Units 7-9 M/C Exam

B) The use of sports to project national and social aspirations

"When one realizes the influence that the practice of physical exercises may have on the future of a country, and on the force of a whole race, one is tempted to wonder whether Greece is not likely to date a new era from the year 1896." Which of the following offers the best interpretation of the passage above? A) The development of international organizations to promote world peace B) The use of sports to project national and social aspirations C) The growth and diffusion of popular culture globally D) The influence of Social Darwinism among European elites

C) a decline in family size

A demographic trend in industrialized countries worldwide in the late twentieth century was A) a decline in divorce rates B) an increase in birth rates C) a decline in family size D) an increase in infant mortality rates E) an increase in death rates

A) Letters and publications written by Nazi leaders before the Second World War

A historian researching the motives of the perpetrators of the Holocaust would find which of the following sources most useful? A) Letters and publications written by Nazi leaders before the Second World War B) The diary of Anne Frank, written by a Jewish girl who lived in hiding from the Nazis during the Second World War C) Reports of Adolf Hitler's Beer Hall Putsch, his 1923 attempt to take over the German government D) Field reports from American, British, and Russian generals published after the Second World War

C) The official propaganda of gender equality in the Soviet Union

A historian would find the 1931 Soviet poster above most useful in studying which of the following? A) The proportion of women to men working in technically skilled professions in the Soviet Union B) The effects of the introduction of commercial aviation on the Soviet economy C) The official propaganda of gender equality in the Soviet Union D) The degree of advancement of Soviet aviation technology relative to noncommunist countries

C) Established new financial institutions, such as the World Bank.

After the Second World War, countries around the world did which of the following to restore the global economy? A) Created the European Union to coordinate European economic aid to former colonies. B) Developed a common economic aid package for African and Asian states. C) Established new financial institutions, such as the World Bank. D) Allowed the United Nations to take over failing national economies.

C) Established new financial institutions, such as the World Bank.

After the Second World War, countries around the world did which of the following to restore the global economy? A) Created the European Union to coordinate European economic aid to former colonies. B) Developed a common economic aid package for African and Asian states. C) Established new financial institutions, such as the World Bank. D) Allowed the United Nations to take over failing national economies.

D) The Second World War

After which event did the United States and the Soviet Union emerge as superpowers with respect to the rest of the world? A) The United States Civil War B) The promulgation of the Monroe Doctrine C) The First World War D) The Second World War

B) a socialist economic system

All of the following resulted from the French and Russian Revolutions EXCEPT A) a loss of power for the established church B) a socialist economic system C) the execution of the monarch and family D) the rise of a strong autocratic leader

C) centralized planning of the national economy

All of the following were policies pursued by both the United States and the Soviet Union during the Cold War EXCEPT A) reliance on military alliances for national security B) promotion of proxy wars in other states C) centralized planning of the national economy D) development of massive nuclear arsenals

A) The need for reform in order to resist European imperialism

Anticolonial movements like the Congress Party in India and the Young Turks agreed on which of the following? A) The need for reform in order to resist European imperialism B) The desire to return their societies to an earlier preindustrial age C) Their intent to engage in territorial expansion at the expense of their weaker neighbors D) Their emphasis on purely linguistic nationalism E) The need to persuade all anticolonial movements to cooperate with European socialist parties

C) International economic organizations imposing free-market reforms on African states

Artists such as Banksy would most likely argue that the conditions in Africa alluded to in Image 2 are in large part the result of which of the following? A) African governments directing economic development in the aftermath of decolonization B) African countries lacking the natural resources to support sustained economic growth C) International economic organizations imposing free-market reforms on African states D) Regional trade organizations advancing the interests of large African states at the expense of smaller African states

D) encourage Soviet citizens to embrace Western popular culture

Artworks of the type shown in the image were used for all of the following EXCEPT to A) mobilize the Soviet population in support of the policy of "total war" during the Second World War B) showcase Soviet support for the Warsaw Pact during the Cold War C) promote Soviet support for anti-imperialist independence movements in Asia and Africa D) encourage Soviet citizens to embrace Western popular culture

B) They wanted to address the effects of the First World War and mobilize for future conflicts.

As described by Keshavarz in the first paragraph, which of the following would best explain why European countries were implementing policies to increase the size of their populations? A) They had adopted Marxist economic philosophy. B) They wanted to address the effects of the First World War and mobilize for future conflicts. C) They needed to employ the workers who had lost their jobs in the Great Depression. D) They feared a popular backlash against the economic and social costs of the welfare state.

B) To offer an ironic commentary on the triumph of Western consumer culture in communist China

Based on the image and its historical context, which of the following can best be inferred about the artist's primary purpose in creating the painting? A) To celebrate Chinese people's continued devotion to communist ideology and their rejection of capitalism B) To offer an ironic commentary on the triumph of Western consumer culture in communist China C) To support the suppression of dissident thought during the long rule of Mao Zedong D) To make a plea for Westerners to develop a greater understanding of Chinese values

B) The spread of social protests against the inequalities of global economic integration

Based on the images, Banksy's work best illustrates which of the following? A) The trend in modern art toward experimentation with abstract techniques and styles B) The spread of social protests against the inequalities of global economic integration C) The attainment of greater economic and political equality for women worldwide D) The expansion of educational opportunities in developing African, Asian, and Latin American countries

D) The extensive influence of global financial institutions on developing countries

Based on the passage, FARC was most likely reacting against which of the following developments in the late twentieth century? A) The increased international tensions as a result of the Cold War B) The effects of the Green Revolution on genetically modified foods C) The growth of transnational indigenous movements in South America D) The extensive influence of global financial institutions on developing countries

D) the Soviet Union

China's strategy for modernization and economic development in the 1950s most closely resembled the developmental strategy of A) India B) Japan C) Britain D) the Soviet Union E) the United States

D) The Soviet Union

China's strategy for modernization and economic development in the 1950s most closely resembled the developmental strategy of.... A) India B) Britain C) Japan D) The Soviet Union E) The United States

B) The Marxist idea that early societies were classless

Césaire's interpretation of the nature of precolonial societies is most directly influenced by which of the following? A) The capitalist principle that markets will self-regulate B) The Marxist idea that early societies were classless C) The Social Darwinist concept of the survival of the fittest D) The totalitarian concept of the primacy of group interests over individual interests

D) representative democracy

During the 1980s and continuing into the 1990s, the governments of Argentina, Brazil, and Chile moved politically toward A) communism B) totalitarianism C) corporatism D) representative democracy E) Christian socialism

D) the case of the sinking of a battleship and the Battle of Jutland

Goldfarb, in Source 2, most directly supports her claim that the British press during the First World War routinely suppressed important war news by citing A) letters by soldiers complaining of the incompetence of their leaders B) rewards given to journalists by the British government C) the more obtrusive press censorship of German authorities D) the case of the sinking of a battleship and the Battle of Jutland

D) Low-wage laborers migrated from continent to continent.

Historians argue that the twentieth century marks a significant break in world history for all of the following reasons EXCEPT: A) Petroleum use fundamentally changed the relationship of humans to the environment. B) The population of the world increased from 1.6 billion to 6.1 billion people. C) Communists established powerful new states in Russia and China. D) Low-wage laborers migrated from continent to continent.

A) Japanese imperialist policies in East and Southeast Asia in the first half of the twentieth century

Ideas similar to those expressed in the passage would contribute most directly to which of the following? A) Japanese imperialist policies in East and Southeast Asia in the first half of the twentieth century B) Japanese government attempts to mobilize public opinion by promoting the veneration of the emperor in the 1930s and 1940s C) Japan's policy of demilitarization after the end of the Second World War D) Japan's "economic miracle" in the 1960s and 1970s

A) the perceived threat that the Soviet Union and its allies would spread communism

In 1949, NATO was established so that Western leaders could counter A) the perceived threat that the Soviet Union and its allies would spread communism B) free-market advocates in the United States and Great Britain C) the decolonization of Africa and nationalization of Western industry there D) the growing power of developing countries in the United Nations

D) a communist government exerting control over the national economy

In China between 1958 and 1962, Mao Zedong's Great Leap Forward, an effort to make China an industrial power through mass collectivization of agriculture, is best understood as an example of A) an attempt by China to win favor with policy makers in the United States B) a free-market policy designed to position China as a major power in a globalizing economy C) market communism in which the state increasingly cedes control to businesses run by Communist Party associates D) a communist government exerting control over the national economy

D) The mobilization of Indian troops to fight in Great Britain's wars

In Poem 2, the reference to Indian victories on battlefields is best understood in the context of which of the following? A) Violent resistance by Indians to colonial rule B) The drafting of migrants into the militaries of host countries C) Indian resistance to Japanese imperialism D) The mobilization of Indian troops to fight in Great Britain's wars

B) Greater control by women over their own fertility

In developed countries during the second half of the twentieth century, more effective methods of contraception contributed to which of the following? A) A rise in the birth rate among affluent women B) Greater control by women over their own fertility C) A loss of power by women within the patriarchal family D) National suffrage movements and the acquisition of voting rights

D) Adapted their revolutionary theories to reflect the major concerns of the peasants.

In order to achieve victory in China and Vietnam, Asian communists such as Mao Zedong and Ho Chi Minh did which of the following? A) Relied on the leadership of educated urban elites and factory workers. B) Retained key elements of Confucianism while deposing the traditional elites. C) Gained the support of fascists in the Second World War to defeat local enemies. D) Adapted their revolutionary theories to reflect the major concerns of the peasants.

E) educated urban elites

In the early twentieth century, nationalist movements in Africa, Asia, and the Middle East were led primarily by A) the urban working class B) the nobility C) labor unions D) landless peasants E) educated urban elites

D) Antiglobalization activism

In the late twentieth and early twenty-first centuries, which of the following was most directly a response to the business philosophy expressed in the two passages? A) Trade unionism B) Liberation theology C) International Socialism D) Antiglobalization activism

C) Advances in medicine, such as vaccines and antibiotics

In the late twentieth century, which of the following factors would most directly enable governments around the world to achieve the public policy goals outlined in Keshavarz' article? A) The spread of radical nationalist and religious movements B) The political and legal emancipation of women C) Advances in medicine, such as vaccines and antibiotics D) Advances in communication, such as television and the Internet

D) Direct intervention in their economies to speed the process of industrialization

In the mid-twentieth century, which of the following was a similarity between the approaches of China and the Soviet Union in managing their respective economies? A) Insistence on the participation of industrial workers in planning their economies B) Recognition of the independence of satellite states in developing their economies C) Building popular support for their regimes by slowing the pace of industrialization D) Direct intervention in their economies to speed the process of industrialization

B) Russia after the end of the Cold War

In which of the following twentieth-century historical contexts would artists have been most likely to display works that carry messages similar to that conveyed by Wang Guangyi's painting? A) The Soviet Union after the death of Lenin B) Russia after the end of the Cold War C) South Africa under apartheid D) Germany during Nazi rule

D) New concepts of rights and citizenship

Kartini's goals were most clearly advanced by which of the following during the early twentieth century? A) Nationalist rebellions against imperial rule B) The spread of neoliberal economic policies C) New institutions of global cooperation and governance D) New concepts of rights and citizenship

C) nuclear proliferation

The agricultural methods implemented in the third case study could be directly applied to reduce the threat from all of the following environmental or economic challenges that arose during the twentieth century EXCEPT A) global economic inequalities B) species loss and declines in biodiversity C) nuclear proliferation D) industrial pollution and greenhouse gas emissions

A) The collapse of communism in Eastern Europe and the end of the Cold War

The author's point of view regarding the West was likely influenced by which of the following developments at the time he was writing? A) The collapse of communism in Eastern Europe and the end of the Cold War B) The growing strength of environmental protest movements C) The outbreaks of ethnic violence in Africa and Eastern Europe D) The spread of the liberation theology movement in Catholic Latin American states

C) The female population of the four Latin American countries listed is greater than the male population.

The chart above proves which of the following? A) The population of Latin America is greater than that of the Middle East. B) Latin America has a much older population than the Middle East does. C) The female population of the four Latin American countries listed is greater than the male population. D) In the countries of the Middle East the percentage of the population that is under 15 is in the majority. E) The percentage of the population under 15 is greater in Latin America than it is in the Middle East.

B) Economic development policies intensified competition over limited natural resources.

The chart and map best illustrate which of the following aspects of human interactions with the environment in the late twentieth century? A) Industrialization led to increasingly hazardous levels of air and water pollution. B) Economic development policies intensified competition over limited natural resources. C) Urbanization dramatically expanded the per capita rates of freshwater consumption. D) Climate change led to increasing desertification in drought-prone regions.

D) The practice of economic imperialism by industrialized states

The conditions described in the passage are best seen as a continuation of which of the following nineteenth-century developments? A) Attempts to regulate immigration in developing countries B) Increases in agricultural productivity contributing to population growth C) Nationalist rebellions against monarchical rule D) The practice of economic imperialism by industrialized states

B) The shift of manufacturing capacity from the postindustrial countries of the West to the new manufacturing centers in Asia and Latin America

The corporate philosophy reflected in the two passages most directly contributed to which of the following? A) The inability of the Soviet-planned economy to compete successfully with the economies of the United States and other Western countries B) The shift of manufacturing capacity from the postindustrial countries of the West to the new manufacturing centers in Asia and Latin America C) The passage of stronger measures to safeguard workers' and consumers' rights in many developed countries D) Increased popular hostility toward economic migrants and migrations in many countries

A) The effects of migration by former colonial subjects to imperial metropoles

The development of the British cuisine described in the excerpted speech above is best seen as an example of which of the following? A) The effects of migration by former colonial subjects to imperial metropoles B) The spread of culture through new communication technology C) The global spread of western popular and consumer culture D) The resistance to immigration by nativist groups

A) Government control of the national economy

The economic development Stalin describes above was achieved primarily through which of the following? A) Government control of the national economy B) Foreign investment from Western Europe C) Extensive trade with the United States D) Creation of private companies by Russian entrepreneurs

A) Communist efforts to redistribute agricultural land to peasants

The political position advocated by FARC in the passage is most consistent with which of the following in the twentieth century? A) Communist efforts to redistribute agricultural land to peasants B) The increasing use of violence against civilians to achieve political aims C) Governments' joining regional economic blocs D) The increasing globalization of consumer culture

C) The British East India Company's takeover of other European states' colonial possessions in India

The primary rationale for Japan's territorial acquisitions in Southeast Asia during the period 1933-1942, as reflected in Map 2, was most similar to the primary rationale for which of the following? A) The Ottoman Empire's conquest of the Middle East and North Africa B) France's conquests in central and southern Europe under Napoleon C) The British East India Company's takeover of other European states' colonial possessions in India D) The Qing dynasty's expansion into Central Asia

D) The population resettlement following the partition of South Asia into India and Pakistan after independence

The religious tensions alluded to in Poem 2 would result most directly in which of the following? A) The migration of many South Asians to Great Britain B) The development of new syncretic belief systems in India such as Sikhism and Bahaism C) The Japanese invasion of India during the Second World War D) The population resettlement following the partition of South Asia into India and Pakistan after independence

B) Population resettlement caused by redrawing former colonial borders

The relocation of Hindus and Sikhs from Pakistan to India and Muslims from India to Pakistan between 1945 and 1955 reflects which of the following world historical processes? A) The migration of former colonial subjects to imperial metropoles B) Population resettlement caused by redrawing former colonial borders C) The development of ethnic enclaves as these migrants moved for work D) The seasonal migration patterns associated with temporary work

B) Individuals challenging established racial and cultural assumptions

The response by the author to the idea of being sent to Vietnam to "kill wretched people living far away" best exemplifies which of the following late-twentieth-century global processes? A) The globalization of consumer culture B) Individuals challenging established racial and cultural assumptions C) Popular disillusionment with free-market economic policies D) The proliferation of new weapons and military technologies

B) the emphasis on producing high-value consumer goods for export

The rise to economic prominence of many East Asian nations in the 1980s and 1990s entailed A) the creation of the Greater East Asia Co-prosperity Sphere by Japan B) the emphasis on producing high-value consumer goods for export C) the dominance of China's Four Modernizations policy D) huge imports of oil, cars, and electronics into the region from the United States E) the decline of the European Economic Community

C) the reserves, sometimes called Bantustans or African "homelands"

The shaded areas on the map above of South Africa indicate A) "Whites only" areas in the country B) areas of the original Dutch settlements C) the reserves, sometimes called Bantustans or African "homelands" D) other independent African nations E) areas set aside to commemorate the location of Great Zimbabwe

D) Both were able to gain support because of the ineffectiveness and corruption of the existing monarchies.

Which of the following best describes a similarity between the Russian Revolutions of 1917 and the Chinese Revolution of 1911 ? A) Both were initiated in response to invasions by foreign powers. B) Both gained the support of government reformers holding high bureaucratic positions. C) Both were led by members of the working classes who had risen through the ranks of labor unions. D) Both were able to gain support because of the ineffectiveness and corruption of the existing monarchies.

D) Both were able to gain support because of the ineffectiveness and corruption of the existing monarchies.

Which of the following best describes a similarity between the Russian Revolutions of 1917 and the Chinese Revolution of 1911? A) Both were initiated in response to invasions by foreign powers. B) Both gained the support of government reformers holding high bureaucratic positions. C) Both were led by members of the working classes who had risen through the ranks of labor unions. D) Both were able to gain support because of the ineffectiveness and corruption of the existing monarchies.

E) Mao placed emphasis on the revolutionary potential of peasants.

Which of the following best describes an important difference between the theories of revolution of Mao Zedong and those of Lenin? A) Lenin stressed the need for a powerful state structure. B) Lenin thought that Marx's writings were important. C) Mao claimed that Marx's early writings were less valid than Marx's later ones. D) Mao thought that communism was appropriate only for some nations and cultures. E) Mao placed emphasis on the revolutionary potential of peasants.

D) A post-First World War print expressing antiwar sentiment

Which of the following best describes the 1936 lithograph (entitled The Hero) by German artist George Grosz? A) A propaganda poster prepared by the Nazi Party B) A protest poster against the atrocities of the atomic bomb C) A representation of a Holocaust victim D) A post-First World War print expressing antiwar sentiment

B) To build support for centrally directed economic modernization programs in the Soviet Union

Which of the following best describes the likely intent of the poster? A) To build support for Soviet participation in institutions of international governance such as the League of Nations B) To build support for centrally directed economic modernization programs in the Soviet Union C) To promote Soviet free-market economic policies and participation in international trade agreements D) To promote resistance to the prevailing political and economic order in the Soviet Union

B) The failure of the international community to provide effective economic assistance to Latin America has fueled interest in Guevara's ideas.

Which of the following best describes the main argument that Harris is making in the passage above? A) Academic interest in Guevara's career and personality has led to renewed interest in his ideas among the general public. B) The failure of the international community to provide effective economic assistance to Latin America has fueled interest in Guevara's ideas. C) Governments in Latin America have shifted to the left in their attempts to adhere to the requirements of the World Bank and other international institutions. D) Neoliberal governments in Latin America have reinterpreted Guevara's ideas to align with their policies.

D) New technologies that enhanced production through the use of petroleum and nuclear power

Which of the following best explains the change in energy consumption in the time period from 1850 to 2000 C.E.? A) Medical innovations that extended human life expectancy B) Breakthroughs in agricultural production as a result of the Green Revolution C) New methods of communication, such as radio and the Internet D) New technologies that enhanced production through the use of petroleum and nuclear power

B) European imperialism and increasing ethnic nationalism

Which of the following best explains the changes depicted in Map 2? A) The rise of the Safavid Persian Empire B) European imperialism and increasing ethnic nationalism C) Sunni versus Shia rivalries within the Islamic world D) The decline of Silk Road trade routes

D) Changing lifestyle habits and greater longevity in high-income countries

Which of the following best explains the differences in the major causes of death experienced by high-income countries versus low-income countries during the early twenty-first century? A) Prevalence of cancer causing pollutants in high-income countries B) Acceptance of contraception in high-income countries C) Greater access to long-term medical care in low-income countries D) Changing lifestyle habits and greater longevity in high-income countries

D) Pressure resulting from the need to keep pace with Western economic development during the Cold War

Which of the following best explains why the Soviet Union was willing to undertake projects such as the one discussed in the passage? A) The need to suppress armed resistance to Soviet rule in Central Asia B) The mass migration of Turkmens and other Central Asians to Soviet Russia C) Soviet embrace of economic liberalization and free-market principles D) Pressure resulting from the need to keep pace with Western economic development during the Cold War

A) The tendency of former colonies to export raw materials

Which of the following best supports the argument that colonialism was responsible for the lack of economic development in Africa, Asia, and the Middle East in the late twentieth century? A) The tendency of former colonies to export raw materials B) Corruption within the governments of former colonies C) The presence of impoverished groups within industrialized states D) The prosperity of some newly independent states

A) Governments mobilized large segments of their populations and economies and targeted their opponents' military and economic capabilities.

Which of the following best supports the contention that the First World War was the first total war? A) Governments mobilized large segments of their populations and economies and targeted their opponents' military and economic capabilities. B) The militaries of all major powers used the most advanced weaponry available to them. C) All the major European powers were involved in the war. D) Many of the countries on the victorious side of the war were weakened politically by conflict.

C) Diffusion of Green Revolution technology

Which of the following contributed most to the demographic changes shown on the graph above? A) Eradication of epidemic diseases in South Asia B) Decreasing level of civilian casualties during military conflicts C) Diffusion of Green Revolution technology D) Increasing fertility rates in western Europe

A) The invention of the Internet and the increased availability of personal computers

Which of the following contributed most to the development of the process that Friedman labels Globalization 3.0? A) The invention of the Internet and the increased availability of personal computers B) The creation of multinational corporations and international stock markets C) The United Nations' adoption of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights D) The creation of supranational entities such as the European Union

D) Internal conflict with ethnic and religious minorities

Which of the following contributed significantly to the decline of both the Qing and the Ottoman Empires? A) Widespread revolts by factory workers and labor unions B) Collapse of domestic stock and bond markets C) Attempts by the Soviet Union to spread world communism D) Internal conflict with ethnic and religious minorities

E) The Soviet Union

Which of the following countries experienced the greatest number of war-related deaths during the Second World War? A) India B) Germany C) Japan D) The United States E) The Soviet Union

E) The United States

Which of the following countries experienced the most rapid economic growth during the Second World War? A) China B) Germany C) Japan D) The Soviet Union E) The United States

D) The reduction of confrontations between communist and noncommunist countries

Which of the following describes a major change in international relations in the 1980s and 1990s? A) The rapid establishment of large overseas colonial empires by European powers B) The disbanding of most regional political organizations C) The decline in power of multinational corporations D) The reduction of confrontations between communist and noncommunist countries

A) The collapse of the Russian Empire under the stress of the First World War

Which of the following directly enabled the establishment of the government that produced the poster? A) The collapse of the Russian Empire under the stress of the First World War B) Redrawn national boundaries as a result of peace treaties ending the First World War C) The abolition of serfdom and other forms of coerced labor in Russia during the nineteenth century D) Increased ethnic violence in Russia due to imperial expansion in the nineteenth century

B) Latin American religious clergy fought for economic and social justice.

Which of the following examples best represents the philosophy of liberation theology as expressed by Guitiérrez in the passage above? A) Latin American Communist leaders redistributed land to their poorest citizens. B) Latin American religious clergy fought for economic and social justice. C) Latin American churches promoted material wealth for their faithful congregants. D) Latin American governments guaranteed freedom of religion for their citizens.

D) Independence movements inspired by ethnic nationalism

Which of the following factors contributed most significantly to the contraction of the Ottoman Empire in the nineteenth century? A) Adoption of gunpowder weaponry B) The Opium Wars C) The Berlin Conference of 1884 and 1885 D) Independence movements inspired by ethnic nationalism

A) In the First and Second World Wars, women made highly visible contributions to the war effort.

Which of the following factors contributed most to women gaining the right to vote in industrialized countries between 1914 and 1950? A) In the First and Second World Wars, women made highly visible contributions to the war effort. B) The birth rate declined significantly. C) Women's life expectancies increased at a faster rate than did the life expectancies of men. D) New psychological research discredited earlier theories of a link between gender and intelligence.

D) Collective security and cooperation organizations, such as the League of Nations and the United Nations

Which of the following international organizations were founded upon principles that were in direct opposition to the approach to international politics advocated in the second paragraph? A) Regional trade agreements such as ASEAN and Mercosur B) International economic institutions promoting free trade, such as the International Monetary Fund and the World Bank C) Cold War military alliances such as NATO and the Warsaw Pact D) Collective security and cooperation organizations, such as the League of Nations and the United Nations

E) Both generated land-redistribution policies.

Which of the following is an accurate comparison of the Chinese and the Mexican revolutions during the twentieth century? A) Both promoted imperialism. B) Both were supported by Japan. C) Both promoted religious education. D) Both were supported by an elite group of landlords. E) Both generated land-redistribution policies.

B) Russian, English, and French expansion came at the expense of the Ottomans.

Which of the following is an accurate description of relations between European states and the Ottoman Empire in the period 1815 to 1914? A) The Ottomans were expanding at the expense of Russia, England, and France. B) Russian, English, and French expansion came at the expense of the Ottomans. C) The Ottomans, in alliance with the Russians, English, and French, sought to impede German unification. D) The Ottomans supported nationalism in the Balkans to destabilize Europe. E) The Ottomans and the French cooperated in colonizing North Africa.

D) It used new technologies to increase agricultural yields in developing regions.

Which of the following is characteristic of the Green Revolution of the 1960s through the 1980s? A) It restored tropical forests destroyed by slash-and-burn agriculture. B) It prevented oil exploration in the natural habitats of endangered species. C) It sought to limit the use of nuclear energy. D) It used new technologies to increase agricultural yields in developing regions.

C) Decisions by European powers during the process of colonization

Which of the following is the basis for nearly all the boundaries of today's sub-Saharan African states? A) Postcolonial conquests of one African state by another B) Fragmentation of countries after they achieved independence from Europe C) Decisions by European powers during the process of colonization D) Precolonial linguistic groupings E) International agreements mediated by the United Nations

D) Support for redistribution of land to poor peasants

Which of the following was a major similarity between the goals of leaders of the Chinese Communist Revolution, such as Mao Zedong, and the goals of leaders of the Mexican Revolution, such as Emiliano Zapata, in the early twentieth century? A) Advocacy of a global workers' revolution B) Active encouragement for integration into the global economy C) Concern primarily with improving conditions for urban factory workers D) Support for redistribution of land to poor peasants

D) Conflicting capitalist and communist ideologies

Which of the following was a principal cause of the Cold War? A) Proxy wars in Latin America B) Competition for natural resources in Africa C) The nuclear arms race D) Conflicting capitalist and communist ideologies

B) The development of nationalism among colonized peoples

Which of the following was a significant effect of Western imperialism in the twentieth century? A) The decline of migrations to industrialized countries B) The development of nationalism among colonized peoples C) The conservation of the environment in colonized areas D) The systematic deterioration in public health conditions

C) The world wars and decolonization

Women won the right to vote primarily as a result of the women's rights movement, but other factors were also important. Which of the following best helps explain the pattern in the bar graph above? A) The rise of organized labor and socialist parties B) The collapse of the Russian and Austro-Hungarian empires C) The world wars and decolonization D) The Great Depression and the Cold War

B) The strengthening of nationalist sentiment throughout Europe

"At school the teachers say it is our patriotic duty to stop using foreign words. I didn't know what they meant by this at first, but now I see it—you must no longer say 'adieu' ['farewell'] because that is French. It is in order to say 'lebwohl' ['farewell' in German] instead. We also have a little tin box in which we'll put some small change in every time we slip up and use a foreign word. The contents of this little war savings box will go towards buying knitting wool. We must now knit woollen things for the soldiers." The passage above best exemplifies which of the following processes shortly after the outbreak of the First World War? A) The increasingly authoritarian methods used by European teachers B) The strengthening of nationalist sentiment throughout Europe C) The emergence of a pan-European antiwar movement D) The key role European women played in sustaining the war effort

A) Soviet efforts to modernize their economy through government control

"I belong to those scientists who consider that the drying up of the Aral Sea is far more advantageous than preserving it. First, in its zone, good fertile land will be obtained. . . . Cultivation of cotton alone will pay for the existing Aral Sea, with all its fisheries, shipping, and other industries. Second, the disappearance of the Sea will not affect the region's landscapes." Which of the following best describes the cause of the developments described in the passage? A) Soviet efforts to modernize their economy through government control B) Soviet reaction to the economic crisis of the Great Depression C) Protests against the environmental effects of economic development D) Scientific breakthroughs in transportation and communication

D) Nationalism

"I gave the people to understand that neither Turkey nor the handful of men Turkey possesses could be placed at the disposal of the Caliph [leader of the Muslims] so that he might fulfill the mission attributed to him, namely to found a State comprising the whole of Islam. . . . The people of the new Turkey have no reason to think of anything else but their own existence and their own welfare. Turkey has nothing more to give away to others." In the excerpt above, Mustafa Kemal is most clearly supporting which of the following? A) Fundamentalism B) Totalitarianism C) Marxism D) Nationalism

A) Twentieth-century transnational movements attempting to unite people across national boundaries

"Individually, the independent states of Africa, some of them potentially rich, others poor, can do little for their people. Together, by mutual help, they can achieve much." The speech above by Nkrumah is best understood in the context of which of the following? A) Twentieth-century transnational movements attempting to unite people across national boundaries B) Competition between Cold War powers to influence the development of newly independent states C) African and Latin American anti-colonial movements motivated by Enlightenment ideology D) International economic institutions attempting to spread free market economics in the developing world

A) Khrushchev's attempt to distance his rule from Stalinist atrocities

"Lenin used severe methods only in the most necessary cases, when the exploiting classes were still in existence and were vigorously opposing the revolution. . . . Stalin, on the other hand, used extreme methods and mass repressions at a time when the revolution was already victorious, when the Soviet state was strengthened, when the exploiting classes were already liquidated, and when our party was politically consolidated and had strengthened itself both numerically and ideologically." The passage best exemplifies which of the following historical developments? A) Khrushchev's attempt to distance his rule from Stalinist atrocities B) Khrushchev's defense of communism as an alternative to free-market capitalism C) The Soviet Union's deployment of ballistic missiles to Cuba D) The diplomatic split between Communist China and the Soviet Union

C) The failure of French colonizers to apply their ideals in Indochina

"The Declaration of the French Revolution made in 1791 on the Rights of Man and the Citizen also states: 'All men are born free and with equal rights, and must always remain free and have equal rights.' "Nevertheless for more than eighty years, the French imperialists, abusing the standard of Liberty, Equality and Fraternity, have violated our Fatherland and oppressed our fellow-citizens. They have acted contrary to the ideals of humanity and justice." The excerpt above was written in response to which of the following? A) The use of Vietnamese laborers and soldiers by the French in the First World War B) The end of the struggle for Vietnamese independence known as the Indochina wars C) The failure of French colonizers to apply their ideals in Indochina D) The rapid conquest of French Indochina by the Japanese during the Second World War

C) Redistributing one-third of the land controlled by large landholders to landless peasants

"The immense majority of Mexico's villages and citizens own only the ground on which they stand. They suffer the horrors of poverty without being able to better their social status . . . or without being able to dedicate themselves to industry or agriculture due to the fact that the lands, woods, and water are monopolized by the few." The opinion expressed in the passage above is most consistent with which of the following? A) Privatizing Mexico's water and mineral resources B) Guaranteeing workers' rights to organize and go on strike C) Redistributing one-third of the land controlled by large landholders to landless peasants D) Abrogating all contracts giving foreign nationals ownership of Mexican land

B) The lives of Amerindians engaged in the North American fur trade

"We can no longer be content with writing only the history of the victorious elites, or with detailing the subjugation of dominated ethnic groups . . . We thus need to uncover the history of 'the people without a history.' " Research on which of the following subjects would be the best example of the approach described in the exerpt above? A) The decision of the Ming Emperor to send Zheng He on voyages to the Indian Ocean B) The lives of Amerindians engaged in the North American fur trade C) The motivations for conversion to Islam in Spain after the Muslim conquest D) The economics of the transatlantic slave trade

C) nationalism

"We shall not repeat the past. We shall eradicate it by restoring our rights in the Suez Canal. This money is ours. The canal is the property of Egypt." The quotation above by Egyptian leader Gamal Abdel Nasser (in power 1952-1970) best expresses support for A) communism B) liberalism C) nationalism D) imperialism

C) nationalism

"We shall not repeat the past. We shall eradicate it by restoring our rights in the Suez Canal. This money is ours. The canal is the property of Egypt." The quotation above by Gamel Abdel Nasser (in power 1952-1970) was most influenced by A) Soviet communism B) Islamic thought C) nationalism D) constitutionalism E) international law

C) Demilitarization imposed by the United States after the Second World War

-Article XI The Emperor has the supreme command of the Army and Navy. -Article XIII The Emperor declares war, makes peace, and concludes treaties. -Japan's 1889 constitution -Article IX Aspiring sincerely to an international peace based on justice and order, the Japanese people forever renounce war . . . and the threat or use of force as a means of settling international disputes. In order to accomplish the aim of the preceding paragraph, land, sea, and air forces . . . will never be maintained. -Japan's 1947 constitution The differences in the passages above are most likely a result of which of the following? A) Ideological struggles between communist and capitalist political parties B) The Japanese emperor's acceptance of Enlightenment ideals C) Demilitarization imposed by the United States after the Second World War D) The persistence of mass antiwar protests in Japan

B) The Nazis' rigidly ideological approach to empire building prevented them from consolidating their control of continental Europe.

Based on the passage, it can be inferred that Mazower might also support which of the following assertions? A) The industrial capacity of the United States doomed Hitler's project for a Nazi-dominated Europe to failure from the start. B) The Nazis' rigidly ideological approach to empire building prevented them from consolidating their control of continental Europe. C) Ordinary Germans' revulsion at the genocidal policies of the Nazi Party as the Second World War progressed would have resulted in a revolution in Germany even if Hitler had won the military conflict. D)Stalin's modernization policies would have enabled the Soviet Union to defeat Nazi Germany regardless of Hitler's policies.

E) children are a more important source of labor in agricultural than in industrial societies

By 1980 most industrialized countries reached a fairly stable population level, but population growth in nonindustrialized countries continued at a very high rate. The most likely explanation for this difference is that A) climatic shifts resulting from global warming have caused population decline in the industrialized countries B) the "green revolution" was rejected by industrialized countries but embraced by nonindustrial countries C) farmers in industrialized countries concentrated on growing crash crops for export rather than food crops for domestic consumption D) pollution in industrialized countries caused a decline in human fertility rates E) children are a more important source of labor in agricultural than in industrial societies

B) Diseases associated with poverty and underdevelopment were still prevalent in most world regions.

Keshavarz' analysis in the third paragraph of the difficulties of growing Iran's population best reflects which of the following demographic realities in the early twentieth century? A) Effective forms of birth control gave women greater control over their fertility. B) Diseases associated with poverty and underdevelopment were still prevalent in most world regions. C) Military conflicts led to population decreases in many countries, followed by postwar baby booms. D) The Green Revolution dramatically increased agricultural productivity and led to rapid population growth.

C) Nationalism

Keshavarz' article best reflects the influence of which of the following ideologies on members of Iran's educated elite? A) Communism B) Political Islam C) Nationalism D) Anti-imperialism

D) Nationalist resistance to imperialism

Late-twentieth-century military conflicts such as the one referred to in the poem typically resulted from which of the following? A) Mercantilist colonial policies B) Social Darwinist philosophy C) Negotiated decolonization D) Nationalist resistance to imperialism

D) Peasants

Mao Zedong and Mohandas Gandhi both appealed to which of the following as a base of support? A) Warlords, wealthy landowners, and merchants B) Westernized elites C) Traditional rulers D) Peasants E) Urban factory workers

C) Postcolonial critiques of imperialism

Mazower's interpretation in the passage is most clearly informed by which of the following? A) Social Darwinism B) Marxist critiques of capitalism C) Postcolonial critiques of imperialism D) Romantic nationalism

D) Opposition to colonial rule

Nationalist leaders in Africa and Asia, such as Ho Chi Minh, Jomo Kenyatta, and Kwame Nkrumah, had which of the following in common? A) Defense of capitalism B) Support for free-trade systems C) Rejection of violent revolution D) Opposition to colonial rule

A) Prague Spring

Of the following, which represents a challenge to superpower domination by a smaller nation during the Cold War? A) Prague Spring B) Helsinki Accords C) Brezhnev Doctrine D) Marshall Plan E) Truman Doctrine

D) The increases in average agricultural yields per acre brought about by the Green Revolution

On a global scale, which of the following directly prevented problems such as those alluded to in the map and graph from leading to population decline in the late twentieth century? A) The development of new forms of global communication and transportation B) The extension of the average human life span brought about by medical advances C) The greater social acceptance of birth control D) The increases in average agricultural yields per acre brought about by the Green Revolution

C) Industrialization and pollution

Since the late twentieth century many scientists have argued that the temperature trend after 1800 was most directly influenced by which of the following? A) Nuclear power and nuclear weapons B) Increasingly violent global conflicts C) Industrialization and pollution D) Colonialism and exploitation of indigenous labor

A) Discoveries in physics introduced the concepts of uncertainty and relativity, which challenged mechanistic models of the universe.

Some historians consider the late nineteenth century and early twentieth century to have been crucial decades in the development of Western thought. Which of the following best supports that contention? A) Discoveries in physics introduced the concepts of uncertainty and relativity, which challenged mechanistic models of the universe. B) Christian missionaries introduced strains of relativism into Western thought after encountering cultures with radically different world views. C) Efficiency experts employed scientific methods to regulate the workplace and thereby encouraged faith in economic progress. D) Visual artists inspired by photography made realism the dominant aim of painter and sculptors.

B) The creation of a legal framework for privatization of previously state-owned enterprises in China

Some historians have argued that at the end of the twentieth century, many governments encouraged free-market economic policies. Which of the following best supports this argument? A) The election of presidents who represented workers' parties in Venezuela and Brazil B) The creation of a legal framework for privatization of previously state-owned enterprises in China C) The production of oil in Iran by the government-owned National Iranian Oil Company D) The expansion of the federal Medicare and Medicaid programs in the United States

A) The role of the desire for natural rights in independence movements

Some historians have argued that the Haitian Revolution (1791—1804) marks the beginning of the process of decolonization that culminated in the dissolution of European colonial empires after the Second World War. Historians who take this position are likely to place the greatest emphasis on the importance of which of the following in the decolonization process? A) The role of the desire for natural rights in independence movements B) The role of European powers in encouraging revolts in each other's colonies as part of imperial rivalries C) The role of economic liberalization in undermining the rationale for colonial empires D) The role of indigenous economic patterns in fostering anticolonial movements

C) ideology and economic structure

The Cold War rivalry between the United States and the Soviet Union during the second half of the twentieth century was characterized by competition primarily over A) religion and culture B) the distribution of natural resources C) ideology and economic structure D) control of key trade routes

A) The Cold War

The founding North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) is best understood in the context of which of the following? A) The Cold War B) The growth of a globalized economy C) The establishment of the Nonaligned Movement D) The post-Second World War population boom

D) Governments took a more active role in directing and regulating their economies to stimulate growth.

The global economic downturn of the 1930s had which of the following effects on nations in Europe and North America? A) International trade increased because nations lowered trade barriers. B) Industrialized countries became more democratic as the public sought greater input in the making of economic policy. C) Most imperial powers granted independence to their colonies because the costs of maintaining empires became unsustainable. D) Governments took a more active role in directing and regulating their economies to stimulate growth.

D) The gap between per capita incomes in East Asia and sub-Saharan Africa appears to be widening.

The graph above indicates which of the following? A) The peoples of sub-Saharan Africa have been more affected by twentieth-century warfare than the peoples of East Asia. B) United States aid programs have favored East Asian countries at the expense of sub-Saharan countries. C) Per capita incomes in East Asia and sub-Saharan Africa have been rising steadily since independence. D) The gap between per capita incomes in East Asia and sub-Saharan Africa appears to be widening. E) Western technology has been largely rejected by countries in sub-Saharan Africa.

D) Changes in the gender balance in eastern European agriculture countered the worldwide trend.

The graph above suggest which of the following? A) Throughout the world, more women than men work in agriculture. B) The number of women working in agriculture worldwide decreased sharply. C) A greater proportion of the agricultural workforce in Europe is female than is the case outside Europe. D) Changes in the gender balance in eastern European agriculture countered the worldwide trend. E) Few people work in the agricultural sector in Latin America and the Caribbean.

D) partition at the time of decolonization

The map above shows the territorial arrangements in South Asia that resulted from A) Akbar's expansion of the Mughal Empire B) rival Arab trading empires C) Dutch and Portuguese colonies D) partition at the time of decolonization E) treaties with Russia and China

D) Why African state-building efforts have been hindered by the persistence of political boundaries inherited from the colonial era

The maps of Africa above best explain which of the following about African history in the twentieth century? A) Why Islam has continued to spread in sub-Saharan Africa following decolonization B) Why most African states achieved independence within a few years of one another C) Why some former colonial powers have continued to intervene in the internal affairs of their former colonies after independence D) Why African state-building efforts have been hindered by the persistence of political boundaries inherited from the colonial era

C) Civil disobedience

The method of achieving political change advocated in the poem best illustrates which of the following practices used by reform movements in the twentieth century? A) Nationalization and collectivization B) Violence against civilians C) Civil disobedience D) Consumer boycotts

B) religious and ethnic violence that led to mass migrations and massacres

The partition of British India in 1947 created the new Muslim state of Pakistan and the predominantly Hindu state of India. The immediate result of the drawing of new geographic boundaries was A) a lasting nuclear nonproliferation pact between the newly created states B) religious and ethnic violence that led to mass migrations and massacres C) a peaceful transition to independence along the lines that Mohandas Gandhi, the nationalist and advocate of nonviolence, had envisioned D) the peaceful annexation of Kashmir, a predominantly Muslim state, by Pakistan

A) The increasing inclusion of non-Europeans in European conflicts

The photograph above of German East African troops best illustrates which of the following historical processes during the First World War? A) The increasing inclusion of non-Europeans in European conflicts B) The undermining of European claims to moral superiority as a result of the destructiveness of the First World War C) The development of African nationalism as a consequence of Africans' involvement in European wars D) The gradual extension of self-rule to Europe's African colonies in the face of anticolonial protests by Africans

D) Economic liberalization

The policies pursued by the Chinese government starting in the 1980s, which led to the economic situation reflected in the painting, are best seen as an example of which of the following late-twentieth-century trends? A) Regional economic integration B) Expansion of the welfare state C) Economic isolationism D) Economic liberalization

A) Postcolonial and anti-imperialist thinkers

The title of the article best suggests that the author is responding to the arguments of which of the following? A) Postcolonial and anti-imperialist thinkers B) Advocates for radical feminism C) Neoliberal economists and advocates of free-trade policies D) Supporters of conservative nationalism

C) The governments of many developed Western countries adopted policies of economic liberalization and deregulation.

The views expressed in the two passages were most directly enabled by which of the following economic trends in the late twentieth century? A) Many of the defeated countries in the Second World War received generous economic assistance from the United States after the war. B) Governments in newly independent postcolonial states sought to limit their countries' economic reliance on the former colonial powers. C) The governments of many developed Western countries adopted policies of economic liberalization and deregulation. D) Governments in Asia cooperated with private businesses in an effort to maximize exports and acquire foreign currencies from Europe and the United States.

A) prevent the spread of communism

Western-led military alliance systems such as NATO that emerged during the Cold War period sought to A) prevent the spread of communism B) encourage a foreign policy independent of the United States and the Soviet Union C) create democratic governments worldwide D) share nuclear technology with nonaligned nations

C) The impact of medical innovations and public health measures

What was the leading cause of the unprecedented increase in global population in the twentieth century? A) The end of international epidemics B) Global warming and other types of climate change C) The impact of medical innovations and public health measures D) The reduction of world hunger

E) South Africa

Which of the following African countries continued to have a sizeable segment of the population with European ancestry in the 1990s? A) Ethiopia B) Egypt C) Nigeria D) Ghana E) South Africa

B) Information on the percentage of Iraqi agriculture that depends on irrigation

Which of the following additional pieces of information would be most directly useful in assessing the extent to which the developments reflected in Source 2 represent a threat to Iraq's economy? A) Information on the total amount of foreign investment in Iraq's economy B) Information on the percentage of Iraqi agriculture that depends on irrigation C) Information on the political affiliation of Iraq's minister of water resources D) Information on Iraq's petroleum resources and revenues

A) The memory of the destructive total wars of the early twentieth century

Which of the following aspects of the political context of the 1950s best explains the author's view of colonial wars expressed in the poem? A) The memory of the destructive total wars of the early twentieth century B) The intensification of anticommunist sentiment in the context of the Cold War C) The beginning of European economic and political integration D) The influence of United States mass media

B) Maoist policies that banned arranged marriages and made women an important part of the Communist women's movement

Which of the following led to the most dramatic change in the status of Chinese peasant women in the 1940's and 1950's? A) The policies of Jiang Jieshi (Chiang Kaishek) that attempted to give rural women more economic opportunities B) Maoist policies that banned arranged marriages and made women an important part of the Communist women's movement C) The Christian missionaries and their work among peasant families D) The success of the Japanese during the occupation in making men and women equal participants in the economy E) United Nation policies that provided women in rural China with resources and an education

B) Nationalist competition among industrialized powers for resources

Which of the following most directly led to the start of the First World War? A) European powers meeting in Berlin in 1884 and 1885 to divide Africa into colonies B) Nationalist competition among industrialized powers for resources C) Japanese imperialist expansion into Korea and China D) Political tensions between communist and capitalist states

B) Both the United States and the Soviet Union armed and supported rival countries and factions in Africa, Asia, and Latin America.

Which of the following occurrences during the Cold War best supports the main contention of the passage above? A) Both the United States and the Soviet Union actively sought ways to neutralize each other's nuclear missiles. B) Both the United States and the Soviet Union armed and supported rival countries and factions in Africa, Asia, and Latin America. C) A large movement protesting the nuclear arms buildup developed in Western Europe and the United States. D) Several nonaligned countries sought to obtain nuclear weapons technology.

D) The initial steps toward European economic and political integration

Which of the following post-1945 processes in Western Europe was most directly inspired by the "sea-change" in Europeans' political and social attitudes described by Mazower in the last sentence of the first paragraph? A) The expanding educational and occupational opportunities for women B) The continued decline of religiosity and church attendance C) The rise of extremist right-wing anti-immigrant political movements D) The initial steps toward European economic and political integration

A) Most African colonies gained national independence.

Which of the following statements about Africa after 1946 is true? A) Most African colonies gained national independence. B) The Organization of African Unity resolved the issues that most African states found divisive. C) Most African countries joined either NATO or the Warsaw Pact. D) There was little postcolonial conflict in newly independent states. E) Colonial patterns of trade disappeared.

B) The growing demands of various ethnic groups within these multiethnic empires were the primary reasons for the collapse.

Which of the following statements best represents a nationalistic interpretation of the collapse of the Ottoman and Russian empires during and immediately after the First World War? A) Military weakness and political instability were the primary reasons for the collapse of these empires. B) The growing demands of various ethnic groups within these multiethnic empires were the primary reasons for the collapse. C) The slow pace of industrialization in these empires left them unable to compete militarily and politically with more developed countries. D) Religious differences between the Russian Empire and the Ottoman Empire led to their final collapse.

B) The pace and intensity of international contacts accelerated as a result of transportation and communication breakthroughs.

Which of the following statements is true about the world at the end of the twentieth century? A) The standard of living in the least economically developed countries of the world rapidly approached that of the most developed countries. B) The pace and intensity of international contacts accelerated as a result of transportation and communication breakthroughs. C) The world balance of power was reversed as the West no longer had a military advantage over non-Western countries. D) World religions were in decline as the spread of science and secularism intensified.

B) Greater industrial productivity and new technologies led to increased availability of consumer goods.

Which of the following twentieth-century processes contributed most directly to the adoption of the system of cultural values to which Banksy alludes in Image 1 ? A) The expansion of European empires led to the expansion of market economies worldwide. B) Greater industrial productivity and new technologies led to increased availability of consumer goods. C) Cold War rivalries led to ideological and economic competition between the Soviet Union and the United States. D) The continued volatility of economic cycles led many governments to enact social welfare legislation for their citizens.

A) Nationalism and socialism helped shape all three revolutions.

Which of the following was a common characteristic of the major revolutions that occurred in Russia, China, and Mexico in the early twentieth century? A) Nationalism and socialism helped shape all three revolutions. B) Foreign powers played an important role in each revolution's initial success. C) The upper class of each society led the movement that resulted in revolution. D) Each revolution failed after a short period of violent civil war.

D) Rapid economic growth in many countries that lowered trade barriers and increased their participation in global trade

Which of the following was a major effect of the globalization of the world economy during the last decade of the twentieth and the first decade of the twenty-first century? A) The growth of central economic planning in former communist countries B) A decrease in global migration by people searching for better economic opportunities C) An overall narrowing of the income gap worldwide D) Rapid economic growth in many countries that lowered trade barriers and increased their participation in global trade

B) The increased number of women in the workforce

Which of the following was a major factor that contributed to changes in family dynamics in both Great Britain and Japan during the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries? A) The migration of male indentured laborers to the Americas B) The increased number of women in the workforce C) The rapid rise in the number of children working in large factories D) The large number of women elected to political office

A) Governments began to take a more active role in their economies.

Which of the following was a major long-term effect of the global economic depression of the 1930s? A) Governments began to take a more active role in their economies. B) Global warming was accelerated by increased burning of fossil fuels. C) Land-based empires such as the Ottoman Empire became stronger. D) Individuals such as Gandhi developed the practice of nonviolence.

B) While air and water quality generally improved in the developed world, they deteriorated in many parts of the developing world.

Which of the following was a significant environmental effect of the globalization of the world's economy in the period 1980 to the present? A) There was a significant improvement in air and water quality worldwide. B) While air and water quality generally improved in the developed world, they deteriorated in many parts of the developing world. C) Emissions of greenhouse gasses that contribute to global warming generally decreased. D) While biodiversity decreased in the developing world, it generally increased in the developed world.

C) The cost of the arms race between the Soviet Union and the United States

Which of the following was a significant long-term cause of the collapse of the Soviet Union during the late twentieth century? A) Geopolitical rivalry between the Soviet Union and communist China B) The dismantling of the Berlin Wall and the end of restrictions on emigrating from communist countries C) The cost of the arms race between the Soviet Union and the United States D) The establishment of the Non-Aligned Movement

B) They were held as political prisoners.

Which of the following was an experience shared by the African leaders Nelson Mandela, Robert Mugabe, Jomo Kenyatta, and Kwame Nkrumah during the colonial period? A) They studied at Soviet universities. B) They were held as political prisoners. C) They served in a colonial army. D) They were Muslims. E) They originally came from French colonies.

C) Industrial production increased.

Which of the following was an important effect of the petroleum revolution from 1880 to 1920 ? A) Air and water quality improved. B) Deforestation eased. C) Industrial production increased. D) Wartime casualties decreased.

A) The independence of Brazil

Which of the following was most clearly NOT a consequence of the Second World War? A) The independence of Brazil B) The independence of Indonesia C) The nuclear standoff between the Soviet Union and the United States D) The democratic constitution of Japan E) The division of Berlin

D) The impact of public health measures

Which of the following was the leading cause of the huge global population increase in the twentieth century? A) Rapid increases in per capita birth rates B) The end of international epidemics C) Global warming D) The impact of public health measures E) The elimination of world hunger

A) Governments began to take a more active role in economic life.

Which of the following was the major long-term political effect of the Great Depression? A) Governments began to take a more active role in economic life. B) Labor unions in industrialized states dominated political life. C) Philanthropic organizations provided relief for disadvantaged children D) Governments created policies to restrict international trade.

A) An increased participation of women in the workforce

Which of the following was the most direct consequence of the widespread availability of a reliable birth control pill during the twentieth century? A) An increased participation of women in the workforce B) An increased percentage of men occupying political office C) An increased percentage of men primarily responsible for work within the household D) An increased infant mortality rate

B) Desertification and increased competition for natural resources

Which of the following was the most direct result of the attitude toward the environment reflected in the passage? A) A push for new varieties of food crops resulting in the Green Revolution B) Desertification and increased competition for natural resources C) Implementation of government-led land collectivization policies D) A rise in Cold War tensions between the Soviet Union and neighboring countries

C) Decreases in the cost of long-distance communication and transportation

Which of the following was the most immediate cause of global economic integration in the late twentieth and early twenty-first century? A) Increased dependence on cheap oil from the middle east B) Population growth in the developing world C) Decreases in the cost of long-distance communication and transportation D) Regulation of air and water pollution in the developed world

C) The end of the Cold War

Which of the following was the most immediate effect of the collapse of the communist regime in the Soviet Union? A) United States involvement in wars in Iraq and Afghanistan B) The Chinese communist government's institution of market-reform policies C) The end of the Cold War D) The expansion of the European Union to include countries in Eastern Europe

C) The economic crisis caused by the Great Depression

Which of the following was the most important factor behind Europeans' readiness to embrace authoritarian political systems in the 1930s? A) Dissatisfaction with the welfare state B) Admiration for the economic achievement of the Soviet Union under Stalin C) The economic crisis caused by the Great Depression D) Resentment of United States mass culture and consumer society

A) Brazil

Which of the following was the most recent to experience rapid growth in industrial output? A) Brazil B) Germany C) England D) Canada E) Japan

B) Ethnic and religious conflicts caused by the inclusion of rival groups within the same borders

Which of the following was the most significant factor that prevented many African states from achieving political stability in the decades after their independence? A) Continued military intervention by former colonizing powers B) Ethnic and religious conflicts caused by the inclusion of rival groups within the same borders C) Lack of exploitable natural resources D) Frequent attempts by the larger states to conquer their smaller neighbors

D) The growth of fundamentalist religious movements advocating theocratic government

Which of the following would most directly challenge the author's argument that people all over the world aspire to imitate the West? A) The market reforms undertaken by Deng Xiaoping in China after the Cultural Revolution B) The increasing global influence of American popular culture C) The development of international free market institutions such as the World Trade Organization D) The growth of fundamentalist religious movements advocating theocratic government