EVS 195 Test 2 UNCW
Which of the following is the accepted level of risk for most environmental hazards, as defined by the Environmental Protection Agency
1/1,000,000
The world human population reached about 1 billion in _________ and passed ____________ in 2011.
1800; 7 billion
What percentage of processed food in the U.S. contains a GMO ingredient?
60%
____ percent of adult Americans are overweight.
64
Which of the following is the most correct definition of soil?
A complex mixture of organic matter, minerals, and living organisms
Individuals represented by the middle of the dose/response curve (responding to doses of 20 ppm) are ______________ for that population.
About average in sensitivity
Bioaccumulation is important because it allows cells to
Accumulate essential nutrients and minerals
Which of the following CANNOT be found in soil?
All of these are found in soil
Our bodies minimize the effects of toxic compounds by all of the following except
Antagonistic reactions
Some particles or cells cause immune responses when your body's white blood cells recognize them as foreign objects. These are known as
Antigens
Women who ________ are LEAST likely to have many children.
Are able to earn an income for themselves
Hazardous substances ______________ while toxins are ______________.
Are dangerous substances; poisonous substances
Worldwide, traditional, and native varieties of food crops have __________ since the introduction of green revolution varieties.
Been widely replaced by new varieties
r=BIDE Check all the factors that contribute to rate of growth.
Births Immigration Deaths Emigration
What type of soil is sticky, elastic, and impermeable?
Clay
Soil organisms usually stay __________ the soil.
Close to the surface of
The ability to produce rapid population overshoots can be a useful strategy for a species that tends to
Colonize new territory
Most of the livestock grown in North America are
Confined in CAFOs.
Match what each letter stands for in the exponential growth equation: dN/dt = rN 1. Change 2. Rate 3. Time 4. Number (Population size)
Correct: 1 d Correct: 4 N Correct: 3 t Correct: 2 r
1. Number of children born in a year per thousand persons 2. Total number of children born to the average woman 3. Births plus immigration equals deaths plus emigration
Correct: 2 Total fertility rate Correct: 1 Crude birth rate Correct: 3 Zero population growth (ZPG)
In general, abiotic regulatory factors tend to be ___________ while biotic factors tend to be _____________.
Density-independent; density-dependent
Which of the following would have nearly zero topsoil?
Deserts
Which of the following demographic categories best identifies Country "A"?
Developed
Malthus and Marx
Disagreed about the root causes of overpopulation, poverty, and social upheaval
Historically, up until the middle ages, populations were mostly limited by:
Disease, famine and war
Endocrine disruptors
Disrupt normal hormone functions
In the real world, many factors determine the numbers of organisms in any one population. Yet, a "superfly" with unlimited food and no mortality would show what type of growth?
Exponential growth
Predation is considered to be a(n) _______________ factor.
Extrinsic and biotic
The main cause of world population growth in the past 300 years has been
Falling mortality due to longer life expectancy.
People can suffer malnourishment if they consume large amounts of ______ instead of _______.
Fat and sugar; vitamins and protein
Island biogeography explains the phenomenon of _______ terrestrial species on islands small and far from the mainland when compared to larger islands that are closer to the mainland and have __________ terrestrial species.
Fewer; more
Which of the following does NOT describe the status of the world's wild fisheries?
Fish farming has allowed some wild fish to recover worldwide.
Which of the following is when just a few members of a species survive a catastrophic event or colonize new habitat geographically isolated from other members of the same species.
Founder effect
_____________ growth rate describes a predictable rate of change at discrete points in time.
Geometric
Logistic growth rates are those in which a population
Grows rapidly when conditions are good, then slows as it approaches carrying capacity
How does island biogeography apply to ecosystems other than islands?
Habitat fragmentation has formed islands of habitat in "oceans" of development
Pronatalist pressures are influences that lead people to
Have more children
The histogram on the left represents a population whose birth rates
Have recently decreased
____________ are the most widely distributed vertebrate organisms on Earth.
Humans
Which of the following statements is true?
If a substance is toxic, its toxicity is highly dependent on its form and where it is present in the environment.
Morbidity is another word for
Illness
Acute effects of a toxin appear
Immediately after exposure
High responder crops of the green revolution produce tremendous yields
In response to fertilizers, pesticides and irrigation.
The difference between "total growth rate" and "natural increase" is that total growth rates
Include immigration and emigration as well as births and deaths
Human population levels from the time of the Agricultural Revolution to the present depict a ______- shaped curve.
J
Exponential growth would be represented by a ____ curve?
J-shaped
An LD50 is a dose of a toxic chemical that
Kills half of the population
When compared to sand and gravel, small soil particles (clay and silt) have ______ pore space.
Less
Ninety percent of the world's population growth in the next century is expected to occur in
Less-developed countries
The average age that a newborn can expect to attain in a given society is referred to as
Life expectancy
Which of the following is a collection of populations that have regular or intermittent gene flow between geographically separate units.
Metapopulation
The richest farming soils that form under the grasslands of central North America and under moist deciduous forests are the ________.
Mollisols and alfisols
If solubility is an important characteristic in toxic material movement in the environment and body, which of the following statements is true?
Oil-soluble compounds accumulate in the body.
The population theory held by Thomas Malthus was that the human population would:
Outstrip its resources, then suffer starvation and misery
The World Health Organization regards health as primarily a matter of ________ well-being.
Physical, mental, and social
Demography is the science that describes
Population changes and characteristics
Toxic substances are dangerous because they
React or interfere with specific cell functions
Density-independent population control factors cause mortality
Regardless of population size
Highly persistent toxic chemicals
Retain their toxicity as they cycle through the food chain and environment
Which of the following types of population curves would best represent a group of elephants that enter a new, open habitat and become a stable part of that ecosystem?
S-shaped curve
The zero population growth rate is slightly over two children per couple because
Some children die and some couples do not have children
According to the graph, which region has the greatest fertility reduction?
South-East Asia
Which of the following is the BEST way to ensure soil health?
Strip farming and leaving residues on fields after harvest
A chemical interaction in which one substance exacerbates the effects of another is termed
Synergism
Fetal alcohol syndrome is caused by exposure to a(n)
Teratogen
Which of the following is an intraspecific interaction?
Territoriality
The first part of this scenario describes
The founder effect or a demographic bottleneck
Country C probably has __________ rate of female...
The lowest
Which of the following most accurately defines the term carrying capacity?
The maximum number of individuals of a particular species that can be supported by a given ecosystem on a long-term basis.
The I = PAT formula says that our environmental impacts (I) are the product of
The population size times affluence and the technology used to produce goods and services consumed
A collection of separate populations that interact with each other is called a metapopulation.
True
Chronically undernourished people's diets do not provide 2,200 kcal per day on a long-term basis.
True
The highest number of game or commercial species that can be harvested in a single season without limiting growth for future seasons is the maximal sustainable yield.
True
While natural disasters such as drought or flood can lead to famine, farmers can nearly always survive these hard times in the absence of political corruption.
True
Which of the following population characteristics is generally associated with developing countries?
Urban Easy access to healthcare Many opportunities for education and work for women
Individuals represented by the right end of the dose/response curve (responding to doses between 30 and 40 ppm) are ____________ to the chemical.
Very insensitive
The three crops that humans rely on for the majority of nutrients and calories are
Wheat, rice, and maize
Organisms such as humans or elephants, which tend to live out the full physiological life span if they survive early growth.
a
MRSA is an example of
antibiotic resistant bacteria
Organisms such as sea gulls, which have a fairly constant mortality at all age levels
b
Organisms such as clams and redwood trees, which have a high mortality rate early in life but live a full life if they reach adulthood.
c
What are the three dominant food crops in the United States (select all that apply)?
corn soy wheat
In _______ countries, population growth rates are low, but the number of resources used per person is extremely high.
developed
The Renaissance physician Paracelsus is credited with saying "The dose makes the poison". From this statement, which of the following statements is true? Toxins are only harmful in large doses. false An ordinary substance can be harmful if over-consumed. true
false true
Which of the following are the traits most commonly targeted for enhancement in genetically modified organisms (GMOs) (select all that apply)?
pest resistance herbicide resistance
About what portion of world freshwater withdrawals is used for agriculture?
2/3
Which of the following practices contributes the least to antibiotic or pesticide resistance?
A person takes the full course of the appropriate antibiotic when she has a bacterial infection.
Among the most important characteristics of chemicals in determining their environmental risks is/are
All of these
Which of the following factors does not usually affect the crude death rates of a population?
All of these affect crude death rates
The benefits of leaving crop residues on a field after harvest include
All of these are correct
A drawback of aquaculture in net pens is ______________.
All of these are correct.
Health organizations now use the ______________, a tool to ______________________.
DALY; judge the total impact of the disease rather than only measuring how many people die
Birth rate would tend to decrease with a
Decrease in infant mortality rate
Widespread starvation is an example of _________ population control.
Density-dependent
Rill erosion can lead to
Gully erosion
The green revolution centered on the development of which of the following?
High-yield breeds of food crops.
The stratified horizontal layers of soils are called soil _________.
Horizons
Anemia is a common disease resulting from a shortage of dietary
Iron
If there is no migration, the size of a population is limited solely by interaction between
Natality and mortality
Which of the following is NOT a component of soil texture?
Organics
Contour plowing and strip farming are methods designed to
Prevent water and soil loss
Food security has to do with
The ability of a population to obtain food on a day-to-day basis.
A dependency ratio is a comparison between the numbers of
Working and nonworking people
