Evolution CH10 Test

4 Examples of Fossil and Anatomical evidence

1) DNA sequence analysis: The more related two organisms are, the more similar their DNA will be. Because there are thousands of genes in even simple organisms, DNA contains a huge amount of information on evolutionary history. 2) Pseudogenes: Pseudogenes are like vestigial structures. They no longer function but are still carried along with functional DNA. They can also change as they are passed on through generations, so they provide another way to figure out evolutionary relationships. Similarities between pseudogenes reflect a common ancestor 3) Homeobox genes: Homeobox genes control the development of specific structures. They also indicate a very distant common ancestor. Evidence of homeobox gene clusters are found in organisms that lived as far back as 600 million years ago. 4) Protein comparisons: Similarities among cell types across organisms can be revealed by comparing their proteins, a technique called molecular fingerprinting. A unique set of proteins are found in specific types of cells, such as liver or muscle cells. Cells from different species that have the same proteins most likely come from a common ancestor.

Species

A group of similar organisms that can breed and produce fertile offspring.

Fitness

A measure of the ability to survive and produce more offspring relative to other members of the population in a given environment

Natural Selection

A mechanism by which individuals that have inherited beneficial adaptations produce more offspring on average than do other individuals.

Catastrophism

A principle that states that geologic change occurs suddenly

Population

All the individuals of a species that live in an area.

Variation

Any difference between individuals of the same species.

The study of _______________ showed that species could adapt to different environments.

Biogeography

Analogous structures

Body parts that perform a similar function but not structure because they aren't similar in origin

Who is Darwin?

Charles Darwin was a naturalist who proposed the idea of a new theory of evolution. Darwin also developed the theory that showed that animals can contribute to the understanding of humans. He proposed that all living things were descended from a common ancestor and that more-complex forms of life arose from less- complex forms.

Two species that exhibit similar traits during development likely have a ___________________

Common Ancestor

what is the relationship between DNA and Natural Selection

DNA is the carrier of inherited information. Natural selection is the way the environment interacts with the inherited information (DNA). Any combinations of DNA that have good fitness, will tend to survive more and be in the next generation, because of natural selection.

How were Darwin's theories in conflict with the Church?

Darwin arose many scientific observations that rose good questions amongst the society of Christians. This is because many of his scientific observations did not add up to what it had said in the Bible. This caused a separation between the church's belief and Darwin's belief.

What is the importance of Darwin finding fossils?

Darwin found fossils that were evidence of species that had been changing over time. In Argentina, he found fossils of huge animals, such as Glyptodon, a giant armadillo. The fact that these fossils looked like living species suggested that modern animals might have some relationship to fossil forms. These fossils suggested that, in order for such changes to occur, Earth must be much more than 6000 years old. This lead to one of his important theories.

What did Darwin notice while on his voyage?

Darwin noted that the species found on one island looked different from those on nearby islands.

Cladogram

Diagram that shows the evolutionary relationships among a group of organisms

How is being able to jump high an advantage?

Escape from predators

Charles Lyell

Expanded Hutton's theory of gradualism into the theory of uniformitarianism. This theory states that the geologic processes that shape Earth are uniform through time. Lyell observed processes that made small changes in Earth's features.

Genetic Mutations

Formation of new alleles

Frog Disection Notes:

Frogs breathe through their skin, They have small lungs and a big digestive system, They have a bigger abdomen (need for eggs and reproduction) which leads to fitness, Their tongue is attached to the front of the mouth (which is better for sneaking up on food b/c there is a longer tongue)

Explain Connection Between Genetics and Evolution

Genetics is the process by which traits are inherited from one generation to the next. Evolution is the process by which populations adapt to their environments gradually from one generation to the next over long periods of time. However slight changes do have to happen in order for evolution to occur. These slight changes in the DNA/genes are known as mutations, which can be good or bad.

What two things did Darwin observe on his voyage?

He noticed that species have adaptations that allow them to better survive in their environments. He also observed fossil evidence of species are changing over time

How would having a digestive system longer than your body help the frog to better survive?

It allows it to expand when greater amounts of foods are consumed

How is the frog's tongue helpful?

It can spit out 2 inches and can easily catch their food. It's attached to the front so that the frog can stick out its tongue much further. The further away it is from its prey, the prey won't know its there which allows the frog to have better chances to catch its food without the prey running away.

Why is the Frog Two-Toned and how is it good for hiding from predators?

It helps them camouflage itself from predators. The bottom of the frog is a lighter color than the top. This is because if the frog is floating on the top of the water and a prey or predator looks up, the sun's glare makes it harder for the predator to see the frogs.

3 L's (scientist names)

Linnaeus, Lyell, Lamarck

Who proposed the theory of Uniformatarianism?

Lyell

Does Natural Selection occur among physical traits or genetic traits?

Natural selection acts on phenotypes, or physical traits, rather than on genetic material. New alleles are not made by natural selection —they occur by genetic mutations. Natural selection can act only on traits that already exist

Jean-Baptiste Lamarck

Presented evolution as occurring due to environmental change over long periods of time. Best known for his Theory of Inheritance of Acquired Characteristics, first presented in 1801. He believed that traits changed or acquired over an individual's lifetime could be passed down to its offspring.

Fossil

Preserved remnant or traces of ancient organisms

Carolus Linnaeus

Proposed a new system of organization for plants, animals, and minerals, based upon their similarities.

Vestigial Structures

Remnants of organs or structures that had a function in an early ancestor.

Homologous structures

Same structure, different function. Comes from common ancestor.

Heretablitity

The ability of a trait to be passed down from one generation to the next

Where did Darwin discover differences between species?

The differences between species on different islands was especially noticeable in the Galápagos Islands.

Evolution

The gradual change in a species over time (caused by adaptions/mutations)

Artificial Selection

The process by which humans change a species by breeding it for certain traits. To explore this idea, Darwin turned to the hobby of breeding pigeons

Adaption

The process or state of changing to fit a new environment or different conditions.

Gradualism

The theory that evolution occurs slowly but steadily

Uniformitarianism

Theory that states that the geologic processes that shape Earth are constant through time

Why are the frogs lungs so small in comparison to the body compacity of our lungs? How might that be an adaption?

They absorb oxygen through their skin because their skin allows gas to diffuse in and out

What are some examples of adaptions looking at the Frogs?

Tongue, Digestive System, Lungs, Webbed Feet, Color, Legs,

Which two kinds of structures show evidence for a shared ancestry?

Vestigial and homologous structures

Descent with modification

Where species today look different compared to their ancestors because of natural selection

species that are spread out all over the world

biogeography

What are the 4 main principles of Natural Selection that explains how evolution can occur?

• Variation: The differences among individuals are caused by differences in the genetic material of the organisms, whether inherited from a parent or resulted by a genetic mutation. • Overproduction: While having many offspring raises the chance that some will survive, it also results in competition between offspring for resources. • Adaptation: Sometimes a certain variation allows an individual to survive better than other individuals it competes against in its environment. More successful individuals are "naturally selected" to live longer and to produce more offspring that share those adaptations for their environment. • Descent with modification: Over time, natural selection will result in species with adaptations that are well suited for survival and reproduction in an environment. More individuals will have the trait in every following generation, as long as the environmental conditions continue to remain beneficial for that trait