Ethics In Criminal Justice Midterm Review

The type of justice that seeks to achieve the greatest good for all is called: a. utilitarian justice b. restorative justice c. compensatory justice d. egalitarian justice

a. utilitarian justice

the peacemaking process is composed of three parts: connectness, caring, and: a. respect b. mindfulness c. fairness d. equity

B. mindfulness

the roots of restorative justice can be found as far back as: a. Mayan and Aztec law b. Chinese law c. Roman and Grecian law d. Common law

Roman and Grecian law

Social learning theory was developed by: a. Albert Bandura b. Jean Piaget c. F. Skinner d. Erik Erikson

a. Albert Bandura

according to the chapter, which of the following is NOT a valid component of civil disobedience? a. any action must be approved by the majority of the community b. a major moral issue must be at stake c. it must be non-violent d. no other legitimate means of correcting the issue should be available

a. any action must be approved by the majority of the community

In Brown's typology of police styles the old style crime fighters: a. are concerned only with action that might be considered crime control b. avoided situations where they might be challenged c. balanced coercion with compassion d. had citizens solve problems and made deals to keep the peace

a. are concerned only with action that might be considered crime control

Retributive justice is best described by what term? a. balance b. deterrence c. compensation d. rehabilitation

a. balance

In terms of undercover operations, ethical formalism would most likely: a. condemn undercover operations where innocent people are deceived because the actions could not be justified under the categorical imperative b. support undercover operations even if innocent people are deceived, as long as the greater good was being served. c. support undercover operations under any circumstances d. allow undercover operations only if the general community approved the action ahead of time

a. condemn undercover operations where innocent people are deceived because the actions could not be justified under the categorical imperative

The power and authority to choose one of two or more alternative behaviors is known as: a. discretion b. coercion c. value analysis d. duty

a. discretion

which type of justice is concerned with the allocation of society's resources? a. distributive justice b. commutative justice c. exemplary justice d. corrective justice

a. distributive justice

Which of the following best describes a situation in which an individual is faced with at least two courses of action and the decision is difficult? a. ethical issue b. ethical dilemma c. social dilemma d. ethical crisis

a. ethical issue

___________________ is different from other three means of control in that it is physical. a. force b. authority c. argument d. persuasion

a. force

Which part of the brain is associated with feelings of empathy, shame, and moral reasoning? a. frontal lobes b. inferior parietal lobe c. left hemisphere d. right hemisphere

a. frontal lobes

According to the text, the most common reasons for false convictions include all of the following except: a. inaccurate reporting in the media b. false confessions c. inaccurate eyewitness identifications d. mishandled evidence

a. inaccurate reporting in the media

Cognitive dissonance, modeling, and reinforcement are all elements of: a. learning theory b. Kohlberg's moral stages theory c. ethical fading d. moral disengagement theory

a. learning theory

the concept that calls for retaliatory punishments such as "an eye for an eye" is known as: a. lex talionis b. lex salica c. lex rasa d. lex mala

a. lex talionis

which theory of distributive justice would be most opposed to government involvement in the distribution of goods? a. libertarian b. utilitarian c. egalitarian d. marxist

a. libertarian

According to the text, injury to the frontal lobe of the brain can result in all of the following except: a. memory loss b. decreased attention span c. a difficulty following directions d. tactless behavior

a. memory loss

The term "entrapment" refers to an incident wherein an otherwise innocent person commits an illegal act because: a. of police encouragement or enticement b. they were told by police that it was not against the law c. he or she was following the lead of an informant d. they were unable to leave the location

a. of police encouragement or enticement

the idea that workers feel they are being treated fairly is known as: a. organizational justice b. occupational fairness c. workgroup morality d. ethical climate

a. organizational justice

_____________________ is the right of people in certain roles to use any means to overcome resistance. a. power b. duty c. authority d. persuasion

a. power

the concepts of community policing, problem-orientated policing, and accountability mechanisms are components of which model of policing? a. preventative policing b. reactive policing c. traditional policing d. intelligence-led policing

a. preventative policing

an on-duty lifeguard who runs into the ocean to rescue a drowning child, risking his or her own life to do so, has performed a(n): a. professional duty b. imperfect duty c. supererogatory action d. values-driven duty

a. professional duty

a shift in police focus away from serving political bosses toward serving the law was a characteristic of the: a. professional era b. community policing era c. political era d. legalistic era

a. professional era

according to Kohlberg, which is the first stage of moral development? a. punishment and obedience orientation b. instrument and relativity orientation c. social contract orientation d. law and order orientation

a. punishment and obedience orientation

In confrontations between police and citizens, research has shown that facts leading to disrespectful interaction include each of the following except: a. time of day b. presence of intoxicants c. number of bystanders d. being in a disadvantaged neighborhood

a. time of day

according to research provided in the text, which of the following is NOT a factor associated with the use of force by police? a. time of year b. suspects mental illness c. suspects gang membership d. presence of onlookers

a. time of year

deterrence is the central theme of what theory of corrective justice? a. utilitarian b. retributive c. substantive d. compensatory

a. utilitarian

all public servants have the following characteristics except: a. paid from public purse b. job security regardless of performance c. special duties d. held to higher standard

b job security regardless of performance

the concept of hedonistic calculus is associated with: a. Rawls b. Bentham c. Hirschi d. Sutherland

b. Bentham

the crime control and due process models were developed by: a. Carl Klockars b. Herbert Packer c. Lawrence Sherman d. John Crank

b. Herbert Packer

the classic father confessor approach to interrogations involves: a. physical force in the form of beatings to get a confession b. a sympathetic figure for the defendant to confide to c. one nice officer and a seemingly brutal, threatening officer d. one nice officer and a seemingly uncaring, withdrawn officer

b. a sympathetic figure for the defendant to confide to

An ethical system that judges the consequences of an act is reffered to as: a. deontological ethical system b. a teleological ethical system c. a formal ethical system d. a kantian ethical system

b. a teleological ethical system

Which ethical system is most likely to support the harassing and inconveniencing of a racial minority group because it being done in the pursuit of a justifiable goal such as preventing terrorism? a. an ethical formalist system b. a utilitarian system c. a relativist system d. a rational system

b. a utilitarian system

a structured set of principles that defines what is moral is referred to as: a. a norm system b. an ethical system c. a morality guide d. a value inventory

b. an ethical system

Lies that are used to control a suspect or to avoid the use of force are called: a. deviant lies b. blue lies c. tolerated lies d. accepted lies

b. blue lies

Self-efficiency, an individual's feelings of competence, is developed by: a. earning praise from a supervisor b. comparing one's self to other c. participating in training d. participating in therapy

b. comparing one's self to others

________________ are often put into place to guard against ethic problems but sometimes have the unintended effect of actually increasing unethical behavior. a. polygraph examinations b. compliance systems c. honor systems d. security cameras

b. compliance systems

substantive justice and procedural justice are components of: a. distributive justice b. corrective justice c. punitive justice d. restorative justice

b. corrective justice

which of the following was not mentioned as a consequence of recent events involving police use of force? a. body cameras for police b. disarming local police officers c. special prosecutors d. citizen review boards

b. disarming local police officers

The continuum-of-force approach allows the officer to: a. overwhelm the suspect with force to deter resistance b. employ increasing levels of force in direct response to escalating resistance of the suspect c. call for assistance from additional officers if a suspect is unruly d. remain at a safe distance from a violent suspect until backup arrives

b. employ increasing levels of force in direct response to escalating resistance of the suspect

which system suggests that there are no moral absolutes, and that what is deemed "good" and "bad" can be different from group to group? a. moral absolutism b. ethical relativism c. sub-cultural moralism d. global relativism

b. ethical relativism

an ethical system which bases ethics largely upon one's character and possession of certain valued qualities is: a. ethics of care b. ethics of virture c. ethical formalism d. enlightened egoism

b. ethics of virtue

as a proponent of utilitarianism, Jeremy Bentham believed that the morality of an action should be determined by: a. whether it enriches the person committing the act b. how much it contributes to the good of the majority c. how closely it aligns with one's religious upbringing d. how closely it aligns with the law

b. how much it contributes to the good of the majority

which is not considered a moral virtue? a. thriftiness b. industriousness c. love d. honesty

b. industriousness

Civilians who are used to obtain facts and intelligence about criminal activity and/or participate in it so evidence can be obtained for an arrest are called a. snitch b. informants c. tattlers d. witness

b. informants

the term ___________ refers to what is judged as good conduct. a. values b. morality c. honor d. goodness

b. morality

which ethical system embraces human's inclination for self-preservation? a. ethical formalism b. natural law c. ethics of care d. ethics of virtue

b. natural law

____________ ethics determine what people ought to do and defines moral duties based on ethical systems or other means of analysis. a. applied b. normative c. professional d. conventional

b. normative

In order to determine whether entrapment has occurred, the ___________________ approach examines the governments participation and whether it has exceeded accepted legal standards. a. secondary b. objective c. subjective d. primary

b. objective

According to South, some of the ethical problems with informants include all of the following except: a. officers becoming personally involved with informants b. overestimating the veracity of the informants information. c. using coercion and intimidation to forced the informant to cooperate d. falsely complimenting the informant to make him feel essential to the operation

b. overestimating the veracity of the informant's information

according to Klockars, what are the four elements of police power? a. power, persuasion, threat, and force b. power, persuasion, force, and authority c. authority, threat, force, and persuasion d. force, coercion, persuasion, authority

b. power, persuasion, force, and authority

__________________ is an approach to corrective justice that focuses on meeting the needs of offenders as well as victims: a. distributive justice b. restorative justice c. civil justice d. utilitarian justice

b. restorative justice

according to the text, the first step necessary to clarify any dilemma is: a. identify of potential values involved b. review all the facts c. identify all possible moral dilemmas d. interview all those involved

b. review all possible facts

according to the text, which of the following is not a factor affecting the ethical climate of an organization? a. leadership b. state and local laws c. reward structure d. organizational messages

b. state and local laws

While duties are what you are expected to do, _____________ are commendable but not required actions. a. functions b. supererogatories c. imperfect duties d. obligations

b. supererogatories

According to the text, ethical issues involve broad social questions, often concerning the governments social control mechanisms and: a. the cost to the public b. the impact on those being governed c. the influence of religion d. public opinion

b. the impact on those being governed

There are two approaches used to determine whether entrapment has occurred: a. the primary and the secondary approaches b. the objective and the subjective approaches c. the before and after-the-fact approaches d. whether entrapment has occurred cannot be determined

b. the objective and the subjective

the "blue curtain of secrecy" refers to: a. the law that prevents the release of some victim information from police reports b. the practice of police officers to remain silent when fellow officers commit unethical actions c. the practice of voting in secret during elections of police union leaders d. the news media's reluctance to report on certain police issues

b. the practice of police officers to remain silent when fellow officers commit unethical actions

aristotle's concept of moderation in which one should not err toward excess of deficiency, is called: a. the principle of eudaimonia b. the principle of the golden mean c. the principle of moral latitude d. the principle of the moral exemplar

b. the principle of the golden mean

In Browns typology of police styles, which type of officer emphasizes public order and peace officer tasks? a. the professional-style officer b. the service-style officer c. the clean-beat officer d. the old-style crime fighter

b. the service-style officer

In the case of United States v. Russel, which approach to determine entrapment did the U.S. Supreme Court endorse? a. the objective approach b. the subjective approach c. the combined approach d. the U.S. Supreme court refused to endorse any particular method

b. the subjective approach

Persuasion is defined as: a. the right to inherent in a role to use any means to overcome resistance b. the use of signs, symbols, words, and arguments to induce compliance c. the use of force and coercion to get one's way d. the unquestionable entitlement to be obeyed that comes from fulfilling a specific role

b. the use of signs, symbols, words, and arguments to induce compliance

In Barker and Carter's proposed typology of lies, those that are considered "necessary evils" are known as: a. deviant lies b. tolerated lies c. encouraged lies d. placebo lies

b. tolerated lies

_______________________ theories of distributive justice attempt to maximize benefits for overall society. a. libertarian b. utilitarian c. egalitarian d. marxist

b. utilitarian

if personal qualities such as honesty or kindness are important to you, these traits would be: a. ethics b. values c. morals d. supererogatories

b. values

the system known as "ethics of virtue" is associated with: a. Kant b. Aquinas c. Aristotle d. Hobbes

c. Aristotle

which of the following is NOT an example of an imperfect duty? a. a duty to be honest b. a duty to be generous c. a duty to take your life d. a duty to help the poor

c. a duty to take your life

Employing ethical principles to address specific issues such as social research or medical practice is called: a. meta-ethics b. normative ethics c. applied ethics d. practical ethics

c. applied ethics

which of "the six pillars of character" encompasses the ideas of altruism and benevolence? a. citizenship b. trustworthiness c. caring d. respect

c. caring

Which of the following statements about police subculture is false? a. increasing diversity of police recruits has eliminated the social homogeneity of the workforce b. civil litigation has increased the risk of covering for another officer c. decreasing crime rates have reduced the need for a "code of silence" d. police unions have contributed to the weakening of the police subculture

c. decreasing crime rates have reduced the need for a "code of silence"

which of the following is not one of Braswell's reasons to study ethics? a. develop critical thinking skills b. become aware and open to ethical issues c. develop hindsight d. become more personally responsible

c. develop hindsight

which theory of distributive justice starts with the basic premise of equality? a. libertarian b. utilitarian c. egalitarian d. marxist

c. egalitarian

According to the objective approach, if the state provided an "essential element" that made the crime possible, or if there was extensive and coercive pressure on the defendant to engage in criminal actions, a court might rule that: a. the defendant was guilty b. the case can move to the trial stage c. entrapment has occurred d. entrapment has not occurred

c. entrapment has occurred

Cohen and Feldberg proposed five ethical standards that can be derived from the social contract between society and the individuals. Which of the following is NOT one of these standards? a. teamwork b. objectivity c. equality d. fair access

c. equality

Which ethical system is most consistent with a marxist theory of distributive justice? a. ethics of virtue b. ethical formalism c. ethics of care d. utilitarianism

c. ethics of care

As defined in the text, the mediator between peoples essential selfishness and generosity is referred to as: a. law b ethics c. justice d. mercy

c. justice

the crime control approach is consistent with the following except: a. criminals are the enemy b. police officers are like soldiers in a war c. police officers serve all the people d. efficiency is a top priority

c. police officers serve all the people

Scheingold points to each of the following as a contributing factor to the development of the police subculture except: a. police work in a stressful work environment b. police typically form a homogenous social group c. police perceive themselves as receiving unfair treatment from the media d. police officers participate in a basically closed social system

c. police perceive themselves as receiving unfair treatment from the media

someone who gives to charity or volunteers for the purpose of creating emotional pleasure for himself is exhibiting: a. enlightened egoism b. altruistic egoism c. psychological egoism d. religious egoism

c. psychological egoism

Which of the following is a type of test that measure an individual's ability to recognize and/or agree with moral terms? a. memory tests b. spatial skills test c. recognition tests d. intelligence tests

c. recognition tests

Which of the following is not a requirement of ethical systems? a. universal in nature b. authoritative c. rooted in religion d. not-self serving

c. rooted in religion

The __________________ approach looks at the defendant's background, character, and predisposition toward crime to determine if entrapment occurred. a. secondary b. objective c. subjective d. primary

c. subjective

while ________________ justice involves the concept of "just deserts", __________________ justice concerns the steps we must take before determining guilt and administering punishment. a. procedural; substantive b. substantive; distributive c. substantive; procedural d. procedural; distributive

c. substantive; procedural

Which of the following statements about interrogations is true? a. the "third degree" approach involves a sympathetic paternal figure to whom the defendant confides b. the "good cop/bad cop" approach is only used in the movies and on television c. the "third degree" is no longer officially allowed d. the father confessor approach typically involves physical force

c. the "third degree" is no longer officially allowed

according to Beccaria's and Bentham's utilitarian rationale, punishment should be based on: a. the character of the victim b. the concept of mercy c. the seriousness of the crime d. the social status of the perpetrator

c. the seriousness of the crime

force is defined as: a. the right to inherent in a role to use any means to overcome resistance b. the use of signs, symbols, words, and arguments to induce compliance c. the use of physical coercion to overcome the will of the individual d. the unquestionable entitlement to be obeyed that comes from fulfilling a specific role

c. the use of physical coercion to overcome the will of the individual

which of the following is one of the three principles of ethical decision making as described by Krogstand and Robertson? a. the egoistic principle b. the golden mean principle c. the utilitarian principle d. the ethical principle

c. the utilitarian principle

In Barker and Carter's typology of lies, accepted lies are: a. those that occur in court, for the purpose of securing a conviction b. used to control a violent or dangerous person c. those used during undercover investigations d. never acceptable in police work

c. those used during undercover investigations

The __________ principle directs a decision maker to act according to a specific, unbending rule. a. generalization b. imperative c. utilitarian d. golden mean

c. utilitarian

the authority of religious ethics, in particular such as those of Judeo-Christian ethics, stems from a god that is: a. present in nature b. never questioned c. willful and rational d. a reflection of each individual

c. willful and rational

Which of the following statements is NOT an example of an ethical issue? a. a legislature deciding what sentences to attach to certain crimes b. a governor signing a bill that would decriminalize the use of soft drugs c. a chief of police enacting a policy meant to reduce racial profiling d. a prosecutor deciding which charges to file in a particular case

d. a prosecutor deciding which charges to file in a particular case

according to the "corruption continuum", organizations can become corrupt through all of the following except: a. administrative indifference toward integrity b. ignoring obvious ethical problems c. hypocrisy and fear-dominated culture d. charismatic leadership

d. charismatic leadership

the voluntary breaking of established laws based on one's moral beliefs is called: a. due process b. moral exception c. ethical justice d. civil disobedience

d. civil disobedience

a model of law enforcement that addresses underlying problems rather than simply enforcing the law is referred to as: a. crime control policing b. reactive policing c. traditional policing d. community policing

d. community policing

According to the text, which of the following represents the first step in the process of ethical analysis? a. considering the possible outcomes b. collecting input from others c.reviewing any relevant policies d. determining if there is any relevant law

d. determining if there is any relevant law

the four major themes of formal ethical codes for law enforcement include all except: a. fairness b. personal conduct c. service d. education

d. education

Wolfe and Piquero found that officers who perceived that organizational procedures were fair were less likely to: a. resign prior to retirement b. call in sick c. file discrimination lawsuits d. engage in misconduct

d. engage in misconduct

Immanual Kant is most associated with which ethical system? a. utilitarianism b. ethics or care c. ethics of virtue d. ethical formalism

d. ethical formalism

the use of facts and objective reasoning to most effectively reach a decision or understand a problem is known as: a. qualitative analysis b. discretion c. ethical balance d. ethical thinking

d. ethical thinking

according to Anthony Walsh, our sense of "moral outrage" and emotional need for justice developed through the process of: a. divine intervention b. philosophical argument c. government and laws d. evolution

d. evolution

Souryal argued that there are different kinds of loyalty to superiors or to fellow officers, including all of the following except: a. integrated loyalty b. personal loyalty c. institutional loyalty d. fragmented loyalty

d. fragmented loyalty

Which of the following is NOT an example of an ethical issue as defined in the text? a. whether to legally recognize same-sex marriage b. how to deal with an influx of immigrants c.whether to abolish the death penalty d. howto punish one's teenage child for skipping school

d. how to punish on'es teenage child for skipping school

which of the following is not one of "the six pillars of character" presented in the text? a. fairness b. caring c. respect d. humility

d. humility

Which statement about hypothetical imperatives is true? a. hypothetical imperatives command action that is necessary without any reference to intended purposes or consequences b. hypothetical imperatives refer to the concept that some things just must be and don't require further justification. c. hypothetical imperatives refer to the imperative that you should do your duty and act the you want everyone else to act d. hypothetical imperatives are commands that designate certain actions to attain certain ends

d. hypothetical imperatives are commands that designate certain actions to attain certain ends

the policing strategy that utilizes data analysis to drive decision-making in order to prevent crime is known as: a. professional policing b. traditional policing c. community policing d. intelligence-led policing

d. intelligence-led policing

which theory of distributive justice considers one's needs rather than what one has earned or deserves? a. libertarian b. utilitarian c. egalitarian d. marxist

d. marxist

The discipline investigating the meaning of ethical systems and whether they are relative or are universal is known as: a. normative ethics b. applied ethics c. forensic ethics d. meta-ethics

d. meta-ethics

Research indicates, for instance, that when workers are busy and stressed, they are more likely to make unethical choices because, possibly, the brain processes responsible for ____________________ is already overloaded with other demands. a. remembering ethics training b. perceiving instructions being given c. communicating with co-workers d. rationally deciding the correct action

d. rationally deciding the correct action

According to the text, the last step necessary to clarify any dilemma is: a. identify of potential values involved b. review all the facts c. identify all possible moral dilemmas d. resolve the ethical dilemma by using some means of decision making

d. resolve the ethical dilemma by using some means of decision making

according to Barry, human beings can "know" god's will in three ways. which of the following is not one of these three ways? a. individual conscience b. religious authorities c. holy scriptures d. rites of passage

d. rites of passage

which of the following is NOT one of the steps necessary to analyze ethical dilemmas presented in your text? a. identify all potential values involved b. review all the facts c.decided the most immediate moral or ethical issue d. seek the advice of moral or ethical judges

d. seek the advice of moral or ethical judges

the phrase "ghost in the machine" refers to the incorrect belief that: a. DNA can be altered b. exytocin causes hallucinations c. whistle blowers can make anonymous reports d. the body is separate from the mind

d. the body is separate from the mind

authority is defined as: a. the right inherent in a role to use any means to overcome resistance b. the use of signs and symbols to induce compliance c. the use of words and arguments to induce compliance d. the unquestionable entitlement to be obeyed that comes from fulfilling a specific role

d. the unquestionable entitlement to be obeyed that comes from fulfilling a specific role

In Barker and Carter's proposed typology of lies, "deviant lies" are: a. those that are "necessary evils" b. used to control the person c. those used during undercover investigations d. those used in the courtroom to make a case or cover up a wrongdoing

d. those used in the courtroom to make a case or cover up a wrongdoing