained' because of the excessive involvement of the right hemisphere. C) Humor and use of metaphors usually depend on activity in the right hemisphere. D) Excessive involvement of the left hemisphere results in creative thinking.

2) The cephalocaudal pattern is the sequence in which the earliest growth always occurs at the A) center of the body and then moves toward the extremities. B) spinal cord and then expands out to the limbs and head. C) top—the head—with physical growth and differentiation of features gradually working their way down from top to bottom. D) bottom—the feet—with physical growth and differentiation of features gradually working their way up to the head.

20) Your ability to process language in the left hemisphere of the brain and spatial thinking in the right hemisphere of the brain is called A) linearity. B) mastery. C) lateralization. D) learning.

21) Most neuroscientists agree that complex functions such as reading or performing music involve A) the spinal cord. B) only the right hemisphere of the brain. C) both hemispheres of the brain. D) only the left hemisphere of the brain.

24) Which of the following is true of mitosis? A) Mitosis is the cellular reproduction that occurs to form the sperm and the egg cells. B) Mitosis results in the formation of four new cells. C) Mitosis results in the formation of two new cells with 23 pairs of chromosomes. D) Mitosis results in the formation of three new cells.

30) Sasha's 23rd chromosome pair contains two X chromosomes. This indicates that Sasha A) has Down syndrome. B) has fragile X syndrome. C) is a female. D) is a male.

32) Combining the genes of two parents in offspring increases ________ in the population, which is valuable for a species because it provides more characteristics for natural selection to operate on. A) the number of males B) the number of females C) genetic variability D) genetic uniformity

43) Emma and Anna are identical twins who were adopted by different families a few weeks after their birth. Although genetically identical, they grew up with different physical and psychological characteristics. For example, though both inherited a tendency to grow large, Anna was slim and athletic because of the active lifestyle practiced in her adoptive family. This variability can be explained by how A) each zygote is unique. B) longevity genes can make an individual less vulnerable to certain diseases. C) for each genotype, a range of phenotypes can be expressed. D) mutated genes can be a source of genetic variability.

44) Vanda's genetic heritage comprising her actual genetic material makes up her A) phenotype. B) metabolome. C) genotype. D) proteome.

45) ________ is the way an individual's genotype is expressed in observed and measurable characteristics. A) RNA B) DNA C) A phenotype D) A stereotype

46) Marly describes her friend Gina as having blond hair, green eyes, and fair skin with freckles. Marly has described Gina's A) genotype. B) genetic imprint. C) phenotype. D) X-linked inheritance.

55) Females who have one abnormal copy of a mutated gene on the X chromosome are known as A) inhibitors. B) patients. C) carriers. D) promoters.

57) Katie-Lou is 88 years old. Katie would most likely be characterized as A) young-old. B) old-old. C) oldest-old. D) late-old.

6) Which of the following statements is true about brain development? A) The brain grows exponentially from conception to birth, causing the brain to be completely developed at birth. B) The process of brain development continues through the first year after birth and then stops. C) Extensive brain development continues after birth, through infancy and later. D) Brain development continues after birth only among premature babies.

60) Jason, a 4-year-old, has an intellectual disability and has shorter limbs than other children his age. His pediatrician observes that Jason has a protruding tongue and an extra fold of skin over his eyelids. Jason's mother informs the pediatrician that she was 30 at the time of Jason's birth and that he was born with a flat skull. From this information, the pediatrician will most likely diagnose Jason with A) Turner syndrome. B) Klinefelter syndrome. C) Down syndrome. D) XYY syndrome.

64) Timothy's wife is having trouble conceiving a child despite reports on her reproductive fitness being normal. However, on examining Timothy, the doctor determines that his testes are undeveloped, and that he has enlarged breasts. He also observes that Timothy is unusually tall, although his parents and grandparents are of short stature. The doctor informs Timothy that these symptoms are due to Timothy having an extra X chromosome, making him XXY instead of XY. Timothy most likely suffers from A) Down syndrome. B) Fragile X syndrome. C) Klinefelter syndrome. D) Turner syndrome.

69) Sandra excels in reading and spelling but struggles with mathematics. She is shorter than her peers and has a webbed neck. Her doctor has determined that she has one X chromosome missing. Sandra most likely has A) XYY syndrome. B) Fragile X syndrome. C) Turner syndrome. D) XXO syndrome.

81) ________ is a gene-linked abnormality in which the central nervous system deteriorates, producing problems in muscle coordination and mental deterioration. A) Cystic fibrosis B) Phenylketonuria C) Huntington's disease D) Tay-Sachs disease

85) Joshua, a two-year-old, has been diagnosed with ________, a blood disorder that limits the body's oxygen supply and can cause joint swelling and heart and kidney failure. This genetic disorder can be treated through penicillin, pain medication, antibiotics, blood transfusions, and hydroxyurea. A) spina bifida B) Tay-Sachs disease C) sickle-cell anemia D) Huntington's disease

91) Which of the following is the vascular organ that links the fetus to the mother's uterus? A) the fallopian tube B) the ovary C) the placenta D) the cervix

92) Amniocentesis brings a small risk of A) mental retardation. B) limb deformity. C) miscarriage. D) Down syndrome.

94) The current maternal blood screening test is called the triple screen because A) it is performed three times. B) it diagnoses three diseases. C) it measures three substances in the mother's blood. D) it is the third prenatal diagnostic test performed in a pregnancy.

1) Development can be defined as the pattern of movement or change that A) begins at childhood and continues until adulthood. B) begins at conception and continues until adulthood. C) begins at birth and continues through the human life span. D) begins at conception and continues through the human life span.

100) Piaget's four stages of cognitive development A) start at conception and continue until adulthood. B) start at birth and end at death. C) span from conception to death. D) start at birth and continue through adulthood.

106) Timothy is a shy 6-year-old who is usually withdrawn in class. He is always distracted in class and refuses to cooperate with other students during class activities. He does not volunteer to answer questions, and as his teachers find it difficult to elicit any response from him, they choose to ignore him. He is not liked by his classmates as he never shares his belongings. As a result, he mostly plays by himself. According to Sandra Scarr's description of the three ways that heredity and environment can be correlated, which of the following correlations is most likely exhibited in this scenario? A) passive genotype-environment correlation B) active genotype-environment correlation C) niche-picking genotype-environment correlation D) evocative genotype-environment correlation

108) Nellie, three, bangs her head against the wall repeatedly throughout the day. How could Skinner's concept of operant conditioning be applied to address this behavior? A) explore experiences from Nellie's early childhood and address them in therapy B) test Nellie to determine her current level of cognitive functioning C) investigate her psychosocial environment and eliminate stressors D) reward Nellie when she does not bang her head and punish the head-banging behavior

11) A fertilized human egg cannot grow into a crocodile, duck, or fish specifically because of A) social influence. B) environmental influence. C) adaptive behavior. D) genetic code.

120) The ________ involves the culture in which individuals live. A) chronosystem B) mesosystem C) ethnosystem D) macrosystem

125) Cynthia is conducting a survey on the prevalence and patterns of substance abuse in her city. Which of the following problems is she likely to encounter while using this method of data collection? A) the assumption that a person's behavior is consistent and stable B) the inability to sample a large number of people C) the assumption that surveys have to be conducted only in person D) some participants may not tell the truth and instead give socially acceptable answers.

129) Which of the following correlations is the strongest? A) -.65 B) +.46 C) +.70 D) -.77

13) Many individuals become wiser as they age, but their performance on tasks that require speed in processing information starts to decline. This illustrates how throughout life some dimensions or components of a dimension expand and others shrink, or how development is A) plastic. B) contextual. C) multidisciplinary. D) multidirectional.

134) Dr. McLean has designed a study to test the cognitive skills of people in their 30s, 50s, and 70s, where data is collected over the course of a day through a series of tests. What type of research approach is Dr. McLean using? A) longitudinal B) cohort C) latitudinal D) cross-sectional

15) In the brain, the ________ lobes have an active role in hearing, language processing, and memory. A) frontal B) parietal C) occipital D) temporal

16) Adam, who has a cardiovascular disease, participated in a research study to identify genetic variations linked to cardiovascular disease. His DNA, along with DNA from other patients suffering from the same cardiovascular disease, was obtained. For the purpose of comparison, the researchers also took DNA samples from participants who did not have the disease. Each participant's DNA was assessed to determine markers of genetic variation. The researchers found that genetic variations occurred more frequently in people who had the cardiovascular disease. This led them to pinpoint the region in the human genome linked to the disease. Which of the following approaches to gene identification and discovery did the researchers use in this study? A) next-generation sequencing B) linkage analysis C) the Thousand Genomes Project D) the genome-wide association method

18) Which of the following statements is true of the activity of genes? A) Genes are not collaborative. B) A single gene codes for a single, specific protein. C) Genetic expression is unaffected by environmental factors. D) Events that occur inside of the cell can excite or inhibit genetic expression.

20) Meiosis is a specialized form of cell division that occurs to form A) split zygotes. B) extra chromosomes. C) somatic cells. D) eggs and sperm.

22) During the process of ________, a cell's nucleus—including the chromosomes—duplicates itself and the cell divides, resulting in the formation of two cells. A) meiosis B) osmosis C) fertilization D) mitosis

26) Except for the sperm and the egg, all cells in the human body have ________ chromosomes. A) 10 B) 32 C) 23 D) 46

29) During fertilization, an egg and a sperm fuse to create a single cell called a ________. A) blastocyst B) fetus C) gamete D) zygote

3) Infants can see objects before they can control their torso, and they can use their hands long before they can crawl or walk. This would indicate that they have a ________ pattern of growth. A) proximodistal B) proximocaudal C) cephalodistal D) cephalocaudal

31) Jule's 23rd chromosome pair consists of an X chromosome and a Y chromosome. This indicates that Jule A) has Down syndrome. B) has XYY syndrome. C) is a female. D) is a male.

35) Jerome and Tyrone are fraternal twins. This means that they developed from A) a single egg that was fertilized by a single sperm. B) a single egg that was fertilized by two different sperms. C) two eggs that were fertilized by a single sperm. D) two eggs that were fertilized by two different sperms.

36) A mistake by the cellular machinery, or damage from an environmental agent such as radiation, may produce a ________, which is a permanently altered segment of DNA. A) susceptibility gene B) vulnerability gene C) longevity gene D) mutated gene

42) While studying a sample for height differences, researchers observed that the height of the participants varied significantly regardless of whether the participants' parents were short or tall. This suggests that the physical characteristic of height is most likely an example of A) niche-picking. B) X-linked inheritance. C) genetic imprinting. D) polygenic inheritance.

47) Phenotypes include ________ and ________ characteristics. A) physical; environmental B) conscious; subconscious C) biological; ecological D) physical; psychological

5) Psychology's newest approach, ________, emphasizes the importance of adaptation, reproduction, and "survival of the fittest" in shaping behavior. A) behavioral psychology B) humanistic psychology C) cognitive psychology D) evolutionary psychology

50) Clark's eyes are brown in color. However, both his parents have eyes that are blue in color. According to the dominant-recessive genes principle, the most likely reason for Clark's eyes being brown in color is that A) Clark's grandparents had brown-colored eyes. B) Clark has a mutation in his genotype resulting in the change in eye color. C) Clark's family history shows that the family has a dominant gene for brown-colored eyes. D) Clark's parents are carriers of genes contributing to brown eyes.

68) Natasha has a short stature, although everyone in her family is tall. Unlike her family members and relatives, she has a webbed neck. She dislikes mathematics as she has difficulty understanding the subject. However, she takes part in and enjoys activities that require verbal communication. Natasha's doctor informs her parents that she is missing an X chromosome, making her XO instead of XX. The symptoms and the cause of the symptoms most likely indicate that Natasha has ________. A) Fragile X syndrome B) XYY syndrome C) Klinefelter syndrome D) Turner syndrome

7) Which of the following technologies, a measure of the brain's electrical activity, have researchers been able to use successfully to learn about the brain's development in infancy? A) positron-emission tomography (PET) scans B) magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) C) brain electron sampling (BES) D) electroencephalogram (EEG)

82) Which of the following would be an appropriate course of treatment for a person diagnosed with cystic fibrosis? A) medication for pain, antibiotics, blood transfusions, and hydroxyurea B) insulin treatment C) blood transfusions/injection D) physical and oxygen therapy, synthetic enzymes, and antibiotics

84) Lindsay's body does not produce enough insulin, causing abnormal metabolism of sugar. She is receiving insulin treatment. Lindsay has A) spina bifida. B) hemophilia. C) phenylketonuria. D) diabetes.

87) Gwendolyn, a pregnant woman, is undergoing a prenatal medical procedure in which her doctor directs high-frequency sound waves into her abdomen to create a visual representation of the fetus's inner structures. The doctor informs her that the procedure will reveal the number of fetuses she is carrying, detect abnormalities in the fetus, and give clues to the sex of the baby. In this scenario, which of the following prenatal medical procedures is Gwendolyn most likely undergoing? A) chorionic villus sampling B) triple screen C) amniocentesis D) ultrasound sonography

88) ________ refers to an abnormally small brain of a fetus that can lead to intellectual disability. A) Spina bifida B) Klinefelter syndrome C) Hemophilia D) Microencephaly

96) Which of the following is most likely to be a cause of infertility in a woman? A) unblocked fallopian tubes B) increased muscle mass C) eggs lacking motility D) a disease that hinders the implantation of the embryo into the uterus

98) David and Kelly are seeking help for infertility. Under their physician's guidance, they decide to undergo a procedure in which Kelly's eggs are combined in a laboratory dish with her husband's sperms. What is this procedure called? A) gamete transfer B) intracytoplasmic sperm injection C) zygote intrafallopian transfer D) in vitro fertilization

28) According to Paul Baltes, which of the following is true of nonnormative life events? A) They do not happen to all people. B) They are similar for individuals in a particular age group. C) They do not influence the lives of individual people. D) They are usual occurrences.

32) ________ encompasses the behavior patterns, beliefs, and all other products of a particular group of people that are passed on from generation to generation. A) Culture B) Genotype C) Phenotype D) Ethnocentricity

39) ________ processes refer to changes in the individual's thought, intelligence, and language. A) Cognitive B) Biological C) Socioemotional D) Cultural

4) When taking his psychology class, Professor Sharma emphasizes that developmental change occurs through out adulthood as well as childhood. Professor Sharma is taking a(n) ________ approach to developmental change. A) life-span B) evolutionary C) normative D) constructivist

41) The connection across biological, cognitive, and socioemotional processes is most obvious in the two rapidly emerging fields of A) developmental cognitive neuroscience and developmental social neuroscience. B) developmental biological neuroscience and developmental social neuroscience. C) developmental socioemotional pharmacology and developmental biological pharmacology. D) developmental cognitive biology and developmental cognitive biology.

50) ________ is a time of establishing personal and economic independence, career development, and for many, selecting a mate, learning to live with that person in an intimate way, starting a family, and rearing children. A) Early adulthood B) Late adolescence C) Middle adulthood D) Late adulthood

54) Late adulthood is a time of A) life review, adjustment to new social roles, and diminishing strength and health. B) expanding personal and social involvement and responsibility. C) establishing personal and economic independence and advancing in a career. D) selecting a mate, learning to live with that person in an intimate way, starting a family, and rearing children.

63) Which of the following statements is true of chronological age? A) It has become a less accurate predictor of life events in American society when compared with other conceptions of age. B) It is the sole component of the overall age profile of an individual from the life-span perspective. C) It is determined by knowing the functional capacities of a person's vital organs, which may be better or worse than those of other people of comparable age. D) It refers to connectedness with others and the social roles individuals adopt.

65) The developmental pattern experienced by most people in which psychological functioning peaks in early middle age and starts to decline in the early eighties is called A) normal aging. B) pathological aging. C) everyday aging. D) successful aging.

72) The concept of discontinuity is characterized by A) qualitative change. B) quantitative change. C) collective change. D) measured change.

74) Dr. Perkins predicts that children who spend years playing a musical instrument are smarter than children who do not play music. This testable prediction is known as a(n) A) hypothesis. B) classification. C) variable. D) axiom.

76) Dr. Berenstein holds the view that behavior is merely a surface characteristic and that a true understanding of development requires analyzing the symbolic meanings of behavior and the deep inner workings of the mind. Dr. Berenstein can be described as a(n) A) psychoanalytic theorist. B) evolutionary theorist. C) cognitive theorist. D) behavioral theorist.

86) Johnny is attempting to resolve the crisis of initiative vs. guilt. According to Erik Erikson, he is most likely in A) preschool. B) elementary school. C) junior high school. D) high school.

87) Dr. Wong is a cognitive developmental theorist, so we know that he will stress the importance of ________ in understanding development. A) conscious thoughts B) repressed memories C) biological processes D) the effects of genes and evolution on the development of intelligence

92) During early adulthood, Erik Erikson's developmental stage of ________ occurs. A) intimacy versus isolation B) integrity versus despair C) initiative versus guilt D) industry versus inferiority

94) The term "generativity" as described in Erikson's seventh stage of development primarily reflects a concern for A) helping the younger generation to develop and lead useful lives. B) forming healthy friendships and an intimate relationship with another. C) developing healthy ego boundaries. D) feeling secure in one's job.

29) Thomas is a teenager who lives with his parents in an American city. During one of his high school years, Thomas's house gets destroyed in a fire, forcing his family to relocate to a rural area. According to Paul Baltes, this incident is likely to affect Thomas's development and life and is most likely an example of a A) normative history-graded influence. B) nonnormative life event. C) minority influence. D) cohort effect.

30) Agatha is 83 years old. According to Baltes and his colleagues, ________ and ________ in her capacities will take center stage. A) growth; maintenance B) maintenance; regulation of loss C) regulation of loss; augmentation D) growth; regulation of loss

34) Socioeconomic status (SES) refers to A) the behavior patterns, beliefs, and all other products of a particular group of people that are passed on from generation to generation. B) a person's position within society based on occupational, educational, and economic characteristics. C) the degree to which development is similar or universal across cultures. D) a social label placed on a similar group of people based on their heritage, nationality, race, religion, and language.

38) Changes in motor skills, nutrition, exercise, the hormonal changes of puberty, and cardiovascular decline are all examples of ________ processes that affect development. A) cognitive B) biological C) socioemotional D) cultural

42) The developmental period, when one is an infant, adolescent, or middle-aged person, refers to A) a historical circumstance common to people of a particular generation. B) a time frame in a person's life that is characterized by certain features. C) a time frame in which a person experiences maximum change. D) a time frame in a nation's history that is characterized by rapid development.

43) The ________ period is the time from conception to birth. A) perinatal B) prenatal C) neonatal D) postnatal

45) Jenny is 4 years old. She becomes self-sufficient and develops school readiness skills. In this scenario, identify the developmental period that Jenny is most likely in. A) infancy B) early childhood C) prenatal period D) late childhood

47) Alex is 8 years old and in the 3rd grade; his main focus is success in school, as he is gradually exposed to more and more information about the world at large. The developmental period Alex is currently in is A) early childhood. B) middle childhood. C) adolescence. D) adulthood.

48) Joey has shot up in height over the past year, has developed a deeper voice, and is starting to grow facial hair. He is preoccupied with the pursuit of independence and identity and is spending more time with friends and less with family. Which of the following periods of development is Joey in? A) middle childhood B) adolescence C) early adulthood D) late childhood

51) Travis spends a great deal of time working and trying to establish his career. He is also wondering if he should move in with his girlfriend and about their long-term prospects. Travis is most likely in the ________ period of development. A) late adolescence B) early adulthood C) middle adulthood D) late adulthood

53) Peter is a senior partner at his law firm and is an important member of his church and community. Both his children are in college. Peter's situation is most representative of which period of development? A) early adulthood B) middle adulthood C) late adulthood D) retirement

61) ________ age is an individual's adaptive capacities compared with those of other individuals of the same chronological age. A) Social B) Psychological C) Physical D) Biological

62) In predicting an adult woman's behavior, it may be more important to know that she is the mother of a 3-year-old child than to know whether she is 20 or 30 years old. This reflects the concept of A) chronological age. B) social age. C) psychological age. D) biological age.

66) Andrew is 60 and is starting to have memory lapses and struggling to complete things that used to take him no time at all. He finds himself forgetting driving routes that he used to know. Andrew might be experiencing the developmental pattern called ________. A) normal aging B) pathological aging C) everyday aging D) successful aging

67) According to an increasing number of studies in the United States, compared with younger people, older people A) are more pressured to achieve. B) have better relationships with people they care about. C) are less content with what they have in their lives. D) have less time for leisurely pursuits.

69) The question of whether a fun-loving, carefree adolescent is bound to have difficulty holding down a 9-to-5 job as an adult most likely reflects the A) epigenetic view. B) stability-change issue. C) nature-nurture issue. D) continuity-discontinuity issue.

7) The maximum life span of humans A) has increased over time. B) has not changed since the beginning of recorded history. C) has matched their life expectancy in recent times. D) is about sixty-five years as the first decade of the twenty-first century draws to a close.

71) In the continuity-discontinuity issue in development, continuity refers to ________, while discontinuity implies ________. A) abrupt change; stability B) gradual change; distinct stages C) qualitative change; quantitative change D) discrete stages; gradations

73) Lisa is a clinical psychologist. She decides to conduct a study on whether the progression of memory loss in older adults with Alzheimer's disease can be slowed down. According to the scientific method, which of the following describes the sequence Lisa should follow? A) Collect data, conceptualize a process or problem to be studied, analyze data, and draw conclusions. B) Conceptualize a process or problem to be studied, collect data, analyze data, and draw conclusions. C) Collect data, analyze data, conceptualize a process or problem to be studied, and draw conclusions. D) Conceptualize a process or problem to be studied, draw conclusions, collect data, and analyze data.

77) Identify the correct sequence of the five stages of psychosexual development described in Freud's theory of development. A) genital, oral, anal, phallic, and latency B) oral, anal, phallic, latency, and genital C) anal, genital, oral, phallic, and latency D) oral, phallic, anal, latency, and genital

79) Most contemporary psychoanalytic theorists believe that Sigmund Freud A) proposed a theory that has stood the test of time and needs no revisions. B) overemphasized sexual instincts. C) overemphasized cultural experiences as determinants of an individual's development. D) underestimated the role of the unconscious mind in determining development.

88) Erik Erikson's developmental theory consists of ________ stages that last from the first year of life to ________. A) seven; early adulthood B) eight; late adulthood C) six; adolescence D) nine; death

89) Edwin was a neglected child in his infancy. Now, at 31 years of age, he is highly cynical about the world and feels that no one can be relied upon. In his relationship, he is suspicious toward his partner, and these feelings eventually lead to the breakup of the relationship. According to Erikson's psychosocial theory, this indicates that Edwin did not successfully resolve the ________ stage of development, which in turn is causing him to experience ________ in his current developmental stage. A) identity versus identity confusion; stagnation B) trust versus mistrust; isolation C) autonomy versus shame and doubt; confusion D) trust versus mistrust; despair

91) Jessica, 16, is in the process of deciding what she wants to study in college. She wants to be an engineer one day and a painter the next day. Erik Erikson would say Jessica is in the ________ stage of development. A) intimacy versus isolation B) identity versus identity confusion C) initiative versus guilt D) industry versus inferiority

2) Who among the following is most likely taking the traditional approach to the study of development? A) Daren who emphasizes developmental change throughout adulthood as well as childhood B) Nick who emphasizes extensive change in adulthood C) James who emphasizes extensive change from birth to adolescence, little or no change in adulthood, and decline in old age D) Gregory who emphasizes development as lifelong, multidimensional, multidirectional, plastic, multidisciplinary, and contextual

21) Psychologists, sociologists, anthropologists, neuroscientists, and medical researchers all share an interest in unlocking the mysteries of development through the life span. This indicates how development is A) multidirectional. B) plastic. C) multidisciplinary. D) multidimensional.

24) By age 51, most women enter menopause. This is an example of how a biological process can exert a ________influence on development. A) normative history-graded B) nonnormative multidirectional C) normative age-graded D) nonnormative age-graded

27) When she was a child, Anna's home was wrecked by a tornado and her neighbor was killed. More than 30 years later, she is still terrified of storms. This is an example of how a ________ event can influence a person's development. A) normative age-graded B) normative generational C) nonnormative life D) normative history-graded

3) The ________ approach to the study of development emphasizes extensive change from birth to adolescence, especially during infancy, little or no change in adulthood, and decline in old age. A) prescriptive B) constructivist C) traditional D) evolutionary

36) According to a study that analyzed the exposure to six stressors among poor children and middle-income children in the United States, which of the following is a difference between children in poor families and children in middle-income families? A) Unlike children in poor families, children in middle-income families were much more likely to separate from a parent. B) Unlike children in poor families, children in middle-income families were much less likely to have a peaceful home. C) Unlike children in middle-income families, children in poor families were much more likely to be exposed to violence. D) Unlike children in middle-income families, children in poor families were much less likely to be exposed to family turmoil.

5) In the context of Laura Carstensen's view on life expectancy, which of the following statements is true? A) There has been a remarkable decrease in the number of people living to an old age. B) The conception of work as a full-time endeavor ending in the early 60s is well suited for long lives. C) Science, technology, and behavioral changes have not kept pace with the increase in the number of people living to an old age. D) There should be a change from a world constructed mainly for the elderly to a world that is more compatible for young people.

52) Johnathan and his wife, Tracy, are in their mid-50s. They are expanding their personal and social responsibilities and assisting their children in becoming competent, mature individuals. Which of the following developmental periods are Johnathan and Tracy currently in? A) early adulthood B) emerging adulthood C) middle adulthood D) adolescence

59) Determining ________ age involves knowing the functional capacities of a person's vital organs. A) social B) chronological C) biological D) psychological

60) Ramada, 69, an avid golfer and fitness enthusiast, recently got a comprehensive health exam done, and her physician remarked that her vital organs were in such good shape that her ________ age was about 10 years less than her chronological age. A) social B) mental C) biological D) psychological

68) In the nature-nurture issue, nature refers to an organism's ________, nurture to its ________. A) personality traits; abilities B) attributes; ecological heritage C) biological inheritance; environmental experiences D) acquired traits; heredity

8) Which of the following is true of life expectancy in the United States? A) It decreased by 15 years in the beginning of the 21st century. B) It has remained unaffected by improvements in sanitation and nutrition. C) It increased by 30 years in the 20th century. D) It has remained unpredictable and has confused demographers.

80) One of the differences between Sigmund Freud and Erik Erikson is that A) Freud underestimated the role of the unconscious mind in determining the life-span development of an individual. B) Erikson believed that development lasted only until the age of 20. C) Erikson emphasized the importance of both early and later experiences. D) Erikson overemphasized the role of sexuality in the life-span development of an individual.

83) Kelly responds to her infant's needs in a consistent and timely way. When he is tired she puts him down for a nap, and when he is hungry she feeds him. Erikson would say that Kelly is helping her son to develop a sense of A) autonomy. B) initiative. C) trust. D) integrity.

96) Roger looks back on his life and feels that he failed to reach his potential, squandered opportunities, and hurt a lot of people. At 82 years of age, he knows it is too late to make amends. Roger is slipping into A) stagnation. B) identity confusion. C) despair. D) mistrust.

97) Psychoanalytic theories are criticized for A) not emphasizing sexual underpinnings. B) not emphasizing unconscious aspects of the mind. C) creating an image of people that is too negative. D) stressing the importance of cognitive thoughts.

14) Jeremy becomes fluent in English at the age of 4. At the age of 6, he becomes fluent in French. However, when Jeremy's parents try to teach him Spanish when he is 8 years old, they find that Jeremy's capacity to acquire a new language has decreased. This scenario most likely illustrates Paul Baltes's view that development is ________. A) plastic B) contextual C) multidisciplinary D) multidirectional

19) As people enter adolescence, they start focusing more time on romantic relationships and spend less time with friends as a result. This illustrates how development is A) plastic. B) contextual. C) multidisciplinary. D) multidirectional.

25) Influences that generally affect a generation (for example, the effect of the Vietnam War on the baby boomers) are considered ________ influences. A) nonnormative multidirectional B) normative age-graded C) nonnormative age-graded D) normative history-graded

37) In the context of technology, which of the following was invented in the 1950s and contributed to changing human life permanently? A) bluetooth B) smartphones C) global positioning system (GPS) D) television

44) Daniel is 10 months old and is completely dependent on his parents. He is just beginning to acquire language and develop symbolic thought. In this scenario, which of the following developmental periods is Daniel most likely in? A) adolescence B) middle childhood C) early childhood D) infancy

49) Brittany is preoccupied with the pursuit of independence and identity and is spending more time with friends and less with family. Her thoughts are more logical, abstract, and idealistic. She is also experiencing rapid physical changes such as gaining height and weight. Which of the following periods of development is Brittany most likely in? A) middle childhood B) late adulthood C) late childhood D) adolescence

55) Jessica spends a lot of time thinking about the choices she has made in her life and the events she has witnessed. She is adjusting to decreasing strength and health, and she has made several lifestyle changes as a result. Jessica is most likely in the ________ period of development. A) adolescence B) early adulthood C) middle adulthood D) late adulthood

56) Which of the following is true of the period of development known as late adulthood? A) It involves rapid physical changes and the development of sexual characteristics. B) It is a time of establishing economic independence and advancing in a career. C) It begins in the early 20s and lasts through the 30s. D) It is a time of life review, retirement, and adjustment to new social roles.

70) Gina's therapist attributes her delinquent behavior to heredity and to the gross neglect she suffered as a baby at the hands of her alcoholic mother. Gina's therapist appears to be emphasizing the ________ aspect of her development. A) personality B) lifelong learning C) discontinuity D) stability

78) According to Sigmund Freud, which of the following statements is true? A) Children's social interaction with more-skilled adults and peers is indispensable to their cognitive development. B) Children go through four stages of cognitive development as they actively construct their understanding of the world. C) The primary motivation for human behavior is social in nature. D) People's basic personality is shaped during the first 5 years of their life.

81) According to Erik Erikson's psychosocial theory, a lifelong expectation that the world will be a good and pleasant place to live sets in during the ________ stage. A) industry versus inferiority B) intimacy versus isolation C) initiative versus guilt D) trust versus mistrust

82) The first stage in Erickson's theory is A) autonomy versus shame and doubt. B) initiative versus guilt. C) generativity versus stagnation. D) trust versus mistrust.

85) McKenzie, age two, wants to do everything on her own. Her mother punishes her when she attempts to pour her own milk or tries to answer the phone. Erikson would say that McKenzie is likely to develop a sense of A) inferiority. B) autonomy. C) stagnation. D) shame and doubt.

90) The elementary school years where children need to direct their energy toward mastering knowledge and intellectual skills is when Erikson's stage of ________ takes place. A) intimacy versus isolation B) integrity versus despair C) autonomy versus shame and doubt D) industry versus inferiority

98) According to Piaget's theory, two processes underlie children's cognitive construction of the world A) assimilation and generalization. B) adaptation and abstraction. C) association and abstraction. D) organization and adaptation.

40) ________ processes involve changes in the individual's relationships with other people, changes in emotions, and changes in personality. A) Cognitive B) Biological C) Socioemotional D) Polycentric

16) Bruce Chan, a 57-year-old accountant, decides to enroll in a short-term course on creative writing. He performs well in the course and is surprised that he does so despite not having engaged in creative writing for over 25 years. This scenario most likely illustrates Paul Baltes's view that development is A) plastic. B) multidisciplinary. C) lifelong. D) contextual.

18) According to Paul Baltes's life-span perspective, which of the following is true of contexts? A) They have a biological impact on development. B) They are influenced by genetic factors. C) They remain constant over time. D) They refer to the capacity for change.

35) ________ is a government's course of action designed to promote the welfare of its citizens. A) Social policy B) Generational policy C) Cultural legislation D) Equity policy

10) According to Paul Baltes's perspective of life-span development, which of the following statements is true? A) Development stops during adolescence. B) Development is multidimensional. C) Development is unidirectional. D) Development occurs independent of context.

15) ________ means the capacity for change. A) Elasticity B) Plasticity C) Contextuality D) Tenacity

26) The cultural makeup of the U.S. population has changed over the past few years because of immigration and other factors. Such long-term changes in the genetic and cultural makeup of a population are part of A) nonnormative multidirectional change. B) normative historical change. C) nonnormative life events. D) nonnormative demographic change.

99) According to Jean Piaget's cognitive developmental theory, which of the following is true of the sensorimotor stage? A) It is the second stage of cognitive development. B) It lasts from birth to about 2 years of age. C) It is the longest stage of cognitive development. D) It involves developing images of ideal circumstances.

12) Dr. Tepper-Harmon believes that life-span development cannot be studied without considering biological, socioemotional, and cognitive dimensions. Dr. Tepper-Harmon believes that development is A) lifelong. B) contextual. C) multidimensional. D) plastic.

33) Dr. Wilman is researching the place women occupy in families in Japan and the United States. Dr. Wilman is conducting a(n) ________ study. A) longitudinal B) ethnocentric C) cross-cultural D) decentralized

84) Two-year-old Julia is learning to talk, and her parents would say that her favorite word is "no." This would be considered normal for a child in Erik Erikson's life-span stage of A) initiative versus guilt. B) intimacy versus isolation. C) autonomy versus shame and doubt. D) trust versus mistrust.

93) Caitlin, age 25, has a good job as a financial analyst but she has few friends and has had no success in dating. She admits that being close to others is a problem for her. According to Erikson's psychosocial theory, Caitlin is at a risk of reaching the state of A) stagnation. B) guilt. C) isolation. D) shame and doubt.

95) The final stage of Erik Erikson's developmental theory is A) generativity versus stagnation. B) trust versus mistrust. C) integrity versus despair. D) intimacy versus isolation.

11) The idea that no age period dominates development highlights the life-span perspective that development is A) plastic. B) contextual. C) multidimensional. D) lifelong.

58) Which of the following statements about the "young-old" is true? A) They are people between 60 and 65 years of age. B) They have little potential for physical and cognitive fitness. C) They show considerable loss in cognitive skills. D) They can develop strategies to cope with the gains and losses of aging.

6) On your first day of class, Professor Red-Elk claims that for too long we have focused on the development of young children, especially infants. She argues that the development of adults and elderly people is just as important. This professor is articulating a(n) ________ approach. A) evolutionary B) constructivist C) normative D) life-span

64) Who among the following most likely exhibits the developmental pattern of successful aging? A) Khalid who is 79 years old and has started experiencing a modest decline in his psychological functioning B) Shyam who is 81 years old and frequently forgets where he places his belongings C) Carlo who is 78 years old and suffers from Parkinson's disease, which impairs his daily functioning D) Selena who is 80 years old and capable of walking without the support of a cane

75) ________ theories describe development as primarily unconscious and heavily colored by emotion. A) Behavioral B) Social cognitive C) Evolutionary D) Psychoanalytic

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