Ethics and Law Chapter 1-6
The code of ethics that was first developed in ______ is more comprehensive than earlier versions and provides extensive guidance for the dental hygienist working in the variety of health care delivery settings.
1995
Brainstorming to identify as many alternatives as possible is part of step _____ of the six step decision making model.
3
More than ___ million people in the united states are estimated to be underinsured or have no health insurance.
47
The code of ethics for dental hygiene can be amended at any meeting of the ADHA House of Delegates by ___ % vote of that group.
66
Which of the following is the term used to describe the system that has been developed in the US to protect the public welfare and provide standards for the evaluation of educational programs and schools?
Accreditation
Which of the following is stage 1 of Piaget's Four stage model of moral development?
Amoral stage
Which of the following is one of the FOUR A's to rise above moral distress ?
Assess
Each of the following ethical values focuses on society EXCEPT one. Which one is the EXCEPTION?
Autonomy
Which of the following principles gives rise tot he concept of permitting individuals to make decisions about their own health?
Autonomy
Ethical decision making is
Behavior
Which of the following is the name given to the practice of with holding information may harm the individual?
Benevolent deception
true/false Admissions committees aim to select candidates who are the best qualified academically as well as candidates of good character, because integrity and character are important criteria for acceptance.
Both statement and reason are correct and related.
true/false Tolerance for others goes beyond the legal warning to not discriminate, because it means caring for all individuals who seek treatment whether or not they are likeable.
Both statement and reason are correct and related.
True/False Students need opportunities to develop the analytical skills to assess ethical dilemmas. Posing ethical dilemma cases when a panel of experts is available to help students analyze and arrive at possible solutions to the hypothetical dilemmas is means of affording those opportunities.
Both statements are true
true/false A dentist's decision to participate in safety programs such as medicaid can be seen as maintaining a social justice perspective. This can pose a challenge for the dental hygienist who believes in social purpose perspective.
Both statements are true
true/false A code of ethics provides an enforceable standard of minimally decent conduct for those who fall below the standard. A code of ethics indicates in general terms some of the ethical considerations a professional must consider when deciding on conduct.
Both statements are true.
true/false Ethical issues concerned with employment are common in the dental office. Most dental hygienists are employees.
Both statements are true.
true/false If the patient selects a treatment option that is consistent with accepted standards of care, the professional may ethically act on the patients choice. The practitioner may also choose to not provide a service requested by the patient if that service is in conflict with the standards of patient care.
Both statements are true.
true/false Principles, values, and rules in health care will help guide decision making in the process of providing the best dental health care for the patient. weighing and balancing ethical principles are the major tasks involved in ethical decision making.
Both statements are true.
true/false Every society must address the problem of how its resources will be distributed, because every society has a scarcity of resources.
Both that statement and reason are correct and related.
According to which of the following persons, the duty to report a case of suspected child abuse is derived from relationships surrounding the child and the need to protect the interests of the child?
Carol Gilligan
_________________ usually is defined as qualities or dispositions that are consistently practiced.
Character
__________________ are essential skills requiring knowledge, skill, and ability that are performed by a health care provider.
Competencies
Which of the following ethical theories proposes that some actions are required by the rightness or wrongness of the action, regardless of the consequences of the action?
Deontology
In 1989, the American dental education association (ADEA) established guidelines that stated curriculum should provide opportunities for refining skills _______ so students are able to apply ethical principles to new emerging problems in the profession.
Ethical analysis
Which of the following is one of three most frequently encountered practice dilemmas according to a survey conducted by Gaston and colleagues in 1990?
Failure to refer patients to a specialist
Basic beliefs and core values are part of which of the following sections "The Dental Hygiene Code of Ethics"?
Fundamental principles
The first ethical code dates back to the time of Greek physician
Hippocrates
The concept of a universal law in ethical thinking was developed by
Immanuel Kant
Which of the following models of professionalism described by Ozar is considered to be the most desirable?
Interactive model
who was responsible for writing a political philosophy essay in the mid-1800s that is the basis for societal presumption that individuals are free to act as they see fit?
John Stuart Mill
Each of the following is listed under the ADHA standards of professional responsibility EXCEPT one. Which one is the EXCEPTION?
Liberty
Which of the following is the top stage of competency according to the expert learning continuum?
Master
Each of the following is one of the major findings of oral health in America EXCEPT one. Which one is the EXCEPTION?
No more information is needed to improve oral health and eliminate health disparities.
According to Garetto and Yoder, we do not have a responsibility for accessibility to health care for which of the following groups?
None of the above
______________ involves situations in which excessive services or services that are unnecessary for a particular case provided.
Overtreatment
Maintaining current knowledge of dental hygiene theory and technique is one facet of which of the following professional traints of a dental hygienist?
Reliability and Responsibility
How many steps are in the ethical decision-making model as interpreted by Atchison and Beemsterboer?
Six
The first code of ethics for dental hygienists was created by
The American Dental Hygienists Association (ADHA)
Which of the following organizations developed the standards for clinical dental hygiene practice?
The American Dental Hygienists Association (ADHA)
ture/false The responsibility and power for legislative protection of the public rest with the dental schools and dental hygiene programs. The primary purpose of licensure is to protect the health and safety of the public.
The first statement is false, the second statement is true.
true/false Lack of access to health care can be caused by fear and complex psychosocial or cultural assumptions.How to address the need is a social responsibility of all health care professionals working with public agencies but not private agencies.
The first statement is true, and the second statement is false.
true/false The first Surgeon General's report on oral health was published in 2000. There have been more than 50 surgeon general reports on oral health published since that time.
The first statement is true, and the second statement is false.
Which of the following is true of Piaget's theory of cognitive moral development?
The model categorized stages in the moral development of male children.
True/false The first Surgeon General's report on oral health established that oral health should be looked at separately from general health, because oral health is critical component of overall health.
The statement is NOT correct, but the reason is correct.
true/false If a dentist intentionally charges an insurance company for procedures not performed it is an ethical dilemma, because an ethical dilemma occurs when one or more ethical principles are in conflict.
The statement is NOT correct, but the reason is correct.
Which of the following represents the highest stage of Kohlberg's three level model of moral development?
Universal ethical principle orientation
A code of ethics is
a refernce and guide
All of the professional traits of a health care professional a rooted in
beneficence
Gilligan believes that complete moral development occurs in the context of
both male justice and female ethic of care
Learning what is expected of a professional person reinforces ___________ in the developing professional.
character traits
The ethical decision making model presented in the text is diagrammed as a
circle
Each of the following is true of code of ethics EXCEPT one? Which one is the EXCEPTION?
codes of ethics are legal mandates
A hygienist who us unfamiliar with placing dental sealants should
defer placing sealants until achieving competency.
Which of the following standards for clinical dental hygiene practice requires interpretation of assessments in order to reach conclusions about the dental hygiene treatment needs?
dental hygiene diagnosis
Some of the choices that the dental hygienist will face will be simple issues of right and wrong, whereas others may be ethical ___________ that requires careful decision making.
dilemmas
American Dental Education Association ADEA recommendations for improving the oral health status of all Americans includes increasing the
diversity of the oral health workforce
A person's cognitive moral development ____________ stop developing at a specific age, and their ability to employ what they understand in actual decisions ___________ stop developing at a specific age.
does not; does not
A major purpose of professional code of ethics is to bind the members of a group together by expressing their goals and aspirations, as well as define
expected standards of behavior
It is reasonable to assume that the professions find codes of ethics and standards of professional behavior to be
extremely valuable
Both nonmaleficence and beneficence require the physician to do what will best benefit the patient, which is ________________ approach.
female ethic of care
The _________ goals of the dental hygiene code of ethics are listed in the beginning of the code, and these capture the essence of why the code is important to the dental hygienists and the public.
four
According to Piaget's Four stage model of moral development, a person accepts the moral authority of others during the ___________ stage.
heteronomous
The most critical step in the ethical decision making model is to
identify the ethical dilemma or problem
Which of the following correctly represents the sequence of the first three steps of the decision making model?
identify the ethical dilemma or problem, collect information, and state the options
The final step of the six step model decision making model is to
implement the decision
Avoiding harm _________ always possible and promoting good _________ always possible in practice of dental hygiene.
is not; is not
It _______ prudent [and or but] it ______ feasible for dental hygienist employee setting in which a solo dentist or small group of dentist owns and manages the dental care business to provide free or discounted dental hygiene care.
is not; is not
There ________ a legal mandate for dental care to be available to all persons in the US, and the provision of dental care _______ applied equally.
is not; is not
A professional must consider our obligations as a group, by honoring the _________ principle in the code of ethics and sharing ethical concerns as a moral community.
justice
The main normative principles in health care are nonmaleficence, beneficence, autonomy, and
justice
The principle of __________ is concerned with providing individuals or groups with what is owed, due, or deserved.
justice
The term interprofessional education (IPE) refers to occasions when students from two or more health professions
learn together during part of their professional training
Experiences, as we make sense of them, in turn change the basic conceptual structures which people construct
meanings
Which of the following states does not require a license to practice as a dental hygienist?
none of the above
Causing some degree of harm when that harm will lead to greater good be desirable as well as necessary according to the principle of double effect which is part of
nonmaleficence
After entering professional practice, it becomes the ________________ of those professionals to help regulate their profession.
obligation
Some philosophers have noted that most codes of ethics stress the ___________ of health care professionals rather than decide the ____________ of those receiving health care services.
obligations; rights
Which of the following is characteristic of successful moral education programs?
participant involvement in discussion of moral dilemma
Externally established rules determine right and wrong action for which of the following levels of reasoning according to Kohlberg's three level model of moral development?
preconventional reasoning
A ____________ is a general normative standard of conduct, holding that a particular decision or action is true or right or good for all people in all times and all places.
principle
The responsibility of all oral health care professionals to assist and lead society in finding solutions to oral health disparities is based on the historic definition of a
profession
According to the ethicist Laurence McCullough, which of the following is one of the two virtues required in a professional person?
self-effacement
The higher standards expressed in a professional code of ethics and enforced by those within the profession represents
self-regulating behavior
The three fundamental ethical principles of the "physician charter" include the primary of patient welfare, patient autonomy, and the principle of
social justice
Two reports from the Institute of medicine int he early 2000s advocated increased professionalism and ________ as a part of improving quality and bridging the gaps in health care.
social justice
Many factors besides finances must be identified when determining why certain populations become patients and others do not, including
social, political, economic, and cultural factors.
According to Campbell and Rogers, moral uncertainty exists when
there is a question as to whether a moral obligation exists.
________________ refers to the kind of moral thinking that is concerned with considering the consequences of alternative courses of action before deciding on a right action.
utilitarian ethics
Moral __________ occurs when moral responsibilities conflict with personal inclinations.
weakness