EVR1001 Unit 1 EXAM

nitrogen cycle

1. First, the soil bacteria create ammonium. 2. Next, nitrifying bacteria change the ammonium to nitrites 3. Finally, another nitrifying bacteria type changes the nitrites to nitrates. Now it can enter the plants.

Tsnami

A long high sea wave caused by an earthquake or other disturbance.

Ritcher scale

A scale that rates an earthquake's magnitude based on the size of its seismic waves.

metamorphic rock

A type of rock that forms from an existing rock that is changed by HEAT, pressure, or chemical reactions.

Saffir-Simpson Hurricane Scale

According to the ...................classification scale, a hurricane with wind speed of 105mph is a category 2.

All forms of carbon, nitrogen, and phosphorus are available for producers to use.

All of the following is true of biogeochemical cycles EXCEPT:

Destification

As temperature and precipitation rates change, previously arable land is converted to desert in some places around the world. This is called:

This is why it rains before you feel that cool weather here in Florida!

As the warm air rises it cools and condenses, then precipitation occurs.

Lithification

Changing sediments to rock occurs through the process of

N2 to ammonium to nitrites to nitrates

Choose the correct order of steps required for nitrogen fixing soil bacteria to get N2 into nitrate

Crust- top layer of the earth divided into two parts:.

Continental layer- the crust located under land masses This region is thicker thick, up to 40 km in depth under mountains. Its composition is primarily granite. Oceanic layer- the crust located under the oceans. This region is thin, approximately 7 km. in depth and its composition is primarily dense basaltic rock.

Temperature

Convection in the atmosphere is driven by:

uneven heating

Convection is largely due to ........................ by the sun with solar energy being most intense at the equator and least intense at the polar regions. The uneven heating drives the movement (circulation) of the air. Atmospheric circulation is driven by temperature, the planet's movement in space and the Coriolis effect.

Allows excessive loss of infrared light.

Functions of the atmosphere include all of the following except:

First possibility is that it washes away during heavy rains or watering before it can be absorbed into the soil. This situation then supplies additional nutrients to areas downstream from its original site. These environments may not require additional nutrients or the nutrients may kill the plants that are not tolerant to high levels of nutrients.

How are fertilizers "BAD"?

The main ingredient for hurricane formation is warm ocean water (more than 80 degrees Fahrenheit). This warm water provides energy for the hurricane and causes more evaporation making humid air clouds. Winds come together and force the air upward. The winds then flow outward above the storm, allowing the air below to rise. This humid air that rises makes the clouds of the storm. Surface winds outside of the storm steer the hurricane and allow it to grow. Hurricanes do not occur within 300 miles (500 kilometers) of the equator because there is no Coriolis effect at the equator.

Hurricanes form due to heat engine dynamics.

Hydrolysis

Hydrogen from water reacts with elements to form an acid, which helps to breakdown the rock.

Wind blows from areas of low pressure to areas of high pressure

Identify the false statement in the following list

Lithosphere

Identify the term that describes the layer of the earth composed of both the crust and the upper mantle

right, moving in a clockwise direction; left, moving in a counter-clockwise direction

In the Northern Hemisphere air will bend to the ................................. In the Southern Hemisphere, air will bend .......................................................... The strength of the Coriolis effect varies with latitude. There is no Coriolis effect at the equator, it becomes stronger with increasing proximity to the polar regions.

all of these

Increased greenhouse gases originate from

suppression of the human immune system

Increases in ultraviolet radiation will cause an increase in all but which one of the following?

calcite/calcium carbonate

Limestone is composed chiefly of the mineral

Erosion Effects

Loss of topsoil- The topsoil layer has the greatest volume of nutrients needed for plant growth. The loss of this horizon is also the loss of nutrients, which will reduce the ability to grow crops. Soil compaction- the hardening of the remaining soil, which reduces the ability of soil to absorb water. The result would be an additional increase in water run off. Desertification- the creation of less usable soil, which is considered to have the traits of the desert biome. This issue is growing, as we lose once productive land to desertification.

False

Mechanical weathering changes the chemical composition of rock

water pollution

Most agriculture adds fertilizers to their fields, to ensure sufficient nutrients for crop growth. The addition of fertilizers is to offset the top soil loss. Fertilizers run off with rainwater, resulting in being carried to other bodies of water. The result of an increase in fertilizer use is the increase in nutrients into our waters, being it in the immediate area or downstream. Too many nutrients decreases water quality and productivity.

True

Most rocks are aggregates of minerals

True

Nitrogen fixing can occur in the oceans, soil or certain plant roots.

Soil Profile, horizons in order

O, A, E, B, C, R

two diverging tectonic plates

Oceanic ridges form the boundary of:

Oxidation

Oxygen and an element form an oxide, this changing the chemical composition of the element.

21%

Oxygen comprises only about.........of the air around us

Phosphate

Phosphorus enters the biological systems as

Erosion Solutions

Practices to assist in maintaining soil are a benefit to all. A few are provided below. 1. Contour plowing - plowing across the hill rather than up and down. 2. Terracing - is shaping the land to create level shelves of earth to hold water and soil. 3. Crop rotation- alternate crop types for best use of land and its nutrients 4. No till agriculture- leave plants or debris between rows.

Equator

Prevailing winds include polar easterlies, westerlies, and trade winds. Polar easterlies originate in the poles and blow towards the

Covection

Prevailing winds result from

Ozone in the stratosphere can dissociate, or breakdown to oxygen (O 2 and O), reducing the total volume of ozone in the stratosphere.

So what is the ozone hole?

all of the above

Soil composition includes:

soil

Soil is a marvelous substance, a living resource of astonishing complexity and frailty. It is a mixture of mineral grains weathered from rocks, partially decomposed organic molecules, and a host of living organisms.

accumulation

The B horizon is also called the zone of

Earth's rotation

The Coriolis effect is caused by the ....................... It causes air and water to bend in different directions in the Northern Hemisphere versus the Southern Hemisphere.

transform boundary

The San Andreas fault is an example of a:

R horizon

The bedrock, which lies below all of the other layers of soil, is referred to as the R horizon.

Weathering

The breaking down of rocks and other materials on the Earth's surface.

1. Water- in the form of rain and rainwater runoff- we have all experienced the heavy downpours in Florida, and see how fast the waters run off, as there is not enough time to enter the soil. It carries much of the top layers of soil when it runs. 2. Wind- Natural exposure will allow the movement of lighter weight matter to be dispersed in heavy winds. 3. Farming- farming increases erosion greatly, with the removal of crops during harvest, the tilling of land to loosen it for planting, and the excess watering needed for certain crops to grow. 4. Lack of vegetation- Removal of trees and other vegetation to grow crops or provide timber allows the exposure of the soil to rain and wind.

The causes of erosion include:

rock cycle

The change of rocks form one type to another is known as

carbon dioxide

The concern about global warming is most directly linked to rising concentrations of which gas in the atmosphere?

Desertification

The loss of land due to deterioration of soil is called:

Divergence

The movement of two plates away from each other.

carbon cycle

The organic circulation of carbon from the atmosphere into organisms and back again

Stratosphere

The ozone layer is found in which atmospheric layer?

limestone; corals

The predominant rock layers south of lake okeechobee is composed of ............ created by ...........

chemical weathering

The process in which rock is broken down by changes in its chemical makeup

Assimilation

The process of plants taking up nitrogen from the soil is called:

limestone

The rock found under most of South Florida is

Weathering

The slow break down of rocks by air, water, chemicals, changing temperature is

Describes the trapping of heat energy in the troposphere by certain gaseous molecules

The term greenhouse effect

limestone, phosphate

The two economic important mining processes in Florida are:

mechanical weathering

The type of weathering in which rock is physically broken into smaller pieces WITHOUT CHANGING THEIR CHEMICAL MAKE UP

tropics

Trade winds blow in the.........carrying heat and moisture towards the poles.

plate 1 is moving away from plate 5

Two tectonic plates. Plate 1 and Plate 5, meet or are in contact w each other, at a diverging oceanic ridging. In which direction is the oceanic plate 1 moving in relation to oceanic plate 5?

True

Volcanoes can form at both divergent and convergent boundaries

interglacial; increase

We have been living in an .................period for the past 10,000 years, but the temperature began to ..................just in the last century.

hourly or daily; average/long-term

Weather is a term that refers to a condition in the atmosphere on an .............. basis whereas climate is a description of ..............weather conditions.

middle latitudes

Westerlies blow in

Nitrates

What form does nitrogen need to be in order to be usable by the majority of plants that do not have fixing?

both A and B

What is the consequence of soil compaction?

Troposphere , stratosphere, mesosphere, thermosphere

What is the order of the layers of the atmosphere from closest to the surface of earth to the farthest out to space?

CFCs

What pollutant caused by human activities is causing the hole in the ozone layer

break down dead organic material and release nutrients back into the soil

What role do decomposers play in the nitrogen cycle?

Phosphate

What usable form of phosphorus is required by plants and animals?

volcanoes, convergent

When continental plates and oceanic plates collide they can form ......... this type of boundary is called a .............boundary.

June through November

When is hurricane season?

O and A

Which horizons in our soil profile have the greatest concentration of organic and living organisms?

Montreal Protocol

Which international agreement seeks to repair the damage to the ozone hole?

Asthenosphere

Which layer of the earth is plastic and permits the movement of surface plates

Soil flora and fauna

Which of the following are considered organic matter?

water, wind

Which of the following are natural causes of erosion?

Agricultural Revolution

Which of the following historical events led directly to the input of excessive amounts of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere?

the shell

Which of the following is NOT included within the earth's interior zones

Nitrogen

Which of the following is a component of all proteins and nucleic acids and a vital nutrient for plants?

Lightening, soil bacteria, and industrial processes are three ways nitrogen gas can be converted into a form by producers

Which of the following is true?

earthquakes

are a result of tectonic plate movement. Subduction, which causes reverse or thrust faults and transforming faults generate great amounts of energy that are released as these movements occur.

sedimentary rock

are formed by the consolidation of sediments, under pressure. Sediments are smaller particles that are the result of all rock types being broken down by WEATHERING.

volcanoes

can form both at divergent and convergent boundaries. The diagram below shows the location of Mount St, Helens and Mt. Adams in Oregon to the east side of the subduction area.

all of the above

climate

all of the above

climate is influenced by

core

composed of a dense, intensely hot mass of metal, which is mostly iron. It is subdivided into an inner core and outer core.

A horizon

is considered the Top Soil. This is also considered the zone of leaching. Water moves through and takes nutrients and minerals with it.

C horizon

is labelled as the substratum which has weathered portions of bedrock.

Troposphere

is the dense, lower part of the atmosphere where air circulates in convection currents. The troposphere is much thinner over the poles than it is over the equator. Temperature in the troposphere decreases with increasing altitude. This layer is closest to the earth, and the one you are living within the troposphere.

stratosphere

is the layer above the troposphere and it contains ozone which absorbs and shields the organisms on Earth from some of the harmful ultraviolet (UV) radiation from the sun. The absorbed energy makes the stratosphere warmer than the upper troposphere! The stratosphere is quite similar to the troposphere in composition except that it has 1,000 times more ozone and hardly any water vapor.

Mesosphere

is the middle layer of the atmosphere and extends from 28-50 miles above the earth's surface..

Exosphere

is the outermost layer of the atmosphere

B horizon

is the sub soil, also called the zone of accumulation. What does accumulation mean? Note that the plant zones reach into this zone.

Thermosphere

is where gases glow after becoming electrically charged from intense pulses of high-energy radiation from the sun producing brilliant swirls of colors called the Northern lights.

igneous rock

originate when molten material called magma cools and solidifies. This process, called crystallization, may occur either at the Earth's surface (e.g. basalt), or beneath the surface (e.g. granite).The magma either cools to form bodies of rock (e.g. granite) within the continental crust, or it reaches the surface on the land or ocean floor where it forms the physical structure of volcanoes. FORMED BY THE COOLING AND SOLIDIFYING OF LAVA AND MAGMA.

soil composition

sand and gravel, silts and clays, dead organic material, soil flora and fauna, water and air

convection cells

shift seasonally and circulate air, moisture, and heat around the Earth. For example, humid warm air from the Gulf of Mexico is blown north to Canada. The air cools as it rises and moves north causing water to condense and precipitation occurs. This redistribution of heat and water supports life on Earth.

Mantle

surrounds the molten outer core and is a hot, pliable layer of rock. This layer is composed of oxygen, silicon and magnesium. The depth of the mantle is approximately 2900 km.

contiental drift

the gradual movement of the continents across the earth's surface through geological time.

Covergence

the movement of two plates towards each other. The result of convergence is subduction, where one plate goes below the other.

exosphere, thermosphere, mesosphere, stratosphere, troposphere

the order of the layers of the atmosphere by exterior to most interior

O horizon

the uppermost horizon of soil. It is primarily made up of organic material, including waste from organisms, the bodies of decomposing organisms, and live organisms.

True

underwater earthquakes have the potential to generate a tsunami wave

oceanic

which crust layer is thinner?

Release of man made chemicals, such as refrigerants, which include CFCs, freons and halons, interact with ozone, resulting in its depletion.

why is the ozone hole expanding?