Essentials of Nursing leadership & Management weiss

A nurse is providing care to a patient whose family has previously brought suit against another hospital and 2 physicians. Under which principle should the nurse practice? 1- justice 2- veracity 3- autonomy 4- nonmaleficence

1

After 3 years of uneventful employment, the nurse made a medication error that resulted in patient injury. What hospital response to this event is ethical? 1- the hospital was supportive and assistive as the nurse coped with this event 2- the nurse was dismissed for incompetence 3- the hospital quality dept advised the nurse not to tell the pt about the error 4- the nurse was reassigned to an area in which there is no direct pt care responsibility

1

Mara Z. wants to become a nurse manager. She has been offered an opportunity to take a nursing management course. Which topic is most important for her to learn? a) Managing people b) Managing the unit's budget c) Planning for the future d) Redesigning the unit's workflow

1

The ANA code of ethics with interpretive statements guides nurses in ethical behaviors. Provision 3 of the ANA code of ethics says: "The nurse promotes, advocates for, and strives to protect the health, safety, and rights of the pt." which of the following best describes an example of this provision? 1- respecting the pts privacy and confidentiality when caring for him 2- serving on a committee that will improve the environment 3-maintaining professional boundaries when working with a pt 4- caring for oneself before trying to care for another person

1

Theory Y emphasizes: 1. Guidance, development., and reward 2. Leadership, not management 3. Supervision, monitoring, and reprimands 4. Evaluation, budgeting, and time studies

1

a nurse is caring for a patient who has COPD& is 2 days post-op after a laparoscopic cholecystectomy. Which intervention for airway management should the nurse delegate to the UAP? 1- assisting the pt to sit up on the side of the bed 2- instructing the pt to cough effectively 3- teaching the pt to use IS 4- auscultating breath sounds q4h

1

a nurse is helping a UAP provide a bed bath to a comatose pt who is incontinent. Which of the following actions requires the nurse to intervene? 1- the UAP answers the phone while wearing gloves 2- UAP log rolls the pt to provide back care 3- UAP places incontinence diaper under the pt 4- UAP positions the pt on the left side, head elevated

1

a patient is transported to the ED by rescue after being involved in a MVA. The pt is A&O but keeps stating he is having trouble breathing. Oxygen is started, but the pt is still showing signs of dyspnea. The pt suddenly develops respiratory arrest and dies. During the resuscitation process, it is discovered that the nurse failed to open the correct oxygen valve. The family sues the hospital and the nurse for: 1- malpractice 2- negligence 3- nonmaleficence 4- equipment failure

1

differences and status and authority within health care team can generate conflict what is the most common cause of conflict? 1. disrespect and incivility 2. inappropriate language and sarcasm 3. blaming and fingerpointing 4. physical violence

1

nursing practice in the 21st century is an art and science that focuses on: 1- the pt 2- nursing process 3- cultural diversity 4-the health-care facility

1

several of your colleagues are going to join the AANA. you know the annual dues are little more than you can afford right now but you want to learn more. your friends think that joining the AANA will help Empower them. how do professional organizations empower nurses? 1. they represent nurses in the political Arena 2. they equalize power between employees and staff 3. they provide opportunities for promotion 4. they provide health insurance

1

social media is commonly used to update friends and groups on things we have going on in our lives. Health-care organizations routinely use social media to promote medical facts, services, and recognitions. What is important for nurses to remember when deciding to post something work related on social media site? 1- nurses should never post protected health info on a social media site 2-stories w good outcomes can be posted to your media page 3- stories and photos can always be shared if the pt's name or face is not visible 4- posting stories on personal time is OK because the nurse isnt working

1

the nursing assistant tells a nurse that a pt who is receiving oxygen at a flow rate of 6 L/min by nasal cannula is complaining of nasal passage discomfort. what intervention should the nurse suggest to improve pt's comfort for this problem? 1-humidify O2 2- simple face mask instead of nasal cannula 3- provide pt with extra pillow 4- have pt sit up in chair

1

the patient with COPD has a nursing diagnosis of Ineffective breathing pattern. Which is an appropriate action to delegate to experienced LPN under your supervision? 1- observe how well the pt performs pursed-lip breathing 2- plan a nursing care regimen that gradually increases activity intolerance 3- assist the pt w basic ADLs 4- consult w PT about reconditioning exercises

1

the situational leadership model focuses on: 1- both followers and the task 2- the task 3- the follower 4- the behavior of others

1

there are numerous sources of power in an organization. several are available to nurses. which one is not? 1. Authority 2. reward 3. control of information 4. coercion

1

what is the best explanation of authority? 1. it is position dependent 2. it is based upon the ability to lead others 3. its expertise driven 4. it resides primarily in the clients served

1

which common practice puts the nurse at liability for invasion of pt privacy? 1- during care, the nurse reveals info about the pt to those in the room 2- the nurse releases info about the pt to nursing students who will be caring for the pt the next day 3- the nurse conducts a pt care session about a pt whose care is difficult and challenging 4- confidential info regarding an admitted pt is released to 3rd party payers

1

which of the following is a macro level change? 1. shift in medicare payment policies 2. change in shift differentials 3. opening a new unit 4. changing visiting hours

1

you are a new nurse, the hospital where you work is committed to providing safe high-quality care. which of the following activities would let you know that your organization is committed to improving patient safety? 1. the hospital has a good catch program for staff who recognized errors and near misses 2. the hospital subscribes to TJC safety Publications 3. measures performance every month monitors quality indicators and regularly reports on quality 4. all of the above

1

an experienced LPN is working under the supervision of the RN. The LPN is providing nursing care for a pt who has a respiratory problem. Which activities should the RN delegate to the experienced LPN? [SATA] 1- auscultate breath sounds 2- administer meds via metered-dose inhaler 3- complete in depth admission assessment 4- initiate the nursing care plan 5- evaluate the pt's techniques for using MDIs

1 2

effective nurse leaders: [SATA] 1- are also good followers 2- effectively work together with shared goals 3- never act on their ideas 4- have masters degrees

1 2

which of the following represent the knowledge & skills expected of the professional nurse? [SATA] 1- accountability 2- advocacy 3- autonomy 4- social networking 5- participation in nursing blogs

1 2 3

an effective leader will have: [SATA] 1- courage and integrity 2- a critical mindset 3- the ability to set priorities 4- the ability to provide feedback

1 2 3 4

effective nurse managers have: [SATA] 1- leadership capabilities 2- clinical expertise 3- business sense 4- budgeting savvy

1 2 3 4

professional accountability serves the following purpose [SATA] 1- to provide a basis for ethical decision making 2- to respect the decision of the client 3- to maintain standards of health 4- to eval new professional practices and reassess existing ones 5- to belong to a professional organization

1 2 3 4

A nurse is caring for a patient who has a PE. The pt is receiving anticoagulation with IV heparin. What instructions should the nurse give the UAP who will help the pt with ADLs? [SATA] 1- use a lift sheet when moving and positioning the pt in bed 2- use an electric razor when shaving the pt each day 3- use a soft-bristled toothbrush or tooth sponge for oral care 4- use a rectal thermometer to obtain a more accurate body temperature 5- be sure the pt's footwear has a non-slip sole when the pt ambulates

1 2 3 5

a pt tells a nurse that he has an advance directive from 6 yr ago. the nurse looks at the medical record for the advance directive. what content should the nurse expect to find in the advance directive? [SATA] 1- decisions regarding treatments 2- when to take the pt to the hospital 3- no not resuscitate orders 4- who should be notified in the case of illness, injury, or death 5- durable POA for health care 6- HIPAA protocols

1 2 3 5

the health care facility has sponsored a continuing education offering on emergency management of pandemic influenza. at lunch a nurse is overheard saying "i'm not going to take care of anyone that might have the flu. i have kids to think about". whats true of this statement? [SATA] 1- the nurse has a greater obligation that a layperson to care for the sick or injured in an emergency 2-this statement reflects defamation and may result in legal action against the nurse 3- this statement is a breech of the Code of Ethics for Nurses 4- the nurse has this right as no nurse-pt contract has been established

1 3

An RN is obtaining a signature on a surgical informed consent document. Before obtaining the signature, the RN must ensure which of the following? Select all that apply. 1. The client is not sedated 2. The doctor is present 3. A family member is a witness 4. The signature is in ink 5. The patient understands the procedure

1 5

Which of the following is unique to a professional standard of decision making? [SATA] 1- weighs benefits and risks when making a decision 2- analyzes and examines choices more independently 3- concrete thinking 4- anticipates when to make choices without others' assistance

1, 2

APRNs generally: [SATA] 1. Function independently 2. Function as unit directors 3. Work in acute care settings 4. Work in the university setting 5. Hold advanced degrees

1, 5

A nurse's significant other undergoes exploratory surgery at the hospital where the nurse is an employee. Which practice is most appropriate? 1. The nurse is an employee; therefore, access to the chart is permissible. 2. Access to the chart requires a signed release form. 3. The relationship with the client provides the nurse special access to the chart. 4. The nurse can ask the surgeon to discuss the outcome of the surgery.

2

Bedside shift report is one of the things that Jane reviews at the staff meeting. She stresses the way she would prefer the report to start. Which of these would be the LEAST important to share with the oncoming nurse? 1. Telling the oncoming nurse what happened on the unit during the shift 2. Introducing the client and his or her diagnosis to the oncoming nurse 3. Sharing the nurse's personal opinion of the client 4. Reviewing new medication orders and the medication administration record (MAR) - -

2

Florence has two team members who continually criticize each other despite being told to stop which approach is the most appropriate for this situation? 1. refer each of them to employee counseling 2. engage in problem resolution 3. bring in a union representative 4. engage in a formal negotiation process

2

George S. has just become a nurse manager in a long-term care facility. He knows he has a lot to learn-- What should he tell his staff? 1. Nothing, he should pretend he has experience 2. That he is still learning, too, and values their input 3. That the staff needs to manage themselves 4. How little he knows about management - -

2

The EMR has many advantages compared with paper charting. It helps track data through time and can help monitor things such as preventative care in primary care practices. Jane is the office nurse in a local practice. She is meeting a new pt for the 1st time who informs her that he was recently hospitalized. Jane pulls up the pt's EMR and sees no information regarding his recent hospital stay. How should this have happened? 1- the pt's discharge was so recent that it is not available yet 2- EMR's are usually practice or hospital specific, so the pt info wouldnt be accessible to Jane. 3- pt hospitalized out of state 4- pt hasnt signed the necessary consents to give Jane access

2

The purpose of learning how to negotiate conflict is to 1. eliminate conflict entirely 2. resolve conflicts more effectively 3. win 4. reduce stress

2

a new nurse manager plans to implement a new scheduling process. this was met with resistance from the staff who were very happy with the current scheduling process. how can the nurse manager lower their resistance to this change? 1. tell the staff that they're concerns about the new schedule are unfounded & plan to post the new schedule 2. share information about the new schedule and discuss its impact on the unit 3. post the schedule and deal with staff on an individual basis 4. ask the staff to come up with an alternative for the nurse managers consideration

2

a nurse is working on an ethics committee to determine the best course of action for a pt who is dying. The nurse considers the positive and negative outcomes of the decision to assist with choices. Which best describes the distinction of using a list when making an ethical decision? 1- the nurse can back up her reasons for why she has decided to provide a certain type of care 2- the nurse can compare the benefits of one choice over another 3- the nurse can communicate the best choice of action to the interdisciplinary team 4- the nurse can provide care based on developed policies and standards

2

a pt asks a nurse if he has to agree to the health provider's treatment plan. The nurse asks the pt about his concerns. Which ethical principle is the nurse applying in this situation? [SATA] 1- beneficence 2-autonomy 3- veracity 4- justice

2

a unit team leader who fails to provide direction to his or her nursing care team is a(n): 1- democratic leader 2- laissez-faire leader 3- autocratic leader 4-situational leader

2

effective followers are those who are: 1- passive employees 2- skilled and self-directed employees 3- less valuable employees 4- employees who are never supportive of new ideas

2

in which of the following situations would a personal change probably be the hardest to make? 1. when the need is immediate 2. if the benefits will be realized years from now 3. when the reward is immediate 4. if it is change that keeps you in your comfort zone

2

nurses who feel empowered can make significant contributions to a healthcare organization. feeling empowered includes feeling as if you make a difference, that colleagues value your opinion, and that your voice is important. what is essential to nurse empowerment? 1. belonging to a professional organization 2. participating on a unit 3. practice Council reasonable work assignments 4.reward and recognition program

2

nursing management in the nursing union or having differences on several issues there may be a need for negotiations which of the following is a serious disadvantage to using collective bargaining to resolve this conflict? 1. protecting the right to fair treatment 2. creating and adversarial relationship between staff and management 3. lacking professionalism on the part of the collective bargaining unit members 4. failing to uphold important standards of care

2

what is the difference between management and leadership? 1- management focuses on budget 2- management is an assigned position 3- leadership isnt concerned with getting work done 4- leadership is more focused on people

2

when is it most appropriate to dictate change? 1. when the change is very complicated 2. in an emergency 3. when resistance is very high 4. if the change is unimportant

2

when should a new grad consider taking on management responsibilities? 1- as soon as they are offered 2- after developing clinical expertise 3- after 15 years on the job 4- before developing leadership expertise

2

which best describes the difference between pt privacy and pt confidentiality? 1- confidentiality occurs between persons who are close, whereas privacy can affect anyone 2- Privacy is the right to be free from intrusion into personal matters, whereas confidentiality is protection from sharing a person's info 3- confidentiality involves the use of technology for protection, whereas privacy uses physical components of protection 4- privacy involves protection from being watched, whereas confidentiality involves protection from verbal exchanges

2

which of the following best describes what is most likely to be within a nurse's comfort zone? 1. a new assignment 2. tasks she's done many times 3. changes to a different shift 4. addition of several new task

2

HIPAA regulations guard confidentiality. In several situations, confidentiality can be breached and information can be reported to other entities. Which of the following meet these criteria? [SATA] 1- the pt is from a correctional institution 2- the situation involves child abuse 3- an injury occurred from a firearm 4-the pt is a physician 5- the breach of information was unintentional

2 3

An RN sees an older woman fall in the mall. The RN help the woman. The woman later complains that she twisted and sprained her ankle. The RN protected from litigation under: 1. Hospital malpractice insurance 2. Good faith agreement 3. Good Samaritan law 4. Personal professional insurance

3

An important competency that nurse leaders need to develop in order to lead effectively is the: 1- ability to be firm and inflexible 2- ability to close-minded and to ignore negative feedback 3- ability to communicate effectively with others 4- ability to follow orders without questioning them

3

ISBARR provides a framework for communicating critical client information it is an acronym for 1- Identifies study background assess recognize read back 2- issues situation better advise refer with recommendations 3. introduce situation background assess recommend read back 4. none of the above

3

If you are employed at a hospital owned by a corporation listed on the stock market in which category does your facility belong? 1. publicly government supported 2. voluntary not for profit 3. for profit 4. all of the above

3

Jane is a new nurse manager who will be holding her first staff meeting tomorrow. She has learned that the staff members have not been following important patient care policies. What is the most important communication skill that she should use at the meeting? 1. Talking to the staff 2. Laughing with them 3. Listening 4. Crying

3

a democratic leader consistently works to: 1- move the group toward the leaders goals 2- make little or no attempt to move the group 3- share leadership with the group 4- dampen creativity

3

a nurse is caring for a patient who is diagnosed with CAD and sleep apnea. which action should the nurse delegate to the UAP? 1- discuss weight-loss strategies such as diet and exercise with pt 2- teach the pt how to set up the CPAP machine before sleeping 3- remind the pt to sleep on his side instead of his back 4- administer modafinil to promote daytime wakefulness

3

a nurse is caring for a pt who feels that life should not be prolonged when hope is gone. she has decided that she doesnt want extraordinary measures taken when her life is at its end. She has discussed her feelings with her family and HCP. The nurse realizes that this is an example of: 1- affirming a value 2- choosing a value 3- prizing a value 4- reflecting a value

3

an RN new to the ED documented that "the pt was intoxicated& acted in a crazy manner." The team leader told the RN that this type of documentation can lead to: 1- assault 2- wrongful publication 3- defamation of character 4- slander

3

autocratic leaders: 1- postpone decision making as long as possible 2- share leadership with members of the team 3- give orders and make decisions without consulting the team 4- encourage creativity when problem solving

3

creating a culture of safety requires organizational commitment to preventing harm which of the following is NOT a key feature for a culture of safety? 1. provision of adequate resources to provide care and service 2. use of interprofessional collaboration to solve problems and assess risk 3. adherence to Staffing ratios 4. encourages the reporting of errors and near misses

3

in the US Healthcare System who is the real customer that is who actually pays most of the health care bill? 1. the US government 2. the head of the household 3. government entities and employers 4. employees and their families

3

is an informal negotiation session becomes too highly emotional what should the nurse manager do? 1. let the feelings flow 2. cancel the negotiation 3. deal with the feelings first 4. tell them to ignore the feelings and deal with the issues

3

servant leadership focuses on: 1- helping pts care for themselves 2- removing incompetent managers 3- creating a supportive work environment 4- resolving conflicts quickly

3

there has been a sudden increase in catheter-associated urinary tract infection that must be addressed on Janes unit. what is the best way for Jane to persuade the staff to implement a new Foley catheter protocol? 1. tell them the change has been ordered by the administration 2. in statistics proving the needs to change 3. tell a compelling story about why change is needed 4. explain the importance of change in simple terms

3

transformational nursing leaders have the ability to: 1- increase the negativity of the team 2- work best alone 3- define the groups mission and communicate that mission to others 4- pay close attention to the weakness and shortcomings of others

3

what is the most desirable result of a problem resolution? 1. win lose 2. lose lose 3. win win 4. none of the above

3

which of the following is a characteristic of a bureaucratic organization? 1. organic structure 2.flexible teams 3. rigid unit structures 4. self-correction and self-control

3

which of the following is a major reason why newly licensed nurses resign? 1- poor pay scales 2- needlestick injuries 3- unsupportive management 4- lack of advancement opportunities

3

who was responsible for accepting transcribing and implementing physician orders? 1. unit clerk 2. medical resident 3. professional nurse 4. medical assistant

3

you have been asked to serve on your unit practice Council. this is an important role and one that you are excited to perform. what should you know about the professional governance so that you are prepared for this work? professional governance and nursing involves: 1. longer working hours 2. attending a lot of meetings 3. nurses setting nursing standards for daily practice 4. changing the organization's culture

3

Nursing has its origins with: 1- Florence Nightingale 2- The Knights of Columbus 3- Religious orders 4- wars and battles

3- religious orders

An RN calls a health-care provider to report that a patient's condition is deteriorating. The physician gives orders on the telephone to draw arterial blood gases. What should the nurse do next when receiving telephone orders from a health-care provider? 1. Call the respiratory therapist to obtain the blood gases 2. Give the order to the unit secretary to ensure it is entered quickly 3. Enter the order directly into the system as it was given to the RN 4. Write the order down and read it back to the provider

4

An RN has asked a licensed practical nurse (LPN) to trim the toenails of a diabetic patient. The LPN trims them too short, which results in a toe amputation from infection. The patient files a lawsuit against the hospital. the RN, and the LPN. What might all three be found guilty of: 1. Unintentional tort 2. Intentional tort 3. Negligence 4. Malpractice

4

As Jane speaks with the team, she learns why the staff members have had difficulty following policies. Which of these would be considered barriers to effective communication? 1. The charge nurse is unavailable to help the nurses when they have questions about policies. 2. Some staff are afraid to ask particular charge nurses for help for fear of retribution. 3. The use of acronyms is confusing to staff members who are new to the unit. 4. All of the above

4

Implicit bias affects our understanding in an unconscious manner. A person's ability to recognize these biases can improve communication w pt & colleagues alike. Which of the following statements is true about implicit bias? 1- implicit bias forms during a lifetime 2- implicit bias can influence clinical decision making and treatment 3- implicit bias contributes to an individual's social behavior 4- all of the above

4

Scientific management focuses on: 1- interpersonal relations 2- servant leadership 3- staff development 4- efficiency

4

The NCLEX for nurses is exactly the same in every state in the US. The exam: 1- guarantees safe nursing care for all pt 2- ensures standard nursing care for all pts 3- ensures that honest & ethical care is provided 4- provides a minimal knowledge for a RN in practice

4

The hospital has recently reorganized their for several departments were closed the patient census on the unit has increased the staff have always had a strong team spirit but the nurse manager knows that work flow changes can cause conflict what can the nurse manager do to reduce the possibility of conflict among her team? 1. monitor the quality of patient care 2. ensure that supplies and equipment are readily available 3. assess the equity of nursing assignments 4. all of the above

4

a nurse is assigned to care for the following pts. Which pt should the nurse assess 1st? 1- 60 yo pt on ventilator for whom a sterile sputum specimen must be sent to the lab 2- 55 yo pt w COPD and pulse ox reading from the previous shift of 90% 3- 70 yo w pneumonia who needs to be started on IV ABX 4- 50 yo w asthma who complains for SOB after using a bronchodilator

4

a respiratory therapist performs suctioning on a pt with a closed head injury. afterwards, the UAP obtains VS. The nurse should communicate that the UAP needs to report which VS value or values immediately? [SATA] 1- HR of 96 2- Resp rate of 24 3- pulse ox of 95% 4- tympanic temp of 101.4F

4

an emotionally intelligent nurse leader: 1- seeks the emotional support of others 2- cant juggle multiple demands 3- works alone without help 4- welcomes constructive criticism

4

communities and Regulatory Agencies continually challenged hospitals, skilled nursing facilities and home health companies to enhance and improve or change care delivery and the care environment to ensure safe high quality care. which factors are important in improving a Hospital's care environment? 1. adequate Staffing 2. collegial relationships among staff 3. emphasis on staff development 4. all of the above

4

how can you increase your staffs receptivity to an important change in procedures? 1. assign the new procedure to the newest staff member 2 apologize for making their work more complicated 3. provide them with a booklet on preparing for a change 4. give them time to learn the new procedure

4

informational aspects of a nurse managers job include: 1- evaluation 2- resource allocation 3- being a coach 4- being a spokesperson

4

nursing and respiratory departments both experienced job cuts the nurse manager notices that members of his staff are having more trouble getting a fast response from a respiratory therapist what source of conflict is probably operating here? 1. Union management conflict 2. interpersonal problem 3. cultural differences 4. work intensification

4

organizational culture is best defined as: 1. the stated vision and mission of an organization 2. policies and procedures 3. the type of Decor that was chosen for the facility 4. enduring set of shared values and beliefs

4

what type of resistance to change is the hardest to overcome? 1. the resistance that comes from inertia "we always do it this way" 2. active resistance to changing preferred procedure 3. passive resistance to an unpopular change 4. resistance based upon fear of losing one's job

4

when designing a technical change which of the following should be considered? 1. will it work better than the old way 2. is this change needed 3. is there a simple way to do this 4. all of the above

4

which of the following demonstrates a nurse as advocating for a pt? The nurse: 1- calls a nursing supervisor in conflicting situations 2- reviews and understands the law as it applies to the clients clinical condition 3- documents all clinical changes in the medical record in a timely manner 4- assesses the pt POV & prepares to articulate this POV

4

which of the following is the best indication that a change has been integrated? 1. when no one talks about it anymore 2. if adoption occurred rapidly 3.when resistance turns from active to passive 4. when a full year has passed since the change was introduced

4

which of the following issues may be addressed in a collective bargaining agreement? 1. shift differentials 2. safe working environment 3. grievance procedures 4. all of the above

4

Who stated that the "function of the nurse is to assist the individual, sick or well, in the performance of those activities contributing to health or its recovery (or to peaceful death)"? 1- Henderson 2- Rogers 3- Robb 4-Nightingale

4- Nightingale

several studies have shown that although care planning and advance directives are available to pts, only a minority actually complete them. Which of the following has been shown to be r/t completing an advance directive? [SATA] 1- african american race 2- younger age 3- history of chronic illness 4- lower SES 5- higher education

5

Nurses at a community hospital are in an education program to learn how to use a new pressure-relieving device for patients at risk for pressure ulcers. This is which type of education? A. Continuing education B. Graduate education C. In-service education D. Professional Registered Nurse Education

C

You are participating in a clinical care coordination conference for a patient with terminal cancer. You talk with your colleagues about using the nursing code of ethics for professional registered nurses to guide care decisions. A nonnursing colleague asks about this code. Which of the following statements best describes this code? A. Improves communication between the nurse and pt B. Protects the patient's autonomy C. Ensures identical care to all patients D. Acts as a guide for professional behaviors in giving pt care

D

TJC attributes 80% of all medical errors to: a. Poor hygiene and hand washing b. Poor hand-off communication c. Poor work environment d. Lack of care

b

An assistant nurse manager is making assignments for the next shift. Which patient should the assistant nurse manager assign to a nurse with 6 months of experience and who has been floated from the surgical unit to the medical unit? a) A 58-year-old on airborne precautions for tuberculosis (TB) b) A 68-year-old who just returned from bronchoscopy and biopsy c) A 69-year-old with COPD who is ventilator dependent d) A 72-year-old who needs teaching about the use of incentive spirometry

d