EVR HW 9 (Exam 3)
Most commercial logging today takes place in ________.
Canada, Russia, and Brazil
Which of the following statements is true regarding the area effect?
Large islands contain more species than do smaller islands.
In an open and grassy pine savannah, fires _____. Which of the following is a result of the prescribed burning of an open and grassy pine savannah? In a grassy pine savannah, a longer interval between prescribed burns typically leads to _____. What component of weather is watched most closely when determining when to conduct a prescribed burn? Which one of the following statements about prescribed burns is true?
prevent the development of a hardwood forest less-intense natural wildfires bigger woody species relative humidity Some species of pine trees require fire to reproduce.
Land trusts are ________.
private non-profit groups
If the Sky Islands become rapidly warmer and drier, the endemic species there will ________.
probably suffer a high extinction rate
What are corridors?
protected lands that allow animals to travel between islands of habitat
Which of the following phrases best describes the goals behind the resource management strategies?
sustainable use of natural resources
Concessions granted by developing nations allow ________.
timber extraction by foreign multinational corporations
This is the U.S. government designation that provides the most protection from human damage to a public area
wilderness area
________% of Earth's land area is currently covered by forest.
30
What is the difference between biosphere reserves and other protected areas?
Local people are allowed to live in and harvest resources from the outer areas of the reserve.
The first national park was ________.
Yellowstone
The tendency of humans to want to live in these Sky Islands, visit them for recreation, and use them for lumber or for wood pulp, causes ________.
increased habitat fragmentation and alteration
Ecosystem-based timber harvesting uses methods that ________.
leave seed-producing or mature trees uncut to provide for future forests
Forests reach their greatest ecological complexity when ________.
they are mature and exhibit a multi-level canopy
What percent of the world's oceans are in protected areas or reserves?
1.6%
Approximately what areal percentage of the world's lands are designated as parks, reserves, and protected areas?
12%
Matthew Koehler includes several statistics about impacts of logging in national forests. Which of the following statements describe an ecological impact of logging? Dale Bosworth describes several reasons why America's national forests are not pristine landscapes. Which of the following reasons does he include in his essay? Both authors describe the unhealthy state of forests but describe very different solutions. Which of the following answers list Koehler's primary solution and Bosworth's primary solution? Although Koehler and Bosworth disagree about the role of logging in U.S. national forests, their essays suggest one potential point of agreement. Which of the following statements would both authors support? You are a U.S. senator who plans to introduce an updated version of the Organic Administration Act of 1897. What scientific information would be useful for rewriting the original law?
Approximately 50% of riparian areas require restoration due to logging and other land uses. American Indians have managed forests for thousands of years through the use of fire Koehler: ecological restoration; Bosworth: active management (tree thinning) Removing some trees from forests can reduce the threat of wildfire in protected areas. Research on the effects of logging on ecosystem services provided by forests
Which of the following areas would be affected most by the decreasing federal budget for the National Park Service? Velvet grass, an invasive plant, has been found in Yosemite National Park. Who is most likely to remove it? Which of the following is true regarding giant sequoias? You visit Arenal Volcano National Park while on a trip to Costa Rica. Who do you have to thank for originally initiating the concept of the National Park? Your aunt sits on the board of the most successful philanthropic group advocating for protecting public lands. What is she working to improve and protect?
Effigy Mounds National Monument Volunteers They need fire and large amounts of water United States Golden Gate National Recreation Area
As with other oceanic islands, land mammals of Jamaica are made up almost entirely of bats. Jamaica belongs to this island chain. The number of species of amphibians and reptiles on Caribbean islands is highly correlated with the size of the islands. Which of the following countries, then, should have the fewest number of species? Besides island size, island distance to the mainland is a predictor of species diversity. Which of the following islands lies furthest from a continental landmass? The diversity and abundance of Anolis lizards is remarkable in the Caribbean. Similar species have arisen independently on each of the Greater Antilles: Cuba, Hispaniola (Haiti and the Dominican Republic), Jamaica, and __________. The Caribbean Islands are a biodiversity hotspot. They consist mainly of three large groups of islands between North and South America. Which of the following is NOT one of these three major groups of islands?
Greater Antilles Barbados Bermuda Puerto Rico Bermuda
How has the "Smokey the Bear" campaign damaged forest health?
It has allowed too few fires to burn in forests.
A fire hits an old forest with large, old trees. A large section of the forest is burnt down. Over many years, new, immature trees replace the old ones. How can the new area be characterized?
It is a secondary forest
If Lower Michigan has another severe winter, what effect will it most likely have on the emerald ash borer? You are an entomologist with a plan to stop the emerald ash borer at its most ecologically damaging stage. What are you targeting? You are the mayor of Pittsfield, Massachusetts. The trees in your town are under siege from the Asian long-horned beetle. Where should you go to best learn how to eradicate this pest? The city in which you reside is home to the four major species of ash trees. Which of the following is likely to fair the best if the emerald ash borer makes its way to your community? A plant with which of the following characteristics would likely be most successful in an area where all of the hemlocks have been killed off by the hemlock wooly adelgid?
No effect larvae Chicago, Illinois blue ash A species that does well in soil with high nitrogen.
Which of the following states ranks higher than Kentucky in carbon emissions per unit of electricity from all sources? If the use of coal in Europe is predicted to follow the same anticipated course as the United States over the next few decades, what will happen? In order to meet new standards, coal fired power plants in Kentucky are most likely to switch to which of the following fuels? If predictions are correct, what will happen to your electricity rates between now and 2030? What is unique about the Environmental Protection Agency's plan to decrease carbon emissions?
No state ranks higher than Kentucky. Use of coal will decline in Europe. Natural gas ? States can choose how to meet their assigned goals.
Which three regions used the most paper overall for the entire time period represented on the graph? Approximately how many tons of paper and paperboard were consumed worldwide in 1970? Now calculate the tons of paper and paperboard consumed worldwide in 2000. Use your answer to this question and your answer from Part B to calculate the approximate percentage change in consumption from 1970 to 2000. Which region had the highest per capita paper use in 2000? Based on population and consumption trends, which region would have had the highest paper consumption in the year 2010?
North America, Europe, Asia 130 million tons 170% North America? Asia, due to rising population and rising consumption rates
Under the Antiquities Act of 1906, which of the following would be allowed to designate 1.6 million acres of federal land in Wyoming as a National Monument? When it comes to land management, Idaho is similar to Utah. Which of the following is true? Which of the following people would be most likely to support the creation of National Monuments in the United States? Which of the following is true? f things progress the way the governor of Utah wishes, which of the following will happen?
President of the United States ? Democratic senator ? Bears Ears will not be declared a National Monument.
What sorts of limitations are placed upon national wildlife refuges?
The refuges are open for hunting, fishing, education, and other public uses.
Why do developing nations impose few or no restrictions on logging?
They are desperate for economic development.
How do resource managers achieve maximum sustainable yield?
They keep the population at 50% of the carrying capacity, thus maximizing the growth rate.
Which of the following is true? If Cuba reaches its goal, about how much of its coastal waterways will be set aside for conservation? Which of the following is true? Which of the following is currently the largest environmental problem in Cuba? What can people scuba diving around Cuba expect to see?
Tourism from countries except the U.S. is a large part of the Cuban economy. 25% Agriculture in Cuba relies mainly on organic techniques. Overfishing Pristine coral reefs.
Why do urbanized societies need stretches of uninhabited and undeveloped land?
Uninhabited and undeveloped lands provide natural resources that, in turn, provide the ecosystem services and the psychological relief needed to support urban populations.
Mr. Smith has been hired to manage a swath of land owned by a private company. His goal is to manage the forest in the most sustainable way while still using the land and making a profit. At first, he manages the land using the concept of maximum sustainable yield. After a few years he realizes that ecosystem-based management is more appropriate for this particular swath of land. Mr. Smith is using __________.
adaptive management
According to the island biogeography theory, given islands of the same size, which would host the greatest amount of biodiversity?
an island just off the mainland
Second-growth forests ________.
are forests that establish themselves after virgin timber has been removed from an area
Wilderness areas ________.
are off-limits to development of any kind but are open to low-impact recreation
Paper parks are ________.
areas protected on paper but not in reality due to lack of funding
Most of the world's forests are __________.
boreal forest
Which of the following harvesting methods is the most cost-efficient but has the greatest ecological impacts?
clear-cutting
Many forest resource managers aim to maintain resource populations at the position named in the question above because it ________.
delivers the maximum sustainable timber yield
Which of the following management practices attempts to minimize ecological impact by allowing some trees in a forest to grow to maturity?
ecosystem-based management
The arrow at the top right of the graph represents the ________.
equilibrium point where births in the population equal deaths
What would one call trees planted in a stand at the same time?
even aged
"Edge effects" are a particular problem when ________.
formerly large habitats are reduced to small fragments
Most forest resource managers aim to maintain resource populations ________ of the pictured curve.
in the middle
There are groups of tropical birds, such as trogons and parrots that are usually considered to live in Central America and the mountains of southern and central Mexico. Small populations of these birds migrate into the United States each year. It is probably true that ________.
more of these birds are found in the mountains of New Mexico and Arizona than in the mountains of Colorado, Utah, or Nevada
If the Sky Islands become warmer and drier, the species that live at lower elevation will ________.
move into and dominate the altered sky islands
________ are replacing primary forests in much of southeast Asia.
oil palm plantations
What does the y-axis show? What does the red graph line represent? During which period were forest fires most extensive? In 1770, how much of the landscape did the thinning stage occupy? Which of the following best describes the Yellowstone Plateau landscape in 1900? Between 1700 and 1985, the dominant forest stage on the Yellowstone Plateau progressed from establishment stage to old-growth forest, in a pattern typical of secondary succession. Which statement is most likely to have described how the landscape changed in the 12 years after the 1988 fires?
percentage of landscape occupied by a forest stage thinning stage 1700-1750 50% More than half of the landscape was occupied by forests in which shade-tolerant trees were becoming established. supported The percentage of the landscape in old-growth stage forest decreased.
Clear-cutting ________.
removes all trees from an area
With very few exceptions, what sort of forest is in the United States?
secondary forest
Which of the following types of organisms would most likely be found in the understory of a forest?
small trees, mosses, and epiphytes
Prescribed burns would be used in forests ________.
that are subject to severe wild fires to remove fuel load and stimulate new growth
What is the process in which forest plants release water back into the atmosphere?
transpiration
Fire history in an open pine woodland ecosystem would be best determined by ________.
tree ring scars
Currently, what sorts of forests are being lost more rapidly than others?
tropical rainforest
The National Forest Management Act ________ national forest land.
was passed in 1976 with the intent to ensure multiple use and sustainable yield of
The UNFAO has demonstrated that forest loss has slowed but ________.
we still lose forests at the rate of 5.2 million ha/yr
According to this article, where are you most likely to visit a federally protected area that is vandalized? You visit Saguaro National Park only to find the signature attraction vandalized. What was damaged? Your friend is caught vandalizing at Arches National Park and receives the same penalty as Dana Choi recently received. Which of the following was your friend's punishment? How long is Rattlesnake Canyon going to be closed to hikers for fear of vandalism? If you vandalize within Joshua Tree National Park, what type of violation are you committing? You are a park ranger concerned with protecting Inspiration Rock from vandals. Where do you work?
west cacti fine indefinitely federal ?
When will a population grow most rapidly?
when it is at 50% of carrying capacity
What challenge does the concept of SLOSS represent?
whether to make a few large reserves or many small reserves
