EVR Chapter 6

A: Why did China institute the one-child policy in 1970? -Disease levels were increasing. -Resources were becoming strained, and pollution was increasing. -To stimulate the economy. -Unemployment levels were too high. B: What is the primary reason that China changed its one-child policy to a two-child policy? -Shrinking workforce -Failing economy -Increasing disease rates -Decreasing troops for the military C: What could be a roadblock to the success of the new two-child policy? -The decreased job opportunities could deter some couples. -The increased pollution could deter some couples. -The poor education opportunities could deter some couples. -The increased cost of living could deter some couples.

A: -Resources were becoming strained, and pollution was increasing. B: -Shrinking workforce C: -The increased cost of living could deter some couples.

There are approximately ________ people on Earth. 6.7 billion 10 billion 7.4 billion 15 million 1.5 billion

7.4 billion

Which part of the IPAT model represents the influence of wealth and its environmental impact? I for environmental impact T for technology P for population A for affluence

A for affluence

The global ecological footprint for humans is estimated to be ________. -roughly 5 times what Earth can support -less than what would be needed as an ecological reserve -twice what Earth can support -approximately half of what Earth can support - 50% greater than what Earth can support

- 50% greater than what Earth can support

During which of the following periods did the world's population more than double? -1950-2000 -1750-1800 -1900-1950 -1850-1900 -1800-1850

-1950-2000

A population that is not growing will have a TFR of ________. -5 or higher -less than 1.0 -1.2 -2.1 or lower -zero

-2.1 or lower

If global fertility rates remain at 2008 levels, the United Nations predicts that world population will surpass ________ billion in 2050. -9 -4 -5 -10 -7

-9

Environmental factors set limits on the growth of populations. What is this limit referred to? -Total fertility rate -Population density -Carrying capacity -Tipping point

-Carrying capacity

The nations with the highest rate of contraceptive use (84%) are the United Kingdom and ________. -Australia -New Zealand -China -South Africa -United States

-China

Why do we study demography? -Demography involves the nature of viruses. -Demography explores the relationship between population and war. -Demography examines the interactions between living and nonliving members of an ecosystem -Demography investigates the relationship between population ecology and population changes.

-Demography investigates the relationship between population ecology and population changes.

Which term describes the amount of cumulative land and water required to provide the raw materials a person or population consumes and to dispose of the waste that is produced? -TFR -Ecological footprint -Demographic transition -Carrying capacity

-Ecological footprint

Which was Thomas Malthus's argument? -He argued that if there was no control over population growth, then we would simply create technology to correct the problem. -He argued that if there was no control over population growth, then the population would come under check because of war, disease, and starvation. -He argued that if there was no control over population growth, then our civilization would be consumed by famine and war by the end of the 20th century. -He argued that if there was no control over population growth, then population numbers would increase indefinitely and this would not cause problems.

-He argued that if there was no control over population growth, then the population would come under check because of war, disease, and starvation.

Which of the following statements about Earth's carrying capacity for humans is true? -Earth's carrying capacity for humans is approximately 350 million people. -Human beings are not unlike other animals concerning carrying capacity, but we utilize technology to artificially raise the carrying capacity increasingly higher. -Humans do not have a carrying capacity because we are at the top of the food chain. -Earth can support an infinite number of humans.

-Human beings are not unlike other animals concerning carrying capacity, but we utilize technology to artificially raise the carrying capacity increasingly higher.

What is the sex ratio in China because of the one-child policy? -It is skewed toward the upper class. -It skewed toward more females resulting in more reproduction per person in the population. -It is skewed toward more males, causing a slowing in population growth. -It is evenly distributed between males and females.

-It is skewed toward more males, causing a slowing in population growth.

When birth rates decline, what happens to a given population? -The average age of the population grows older. -The population shifts towards females. -The number of producers in the ecosystem decreases. -The average age of the population grows younger

-The average age of the population grows older.

A graph of world population growth over the past 500 years most closely resembled the letter ________. U M J K S

J

In 1900, there were approximately 1.75 billion humans on Earth; in 1950, there were approximately 2.3 billion; in the year 2025, approximately 8 billion people will inhabit the biosphere. In the period between 1900 and 2025, what has happened to the human population? -The intervals between population doublings are decreasing. -The intervals (in years) of population doubling are fixed. -It has stabilized. -Zero-population growth policies are at work.

-The intervals between population doublings are decreasing.

Use the figure above to answer the following question. Which of the following can be inferred from the age structure shown? -The population in Canada is growing more rapidly than Nigeria. -The population in Nigeria is growing more rapidly than Canada. -There was a "baby boom" in Nigeria 30 years ago. -The population in Nigeria has many more males than females. -The population in Nigeria is aging rapidly.

-The population in Nigeria is growing more rapidly than Canada.

Which of these statements about the growth of the human population is true? -The human population peaked in the 1960s and has been declining since. -Population growth is evenly divided with 50% of the increase coming from the developed countries and 50% from the developing countries. -The human population has been growing at a steady and constant rate since 1800. -The rate at which the population has been growing has slowed in the past 50 years, but the human population is still getting larger.

-The rate at which the population has been growing has slowed in the past 50 years, but the human population is still getting larger.

The period in a woman's life between sexual maturity and menopause is known as what? -The family planning window -The demographic transition -The reproductive window -The immigration transition

-The reproductive window

How do women cause a reduction in the total fertility rate? -High rates of female literacy result in high population growth rates. -Promiscuity through available contraception -Through empowerment, personal choice, and education -Lower levels of education for women leads to lower growth rates.

-Through empowerment, personal choice, and education

What causes a decline in fertility rates? -an increase in family planning and birth control -a decrease in family planning and birth control -an increase in infant mortality and death rate -per capita income decreases

-an increase in family planning and birth control

Zero population growth occurs in a population when ________. people have as many children as they can in the first 5 years of marriage -total fertility rate exceeds the average replacement rate -the ecological footprints are larger than the carrying capacity -birth rate equals death rate and there is no migration -the carrying capacity is larger than the ecological footprint

-birth rate equals death rate and there is no migration

In a country where there are increasingly more households, ________. -population growth rates should increase -consumption should decrease -birth rates should remain constant -consumption should increase -birth rates should increase

-consumption should increase

Aside from contraception, human society and government policy can ________ to control population growth's negative effects on the environment. -encourage emigration from Africa -discourage equal education, employment, and literacy for women -discourage emigration from Africa -discourage population movement into sensitive environmental areas -encourage consumption

-discourage population movement into sensitive environmental areas

The most accurate terms describing the trend over the past 50 years for human use of natural resources are ________. -decreasing and sustainable -steady state, no change -from unsustainable to sustainable -rapidly increasing, moving from unsustainable to sustainable -increasing and unsustainable

-increasing and unsustainable

The view held by both Malthus and Paul Ehrlich suggests that depletion of resource supplies due to greater numbers of people ________. -will lead to natural selection of the most fit individuals -will result in exponential population growth -is a problem because most resources are limited and can be depleted -is not a problem because new resources can always be found to replace depleted ones -is not a problem because disease will limit population size

-is a problem because most resources are limited and can be depleted

Use the figure above to answer the following question. The age structure diagram of Canada suggests that its total fertility rate (TFR) is ________. -over 5.0 -less than the replacement rate -less than zerozero -steadily rising

-less than the replacement rate

Despite dire predictions in the past, humans still inhabit Earth. A few economists would argue that this is because ________. -world population growth has been slower than expected -Malthus overestimated Earth's environmental sensitivity -space exploration has revealed new frontiersMalthus's measurements were inaccurate -technological developments have alleviated some of the strain on Earth's resources

-technological developments have alleviated some of the strain on Earth's resources

The term demographic transition refers to ________. the slowing down in the growth of a population as it approaches it biocapacity -the decline in death rates followed by a decline in birth rates that occurred because sanitation levels in areas improved -the decline in death rates followed by decline in birth rates, occurring as a country economically develops -a requirement for a population to reach a specific size before it becomes stable -the slowing down in the growth of a population as it approaches the carrying capacity

-the decline in death rates followed by decline in birth rates, occurring as a country economically develops

Declining population growth rates in poor countries can be partially attributed to ________. -the education of women -valuing the birth of a son -illness in infants -reproducing beyond replacement fertility -economic disasters

-the education of women

Malthus was responsible for ________. -defining the concept of ecosystem services -the idea that without social restrictions, increasing human population would lead to famine and war -the idea that population growth would lead to greater industry and prosperity -authoring the book The Population Bomb, which described the disastrous effects of human population growth -recognizing the demographic transition effect in developing nations

-the idea that without social restrictions, increasing human population would lead to famine and war

When do smaller numbers of people have larger ecological footprints? -when they are from affluent, wealthier nations -when there is war -when they are from developing nations -when populations immigrate and emigrate

-when they are from affluent, wealthier nations

The global human population recently surpassed 7 billion people, and its annual growth is approximately _____ at the present. 1% 4% 7% 10% 12%

1%

A: Douglas Sylva gives four reasons why government population control is bad policy. Which of the following statements represents one of his reasons? -Government influence over family size is prone to abuse. -Money is better spent on population control than on other priorities. -Severe development problems are linked to population growth. -The world is experiencing increasing fertility. B: John Seager describes several benefits of smaller families, including ____________. -busier schools -reduced carbon emissions -longer waits at hospitals -increased traffic congestion C: Although Sylva and Seager seem to agree that couples should be able to make their own family planning decisions, they would disagree about which of the following statements? -Earth's population has undergone a rapid increase in the past century. -Governments should provide resources and education for family planning. -Societies that value freedom and privacy keep government out of reproductive planning decisions. -Many countries face severe poverty and development problems. D: Sylva emphasizes the dangers to economies and social welfare systems from declining fertility rates. In comparison to Sylva, what would Seager say about declining fertility? -Governments should mandate one-child families to cause additional fertility declines. -Declining fertility would provide many social benefits, such as less crowded schools and roads. -Declining fertility will exacerbate extreme poverty. -Declining fertility is a false concern because global population is increasing. E: Predict which of the following United Nations funding proposals both Sylva and Seager might support. -An overseas government plan to require one-child families -A third-world country plan to provide free contraceptives -A development plan to build schools for girls in a poverty-stricken country -A proposal by a European country to promote bigger families and reverse declining fertility rates

A: -Government influence over family size is prone to abuse. B: -reduced carbon emissions C: -Governments should provide resources and education for family planning. D: -Declining fertility would provide many social benefits, such as less crowded schools and roads. E: -A development plan to build schools for girls in a poverty-stricken country

A: What was the overall trend in household size from 1970 to 2000? -Household size decreased. -Household size increased. -Household size stayed the same. -There was no overall trend. B: What percentage of households in 2000 had 3 or fewer people? -74.9% -16.5% -17.2% -64.4% C: In comparison to 1970, the overall percentage of households with 4 or more people in 2000______. -stayed the same -decreased by approximately 1% -decreased by approximately 10% -increased relative to households of 3 or fewer people D: Which of the following statements best describes the implications of household size for energy consumption and land use and development? -If more households are small (with 1 or 2 people), energy consumption will decrease. -Larger households (those with 4 or more than 5 people) mean a larger population and higher overall environmental impacts. -Overall energy and land use will depend on the type and density of housing developments in an area. -There is no relationship between household size and energy and land use. E: If current trends continue, with parents in the U.S. choosing to have fewer children on average (for example, 1 or 2 children versus 3 or more), how will future household sizes be affected? -Households of 3 and 4 people will increase. -Households of 1 and 2 people will increase. -Households of 3 and 4 people will increase and households with more than 5 people will decrease. -All household size categories will decrease.

A: -Household size decreased. B: -74.9% C: -decreased by approximately 10% D: -Overall energy and land use will depend on the type and density of housing developments in an area. E: -Households of 3 and 4 people will increase and households with more than 5 people will decrease.

A: What does the left y-axis of the graph represent? -time -total population -total number of births and deaths -birth rate -birth rate or death rate B: What does the green graph line represent? -total number of individuals in the population -death rate -birth rate -population growth rate C: Which stage in the graph shows the greatest overall decline in death rate? -Stage 1 -Stage 2 -Stage 3 -Stage 4 D: What factor would contribute to a sharp decline in death rate, such as the one shown in Stage 2? -worsening economic conditions -increased access to birth control -improved sanitation -decreased availability of food E: Which stage represents the fertility transition--a period of declining fertility rates related to economic and social change? -Stage 1 -Stage 2 -Stage 3 -Stage 4 F: In which stage or stages is the size of the population relatively stable? -Stage 1 -Stage 2 -Stage 3 -Stage 4 -Stages 1 and 2 -Stages 1 and 4 G: Is the following statement supported or not supported by the data shown in the graph? The population grows most rapidly when the birth rate is significantly greater than the death rate. -supported -not supported -cannot be determined from the graph H: Is the following statement supported or not supported by the data shown in the graph? In the future the birth rate and death rate will be balanced, so the total population will remain relatively constant. -supported -not supported -cannot be determined from the graph

A: -birth rate or death rate B: -total number of individuals in the population C: -Stage 2 D: -improved sanitation E: -Stage 3 F: -Stages 1 and 4 G: -supported H: -cannot be determined from the graph

A: Ignoring migration, the age structure of a human population likely to increase in size will have what shape? -Both an inverted pyramid and a rectangle tapering toward the top result in a population that increases in size. -Both a pyramid and a rectangle tapering toward the top result in a population that increases in size. -a rectangle tapering toward the top -pyramid -inverted pyramid B: Ignoring migration, the age structure of a human population likely to decrease in size will have what shape? -a rectangle tapering toward the top -Both an inverted pyramid and a rectangle tapering toward the top result in a population that decreases in size. -pyramid -Both a pyramid and a rectangle tapering toward the top result in a population that decreases in size. -inverted pyramid C: Ignoring migration, the age structure diagram of a human population likely to maintain a relatively stable size will have what shape? -inverted pyramid -pyramid -a rectangle tapering toward the top -Both a pyramid and a rectangle tapering toward the top result in a population that remains stable in size. -Both an inverted pyramid and a rectangle tapering toward the top result in a population that remains stable in size.

A: -pyramid B: -inverted pyramid C: -a rectangle tapering toward the top

A: Why aren't more couples using birth control in Zambia? Birth control in Zambia __________. -leads to an increase in sexually-transmitted infections -is too expensive -requires travel that many families cannot afford. -is forbidden by the government B: The number of children in a family in Zambia has largely been determined by __________. -the other children in the family -the religious practices of the family -the amount of available food -the father C: To limit the growth of the Zambian population, humanitarian aid agencies and organizations such as UNICEF are focusing on __________. -educating and empowering women -giving people money to purchase birth control -forced sterilization of women who already have three children -increasing the availability of abortions D: What is the relationship between family income and family size? In general, as family income levels __________. -become increasingly unpredictable, families have fewer children -fall, families have fewer children -rise, families have fewer children -None of the listed responses above is correct.

A: -requires travel that many families cannot afford. B: -the father C: -educating and empowering women D: -rise, families have fewer children

A: Which of the following is a young man in Ogoniland most likely to be involved with? fishing farming illegal oil refining child care B: Which of the following would Lokiaka be most likely to support? -Continuation of the 1978 -Land Use Act. -Empowering women through education. -An increase in kpo-fire. -Subsidizing oil companies. C: Based on trends, who will continue to acquire land in the Niger Delta? -United States -Aid organizations -Delta women -The Nigerian government D: Which of the following is most likely to be interested in acquiring the use of land in the Niger Delta? -A mineral mining company -A fishing boat manufacturer -A large tech company -A large agribusiness E; If the UN has its way, which of the following will happen first in the Niger Delta? -The damaged pipeline will be repaired. -The rivers will be restocked with fish. -New banana trees will be planted. -The drinking water will be made safe to drink.

A: illegal oil refining B: -Empowering women through education. C: -The Nigerian government D: -A large agribusiness E: -The drinking water will be made safe to drink.

According to the figure, Nigeria has a ________ population size than Canada, with a ________ median age and a ________ proportion of the population at postreproductive age. -smaller; lower; smaller -larger; lower; smaller -larger; lower; larger -larger; higher; larger -smaller; higher; larger

larger; lower; smaller

In the demographic transition model, the highest population growth rate in a country is likely to occur during ________. stage 1, the preindustrial stage stage 2, the transitional stage stage 3, the industrial stage stage 4, the postindustrial stage stage 5, the stability transition stage

stage 2, the transitional stage