Every. Quiz. Question. Ever.
What does cultural history refer to?
A descriptive and chronological outline of major developments over time
Midden
A mound or deposit containing shells, animal bones, and other refuse that indicates a site of human activity
What is food storage?
A risk management strategy that compensates for seasonal resource shortages and the processing and preservation of food stuffs that are to be eaten at a later date
Which of the following is not an artifact? Shell Beads Acorns Chert Hoes Projectile Points
Acorns
Naming an archaeological site involves providing both a common name and designating it with a uniquely coded name based on: the state it's in the county it's in the order the site was listed in that county or city all of the above
All of the above
Using the information from the ethnographic film Cree Hunters of Mistassini, archaeologists are able to provide possible explanations of ______. The disposal of prehistoric animal remains How bone tools were used prehistorically Prehistoric household size and orientation All of the above
All of the above
Which of the following are examples of activity area? Pottery production space Stone tool knapping site Cooking space All of the above
All of the above
Which of the following human behaviors contribute to the site formation processes? Ritual Abandonment Caching All of the above
All of the above
Which of the following is an example of bioturbation? Groundhogs digging holes The growth of tree roots Mole and worm tails All of the above
All of the above
Which of these finds best describes an archaeological site? An entire city A farmstead A cluster of tools and debitage All of the above
All of the above
Cultural Heritage Management
Allows for the preservation of cultural heritage as well as cultural recources
In Section 106, an undertaking refers to:
Any project, activity or program funded in whole or part under the direct or indirect jurisdiction of a federal agency
National Historic Preservation Act
Applies to federal or federally assisted undertakings in any state on all federal, state, local and private lands
Archaeological Resources Protection Act (ARPA)
Applies to the archaeological resources and the sites on public and Indian lands.Triggered by the excavation or removal or "any archaeological resource located on public" or Indian lands and "activities with such removal"
______ refers to a specific depth a unit level is to be excavated at a time
Arbitrary Level
______ refers to any portable object made by huma beings
Artifact
Geographical regions where distinct communities of plants and animals adapted to a suite of particular environmental conditions are called _____?
Biomes
Which of the following can be dated using the Radiocarbon (C-14 technique)?
Burned corn cobs
Objects made of fired clay are called
Ceramics
LiDAR is used to
Create high-resolution topographic maps
Radiocarbon Dating
Dates accurately from roughly 400 years BP to 50,000 years BP. It is used to date charcoal, wood, seeds, bones, textiles and shells
Chronometric Dating
Dating techniques that provide an actual age in years or a range of years for archaeological artifacts, ecofacts, features, or site
Which of the following dating techniques is the most precise? Radio-carbon dating On-line dating Optically Stimulated Luminescence Dendrochronolgy
Dendrochronology
Using a simple random sampling strategy to investigate an archaeological site means that you are
Digging a specified number of units within the site completely at random, where each unit has an equal chance of being selected
What is the best course of action in the event you find an artifact?
Document what you have found, where you found it, and any other items that may have been associated with your find.
Phase 1 of an archaeological investigation includes
Doing archaeological research of field surveys to identify any cultural resources that may be impacted by a project
Elements of the environment that were collected by people for their use but are not themselves tools or manufactured objects are
Ecofacts
In the film Power, Prestige and Wealth, the "Big Men" from Papa New Guinea refer to people holding positions situated within ______ societies.
Egalitarian
True or False: A pile of lithic debitage that is discarded in the place of manufacture after stone tool production is an example of a secondary deposit
False
True or False: A total station is used to determine the elemental composition of ceramics
False
True or False: After moving your trash into a dump, the dump is an example of a primary deposit.
False
True or False: Archaeological Households were the exact same as ours today
False
True or False: Archaeological excavation does not involve destroying the site
False
True or False: Archaeological fieldwork is conducted in a safe and hazard-free environment with no risks
False
True or False: Clustered random sampling does not involve the creation of subgroups within the unit population
False
True or False: Environmental determinists do not ascribe causation to the environment and they investigate the many different ways in which different peoples responded, reacted, adjusted, and adapted to the environment
False
True or False: LiDAR is a noninvasive technique used to analyze the elemental composition of stone
False
True or False: Political evolution occurs as soon as a population hits a fixed number and is always unilineal
False
True or False: Seriation provides archaeologists a method used for chronometric dating
False
True or False: The environment is the only causal factor that determines how human groups behave and adapt over time
False
True or False: Volcanoes only destroy archaeological sites
False
Archaeological and cultural resource management laws only protect archaeological resources on?
Federal and state lands, public lands, and privately-owned property
Out of the choices below, what are ways archaeologists can recover food remains of various sizes from excavated soil? Neutron Activation Analysis Flotation Diffusion All of the above
Flotation
Chiefdom
Form of organization that consists of inherited rank. Prestige and power is passed on from generation to generation
Egalitarian
Form of organization that consists of no formal or inherited rank. Positions have no real power over peers
Archaeologists often use which piece of technology to precisely record the location of a site as well as all test squares or shovel pits
GPS
Characterized first phase of American Archaeology as "the speculative period"
Gordon Willey and Jeremy Sabloff
How does food storage or caching affect a group's level of mobility?
Groups are tethered to particular areas since they must return where goods are stored
Which of the following do foragers NOT do? Hunt, fish, and collect wild foods Heavily rely on agriculture and farming technology Move often Live in small groups
Heavily rely on agriculture and farming technology
Global Positioning System (GPS)
Instrument tat can determine the precise location of any point on earth through the use of satellites
In 1650, who used the Old and New Testament of the Bible to calculate the age of the world as approximately 5,600 years?
James Ussher
Recently conducted field work at the Sleeping Bear Dunes and was the TA for the coures
Jeff Painter
In 1979, after finding the bones of extinct animals and chipped stone axes in the same distinct layer of soil at the bottom of a deep quarry shaft in Hoxne, this Englishman determined there was en existence of an ancient race of human beings
John Frere
_______ was an early proponent of the theory of cultural ecology
Julian Steward
Initiated an archaeological excavation of the remains of Larsa 2,500 years ago
King Nabonidus
For the Mistassini Cree, how did the sub-arctic environment limit their way of life?
Large groups of people could not live together because there would not be enough game to hunt to feed everyone, and winter critically limited how much they could move around
The relative position of an archaeological object in a sequence of layers determines its age relative to other objects found in the stratigraphic sequence. This refers to the _____
Law of superposition
_____ argued that archaeology should be more firmly grounded in the field of archaeology due to the unique position archaeology has to illuminate the evolution of cultural adaptation
Lewis Binford
Any material composed of stone is referred to as
Lithic
Stone Street Ancestral Recovery Project was
Located in Flint, MI, a native american burial ground, and an inadvertent discovery through construction
Which of the following qualities do not apply to chert? Cryptocrystalline litchis selected for its conchoidal fracture qualities Possesses the ability to produce very fine, sharp edges Contains highly predictable fracturing patterns Macrocrystalline lithic whose coarse structure makes it ideal for grinding other materials
Macrocrystalline lithic whose coarse structure makes it ideal for grinding other materials
The portion of the human strategy that involves making and using objects is referred to as
Material Culture
Universal Transverse Mercator (UTM)
Military grid system based on the metric system and used by cartographers
Section 106 is a part of what federal regulation?
National Historic Preservation Act
Settlement pattern is best defined as the _______
Nature of land use and the resulting distribution across a landscape of habitations, work areas, burial grounds, sacred places, resource extraction areas, and so on, by a human group
A scientist who studies the fossil remains of dinosaurs is called
Paleontologist
Sedentary
Populations live in one place all year long, relying upon local resources
Nomadic
Populations move from place to place, on a regular schedule, following the availability of resources
State
Power is centralized. There is a clear separation of class
Potassium Argon Dating
Provides dates of rocks, not when humans utlized or manufactured the artifact. Age determination range from approximately 100,000 BP through approximately 4.6 Bya
What is experimental archaeology?
Recreating or replicating technology and behaviors seen in the archaeological record to test and generate new hypotheses concerning life in the past.
Seriation
Relative Dating technique based on a common pattern of change in material culture
Archaeologists refer to broken pieces of pottery as _______.
Sherds
The location where an archaeological artifact, ecofact, or feature and the materials with which it is found refers to
Spatial Context
Which of the following techniques are used to assign relative dates to a site or an artifact? Stratigraphic Analysis Ordering artifacts based upon the half-life of isotopes Seriation
Stratigraphic analysis AND Seriation
Archaeology only allows a particular site to be excavated once. As such, we must
Take detailed notes of all finds, spatial contexts and associations, and collect as much of the artifacts and ecofacts as possible
If you were to recover the remains of polar bears, seals, and caribou at a site, one could infer that the environment during the time of occupation was similar to ______?
The arctic
What types of data are critical for interpreting the function of rooms at archaeological sites?
The artifacts and features present, including spacial context, and ethnographtic data
Behavioral Context refers to
The artifacts and features present, including spatial context where they are found and the material manifestation of human behaviors
How are human groups and the environment linked?
The environment cannot cause people to behave a certain way, but it certainly constrains limitations and possibilities
Law of Superposition
The relative age of a stratum determined by its position in an undisturbed vertical sequence of number of layers (strata)
What is cultural ecology?
The study of interrelationships between human groups and their environment
Archaeobotany
The study of plant remains found at archaeological sites
Ethnobotany
The study of the traditional knowledge and customs of a people concerning plants and their medical, religious, and other uses
Cultural Resource Management
The study, preservation, and protection of archaeological and historical sites
Why do archaeologists dig?
To collect material culture, to answer specific questions and test hypotheses, and to salvage or protect natural recources
Dendrochronology refers to
Tree ring dating
NAGPRA
Triggered by intentional excavations or inadvertent discoveries of human remains, funerary objects, sacred objects or objects of cultural patrimony
True or False: Ethnographic data is very important in archaeological research
True
True or False: In order to accurately recreate what happened in the past, archaeologists must work carefully to recover as much of the little scraps of evidence as possible
True
True or False: Indigenous perspectives on cultural heritage preservation refer to the passing of cultural knowledge to future generations through the continued use of sites
True
True or False: Plant materials (especially phytoliths) and animal remains (especially blood) can be recovered from the surface of artifacts
True
True or False: Sites can occasionally be located by changes in vegetation or the presence of unusual plants
True
Relative Dating refers to _____?
When you place artifacts or sites in chronological order but do not assign a calendrical date
Dendrochronology dates the year in which
a tree died
The extrasomatic means of adaptation used as a strategy of an individual group of people refers to
culture
A fixed point of origin used to create an arbitrary grid of squares, typically established on top of larger sites is called the
datum
This noninvasive technique utilizes an instrument to emit an electromagnetic radio pulse into the earth. The pulse encounters objects in the soil and is reflected back to the detector. This is called
ground penetrating radar (GPR)
A scientist who studies pollen is known as _______.
palynologist
The exact location of an artifact, ecofact, or feature is called its
provenience