EVS 195 Test 2 UNCW

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Which of the following is the accepted level of risk for most environmental hazards, as defined by the Environmental Protection Agency

1/1,000,000

The world human population reached about 1 billion in _________ and passed ____________ in 2011.

1800; 7 billion

What percentage of processed food in the U.S. contains a GMO ingredient?

60%

____ percent of adult Americans are overweight.

64

Which of the following is the most correct definition of soil?

A complex mixture of organic matter, minerals, and living organisms

Individuals represented by the middle of the dose/response curve (responding to doses of 20 ppm) are ______________ for that population.

About average in sensitivity

Bioaccumulation is important because it allows cells to

Accumulate essential nutrients and minerals

Which of the following CANNOT be found in soil?

All of these are found in soil

Our bodies minimize the effects of toxic compounds by all of the following except

Antagonistic reactions

Some particles or cells cause immune responses when your body's white blood cells recognize them as foreign objects. These are known as

Antigens

Women who ________ are LEAST likely to have many children.

Are able to earn an income for themselves

Hazardous substances ______________ while toxins are ______________.

Are dangerous substances; poisonous substances

Worldwide, traditional, and native varieties of food crops have __________ since the introduction of green revolution varieties.

Been widely replaced by new varieties

r=BIDE Check all the factors that contribute to rate of growth.

Births Immigration Deaths Emigration

What type of soil is sticky, elastic, and impermeable?

Clay

Soil organisms usually stay __________ the soil.

Close to the surface of

The ability to produce rapid population overshoots can be a useful strategy for a species that tends to

Colonize new territory

Most of the livestock grown in North America are

Confined in CAFOs.

Match what each letter stands for in the exponential growth equation: dN/dt = rN 1. Change 2. Rate 3. Time 4. Number (Population size)

Correct: 1 d Correct: 4 N Correct: 3 t Correct: 2 r

1. Number of children born in a year per thousand persons 2. Total number of children born to the average woman 3. Births plus immigration equals deaths plus emigration

Correct: 2 Total fertility rate Correct: 1 Crude birth rate Correct: 3 Zero population growth (ZPG)

In general, abiotic regulatory factors tend to be ___________ while biotic factors tend to be _____________.

Density-independent; density-dependent

Which of the following would have nearly zero topsoil?

Deserts

Which of the following demographic categories best identifies Country "A"?

Developed

Malthus and Marx

Disagreed about the root causes of overpopulation, poverty, and social upheaval

Historically, up until the middle ages, populations were mostly limited by:

Disease, famine and war

Endocrine disruptors

Disrupt normal hormone functions

In the real world, many factors determine the numbers of organisms in any one population. Yet, a "superfly" with unlimited food and no mortality would show what type of growth?

Exponential growth

Predation is considered to be a(n) _______________ factor.

Extrinsic and biotic

The main cause of world population growth in the past 300 years has been

Falling mortality due to longer life expectancy.

People can suffer malnourishment if they consume large amounts of ______ instead of _______.

Fat and sugar; vitamins and protein

Island biogeography explains the phenomenon of _______ terrestrial species on islands small and far from the mainland when compared to larger islands that are closer to the mainland and have __________ terrestrial species.

Fewer; more

Which of the following does NOT describe the status of the world's wild fisheries?

Fish farming has allowed some wild fish to recover worldwide.

Which of the following is when just a few members of a species survive a catastrophic event or colonize new habitat geographically isolated from other members of the same species.

Founder effect

_____________ growth rate describes a predictable rate of change at discrete points in time.

Geometric

Logistic growth rates are those in which a population

Grows rapidly when conditions are good, then slows as it approaches carrying capacity

How does island biogeography apply to ecosystems other than islands?

Habitat fragmentation has formed islands of habitat in "oceans" of development

Pronatalist pressures are influences that lead people to

Have more children

The histogram on the left represents a population whose birth rates

Have recently decreased

____________ are the most widely distributed vertebrate organisms on Earth.

Humans

Which of the following statements is true?

If a substance is toxic, its toxicity is highly dependent on its form and where it is present in the environment.

Morbidity is another word for

Illness

Acute effects of a toxin appear

Immediately after exposure

High responder crops of the green revolution produce tremendous yields

In response to fertilizers, pesticides and irrigation.

The difference between "total growth rate" and "natural increase" is that total growth rates

Include immigration and emigration as well as births and deaths

Human population levels from the time of the Agricultural Revolution to the present depict a ______- shaped curve.

J

Exponential growth would be represented by a ____ curve?

J-shaped

An LD50 is a dose of a toxic chemical that

Kills half of the population

When compared to sand and gravel, small soil particles (clay and silt) have ______ pore space.

Less

Ninety percent of the world's population growth in the next century is expected to occur in

Less-developed countries

The average age that a newborn can expect to attain in a given society is referred to as

Life expectancy

Which of the following is a collection of populations that have regular or intermittent gene flow between geographically separate units.

Metapopulation

The richest farming soils that form under the grasslands of central North America and under moist deciduous forests are the ________.

Mollisols and alfisols

If solubility is an important characteristic in toxic material movement in the environment and body, which of the following statements is true?

Oil-soluble compounds accumulate in the body.

The population theory held by Thomas Malthus was that the human population would:

Outstrip its resources, then suffer starvation and misery

The World Health Organization regards health as primarily a matter of ________ well-being.

Physical, mental, and social

Demography is the science that describes

Population changes and characteristics

Toxic substances are dangerous because they

React or interfere with specific cell functions

Density-independent population control factors cause mortality

Regardless of population size

Highly persistent toxic chemicals

Retain their toxicity as they cycle through the food chain and environment

Which of the following types of population curves would best represent a group of elephants that enter a new, open habitat and become a stable part of that ecosystem?

S-shaped curve

The zero population growth rate is slightly over two children per couple because

Some children die and some couples do not have children

According to the graph, which region has the greatest fertility reduction?

South-East Asia

Which of the following is the BEST way to ensure soil health?

Strip farming and leaving residues on fields after harvest

A chemical interaction in which one substance exacerbates the effects of another is termed

Synergism

Fetal alcohol syndrome is caused by exposure to a(n)

Teratogen

Which of the following is an intraspecific interaction?

Territoriality

The first part of this scenario describes

The founder effect or a demographic bottleneck

Country C probably has __________ rate of female...

The lowest

Which of the following most accurately defines the term carrying capacity?

The maximum number of individuals of a particular species that can be supported by a given ecosystem on a long-term basis.

The I = PAT formula says that our environmental impacts (I) are the product of

The population size times affluence and the technology used to produce goods and services consumed

A collection of separate populations that interact with each other is called a metapopulation.

True

Chronically undernourished people's diets do not provide 2,200 kcal per day on a long-term basis.

True

The highest number of game or commercial species that can be harvested in a single season without limiting growth for future seasons is the maximal sustainable yield.

True

While natural disasters such as drought or flood can lead to famine, farmers can nearly always survive these hard times in the absence of political corruption.

True

Which of the following population characteristics is generally associated with developing countries?

Urban Easy access to healthcare Many opportunities for education and work for women

Individuals represented by the right end of the dose/response curve (responding to doses between 30 and 40 ppm) are ____________ to the chemical.

Very insensitive

The three crops that humans rely on for the majority of nutrients and calories are

Wheat, rice, and maize

Organisms such as humans or elephants, which tend to live out the full physiological life span if they survive early growth.

a

MRSA is an example of

antibiotic resistant bacteria

Organisms such as sea gulls, which have a fairly constant mortality at all age levels

b

Organisms such as clams and redwood trees, which have a high mortality rate early in life but live a full life if they reach adulthood.

c

What are the three dominant food crops in the United States (select all that apply)?

corn soy wheat

In _______ countries, population growth rates are low, but the number of resources used per person is extremely high.

developed

The Renaissance physician Paracelsus is credited with saying "The dose makes the poison". From this statement, which of the following statements is true? Toxins are only harmful in large doses. false An ordinary substance can be harmful if over-consumed. true

false true

Which of the following are the traits most commonly targeted for enhancement in genetically modified organisms (GMOs) (select all that apply)?

pest resistance herbicide resistance

About what portion of world freshwater withdrawals is used for agriculture?

2/3

Which of the following practices contributes the least to antibiotic or pesticide resistance?

A person takes the full course of the appropriate antibiotic when she has a bacterial infection.

Among the most important characteristics of chemicals in determining their environmental risks is/are

All of these

Which of the following factors does not usually affect the crude death rates of a population?

All of these affect crude death rates

The benefits of leaving crop residues on a field after harvest include

All of these are correct

A drawback of aquaculture in net pens is ______________.

All of these are correct.

Health organizations now use the ______________, a tool to ______________________.

DALY; judge the total impact of the disease rather than only measuring how many people die

Birth rate would tend to decrease with a

Decrease in infant mortality rate

Widespread starvation is an example of _________ population control.

Density-dependent

Rill erosion can lead to

Gully erosion

The green revolution centered on the development of which of the following?

High-yield breeds of food crops.

The stratified horizontal layers of soils are called soil _________.

Horizons

Anemia is a common disease resulting from a shortage of dietary

Iron

If there is no migration, the size of a population is limited solely by interaction between

Natality and mortality

Which of the following is NOT a component of soil texture?

Organics

Contour plowing and strip farming are methods designed to

Prevent water and soil loss

Food security has to do with

The ability of a population to obtain food on a day-to-day basis.

A dependency ratio is a comparison between the numbers of

Working and nonworking people


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