Exam 1

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food stamps in the 1960s

- JFK promised to re-start a food stamp program if elected president (shifted focus away from eliminating farm surpluses to improving nutrition) - first executive order in 1961 and pilot programs - LBJ signed Food Stamp Act into law in 1964

1977 (concerns with chronic disease)

- US senate selects committe on nutrition and human needs - linking fat and sugar to heart disease, cancer, stroke, etc. - created the dietary goals (quantified fat/sat. fat, carbs, & protein intake as a percent of total calories) - dietary goals also set limits on dietary cholesterol, added sugars, & sodium - very controversial (meat, dairy, egg industry concerns) - USDA and HHS tasked with coming up with guidelines informed by avaible scientific evidence

1940s: WWII

- WWII brought in mandatory food rationing - this increased the need for federal dietary guidance - 7 food groups and first visual representations

Electronic Benefits Transfer (EBT)

- a card much like a debit or credit card used in the United States to issue food stamp benefits - reduces stigma and reduces fraud (created electronic record of transactions) - fully implemented in 2004

1914 smith lever act

- act that established cooperative extension service - connected land-grant colleges & USDA - focused on agriculture, home economics, leadership, youth development, & economic develop - wanted the extend knowledge from scientists to citizens - 50% of population lived in rural areas at this time

Personal Responsibility and Work Opportunity Reconciliation Act (1996)

- act that restricted eligibility for welfare (eliminated eligibility for most legal immigrants) - reduced benefits - tightened work requirements

1920s-1930s US nutrition

- after WWI, there was alot of emphasis on food safety - lack of adequate refrigeration that led to food borne illnesses

1862 morrill act

- aka "land grant college act" - established at least one college in each state to teach agriculture & mechanic arts ("land-grant unviersities, LGU") - each state got 30,000 acres of federal land for each member of their congressional delegation - emphasized need to educate the rural population

paraprofessional

- aka "peer educator" - trained aide who assists a professional person - participated in CES by helping teach courses in nutrition (did not have to have a diploma when it first started)

high level changes over time (1980-1990)

- basic order is the same and seen as hierarchial (top being most important) - moved from "negative" (avoid) to "positive" (choose/use) words - added specific recs for fat & sat. fat (1990)

high level changes over time (1995-2000)

- began to group concepts - added physical activity - separated grains from fruits and veggies - recommended that >50% of grains be whole grains - added safe food handeling

Farm Bill

- bill that authorizes agricultural programs, conservation programs, anti-hunger programs, and many other relevant programs - passed approx. every 5 or 6 years

Farm Bill (Agricultural Act) of 2014

- called for pilot-testing use of mobile devices/online transactions - allowed farmers selling directly to the public to accept EBT cards - created grants to develop programs to incentivize the purchase of fruits and vegetables

policy, systems, environmental (PSE)

- change that can be used to deliver nutrition messages to the SNAP-Ed audience - one of the three approaches outlined in the SNAP-Ed Guidance

national nutrition monitoring and related research act (1990)

- codefined the dual role of USDA and HHS in overseeing dietary guidelines - required revisions every 5 years - specified that USDA/HHS officials could amend guidelines prior to publication - required that all federal policies and publications be consistent with the dietary guidelines

Farm Bill (Food, Conservation, and Energy Act) of 2008

- committed $10 billion over 10 years to the program - changed name to SNAP: Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program ("Food stamps" = negative connotation)

political appointees

- composed of a departmental secretary and three or four tiers of the most important executives - usually replaced when a new president is elected

dietary guidelines advisory committee (DGAC)

- composed of leading scientists - read and consider the systematic evidence reviews to create the dietary guidelines for americans

2015 dietary guidelines

- continued focus on healthy eating patterns - provided examples of amounts of foods to be consumed from 8 different groups per calorie need - designed for use by professionals vs. public - image shows an example of a visual representation of the dietary guidelines that would've been given to the public

omnibus bill

- covers lots of different topics but is voted on as a whole (i.e. agriculture, food and nutrition) - creates tremendous controversy/ compromise (rural areas interested in ag programs & coastal/urban areas interested in food/nutrition) ex. The Farm Bill

program overlap

- criticism of EFNEP - other federal programs have same target pop. and program goals - want to reduce funding and combine agencies - solution is to not reduce funding, but work in tandem with other programs to expand outreach

cost and effectiveness

- criticism of EFNEP - return on investment of the program - variability between states and regions - solution is to evaulate EFNEP via annual reports and meta-analyses

use of paraprofessionals

- criticism of EFNEP - use people from the community to teach their community, but who are not formally trained in nutrition - solution to this is paraprofessional supervision and training/oversight

simplified nutrition assistance program (SNAP)

- demonstration project designed to deliver food assistance to elderly individuals receiving Supplemental Security Income (SSI) - simplified version of FNS in North Carolina - must be 65+ and living in a one person household

early childhood education (ECE)

- education in the early years of life (birth to ~8 yrs) - the field of study that deals mainly with the learning and experiences of children from infancy through the primary years

wilbur o. atwater (1844-1907)

- established the first US agricultural experiment station (1875) - determined the nutritional value of 3000+ foods - determined the caloric contein of water, protein, fat, total carbs & ash for "fuel value" - thought that eating food should be done to survive, not to enjoy (the human body was a "machine")

expanded food and nutrition education program (EFNEP)

- federal extension program that operates through land-grant universities - funded by USDA & NIFA - education and service with adults, youth, & PSE - primary focus is on low-income audiences

Expanded Food and Nutrition Education Program (EFNEP)

- federally funded public nutrition education program - originally an extension program (a type of USDA outreach and education program)

1980s

- first official dietary guidelines for americans was published in the 1980s - contained 7 guidelines (in image) - still a controversial topic - USDA/HHS developed the Advisory Committee of outside experts to review guidelines - assumption that they would be updated periodically

agenda setting

- first step in the policy cycle - the process by which a select few policy issues are chosen from among the many possible issues one could consider

2010 dietary guidelines

- focused on achieving and maintaining health weight, and consumption of nutrient dense foods - included 23 recommendations for the general public & 6 key recommendations for specific populations (i.e. pregnant women) - introduced healthy eating patterns (HEPs)

policy implementation

- fourth step in the policy cycle - the more detailed process of carrying out policy decisions

faith-based organization

- group with a religious identity that is eligible for government aid in delivery of public services - most emergency food pantries are predominately these organzations

food guide pyramid (1995)

- hierarchical/visual representation of food group recommendations - replaced the basic four food groups - separated F and Vs - added fats, oils, & sweets

federal enrichment program

- in 1943( WWII), the federal government required refined cereal grain products to be fortified with iron, thiamin, riboflavin, niacin, and folate (added in 1990s) - created due to the great depression and WWII

2020-2025 dietary guidelines

- includes specific guidance for pregnant/lactating women, infants/toddlers, children/adolescents, & adults/older adults - recognizes that chronic diseases are a major public health problem among Americans, guidelines focus on healthy and overweight/obese individuals - focuses on healthy patterns rather than specific nutrients in isolation - highlights healthy eating patterns for each stage of the life cycle (first time since 1985 that the DGA has recommendations for infants and toddlers)

land-grant university (LGU)

- institution of higher education in the United States designated by a state to receive the benefits of the Morrill Acts of 1862 and 1890 - these acts promoted establishment of institutions of higher learning focused on the agricultural and mechanical arts, without excluding other scientific and classical studies

industrial revolution

- invovled railroads and westward expansion - corn --> pigs, cattle --> meat consumption - wheat --> refined flour --> refined breads - international sugar trade --> "desserts" - led to dyspepsia and the rise of the first wave of food reformers and dietary guidance

policy evaluation

- last step in the policy cycle - completes a feedback loop, as each policy's successes and failures generates new issues of their own, which may influence the policy agenda anew

Thrifty Food Plan (TFP)

- national standard for a nutritious diet at a minimal cost - defines an adequate food bundle for federal policy purposes - a model spending plan appropriate for people on a tight budget - the max SNAP benefit amount is related to the cost of this plan

SNAP-Ed

- nutrition education component of SNAP created as an option for states to implement with federal money - created in 1981

congregate meal sites

- nutritional programs that provide meals to homebound older adults and persons with disabilities - served in community settings such as senior centers, churches or senior housing communities - offer an opportunity to meet new or old friends and engage in social activities while having a nutritious meal

food stamp act (1964)

- part of great society programs - replaced stamps with coupons - administered via county welfare agencies with state-specific rules and eligibility - 22 states participated

market failures

- particular circumstances in which markets fail to serve the public interest - markets need not collapse or cease to function, just fall short of their potential ex. insufficient public goods, externalities, imperfect information, & monopoly or oligopoly

color me healthy

- program developed to reach children ages four and five with fun, interactive learning opportunities on physical activity and healthy eating - designed to stimulate all of the senses of young children: touch, smell, sight, sound, and, of course, taste

kid's club

- program that consists of 8 sessions, 30 minutes in length, that are designed to teach youth about nutrition and physical activity in a fun and engaging way through activities and games - session topics include ways to be active inside and outside, participating in activities to improve heart and bone health, eating more fruits and vegetables, and drinking more water

lifeline

- provides a discount of up to $9.25 per month on either a home telephone or a wireless telephone service for low-income participants - eligible to participants of SNAP (or "FNS")

cooperative extension system (CES)

- provides non-formal education and learning activities for people throughout the country - emphasizes taking knowledge gained through research and education and bringing it directly to the people to create positive change ex. extension state specialists and county agents teach needed skills, such as healthy cooking on a budget and food safety, to individuals and families in their own communities

experimental designs

- randomly assign subjects to a treatment group and control group - offer the greatest ability to discern cause and effect rather than statisitical associations

ChooseMyPlate.gov (2011)

- replaced mypryamid.gov - simpler image - focused on "remind" vs. "recommend"

policy formulation

- second step in the policy cycle - the process of developing policy options

MyPyramid.gov (2005)

- simplified image - removed hierarchical representation - bands = proportion and variety - added physical activity image - web-based guidance - developed interactive diet "tracker" program (discontinued in 2018)

nudges

- some policy innovators are exploring greater options for "nudging" consumers toward more healthful choices - for example, all you can eat buffets or default meal side choice offerings

food taxes

- some public health advocates, researchers, & policy makers suggest that the government should tax less healthy foods & beverages and subsidize their more healthy counterparts - USDA researchers concluded that a tax on SSBs could have a large benefit for average body weight in the population

2005 dietary guidelines

- systemized use of evidence - shifted focus more to policymakers vs. public - companion document was created for public use - 9 main messages, 41 recommendations (18 for specific populations)

dietary pattern

- the combination of foods and beverages that constitutes an individual's complete dietary intake over time - may be a description of a customary way of eating or a description of a combination of foods recommended for consumption

Dietary Guidelines for Americans

- the federal government's most authoritative offical statement on nutrition and health issues - draws on a socaial and ecological framework for understanding food consumption and physical activity decisions

agricultural adjustment act (1933)

- the first "farm bill" - created the federal surplus relief corporation (part of FDR's new deal) - led to the food stamp program initiated in 1939

federal surplus relief corporation

- the government bought the surplus food in the great depression and distributed it (i.e. dry beans, flour, dairy, eggs, fruits, veggies) - if on public assistance, you could buy orange stamps for $1 and for every orange stamp, the USDA gave 50 cents worth of blue stamps - win-win for farmers and poor people - food stamps program reached 20 million people in half of all US counties from 1939-1943

nutrient dense

- these foods and beverages provide vitamins, minerals, and other health-promoting components and have little added sugars, saturated fat, and sodium - includes: veggies, fruits, whole grains, seafood, eggs, beans, peas, and lentils, unsalted nuts and seeds, fat-free and low-fat dairy products, and lean meats and poultry—when prepared with no or little added sugars, saturated fat, and sodium

decision making

- third step in the policy cycle - choosing among the available options

1970s nutrition

- this time period was characterized by changes in life expectancy and changes in the causes of death - more emphasis on chronic disease and diet (i.e. heart disease)

the dietary guidelines for americans (DGAs)

- used as a source of evidence for claims about diet and health on food labels - provides key inputs for USDA's Thrifty Food Plan and other model diets for people at different income levels - informs policies and regulations for nutrition assistance programs, including school lunch and school breakfast

1950s nutrition

- went from 7 to 4 basic food groups (milk, meat, bread/cereal, & veggie/fruit groups) - represented on a "daily food guide" - defined serving sizes - visual representation suggests "equal" importance - use of the word "fitness" but not mention of exercise

pareto optimal

- when a market is in equilibrium, with no external influences and with no external effects - each economic actor is made as well-off as can be accomplished without harming the economic interests of other actors

externalities

- when one actor affects the interest of another actor through some nonmarket mechanism - two types: positive and negative

faithful families

- works directly in communities of faith across the country to promote health for individuals, families, and local communities - open to all faith and religious traditions and engages faith communities in health education, environmental changes to support health, and community-wide health initiatives

take control

- 8 session chronic disease prevention program that provides strategies to help adults manage their health - informs, empowers, and motivates participants to change their eating and physical activity patterns - each 1-hour session contains a basic cooking demonstration of a healthy recipe

USDA food pattern

A USDA publication that categorizes nutritionally similar foods into food groups and makes recommendations regarding the number of servings of each food group that should be consumed daily

SNAP-Ed and EFNEP serve the same types of people and can do more together

At NC State, why does SNAP-Ed partner with EFNEP?

transportation

EFNEP eliminates what barrier as part of its programming?

U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA)

Federal agency responsible for the inspection and quality grading of meat, meat products, poultry, dairy products, eggs and egg products, and fruit and vegetables shipped across state lines.

- school-aged children qualify for free and reduced cost lunch - infants and young children qualify for WIC - families receiving SNAP qualify for a discount on their phone services

For what other benefits do SNAP recipients automatically qualify but may not receive?

conducting surveys about participants behavior before and after a course

How does SNAP-Ed document success?

emergency aid for families who needed short term assitance to buy low-cost nutritious foods

In the 1960s, the Food Stamp Program was designed to be...?

- reduced benefits - restricted eligibility - tightened work requirements

In which of the following ways did The Personal Responsibility and Work Opportunity Reconciliation Act of 1996 (passed under GW Bush's administration) impact the Food Stamp Program?

food security

Over the next few years, what important objective is EFNEP hoping to improve as part of their education?

Farm Security and Rural Investment Act of 2002

Restored eligibility to qualified immigrants who had been in the US for at least 5 years

false

Students generally are not eligible for SNAP because they do not have to deal with food insecurity (T/F)?

- to improve food resource management and food security - to improve food safety skills - to improve dietary intake and daily physical activity

What are the goals of the education provided to EFNEP participants?

extension professionals use the findings of academic research to teach the community evidence-based practices for healthy living

What best describes the relationship between academic research and cooperative extension?

the census stopped reporting the numbers of people with an income that met SNAP criteria

What change in 2010 made it harder for DHHS to determine what percentage of SNAP-eligible citizens received SNAP benefits?

- the county should have an interest in programming within their county - the target audience should have a high level of representation within a county

What criteria does EFNEP evaluate when determining if they should be involved in a particular county?

- county extension offices - USDA - land grant universities

What groups of people are always involved in the administration and implementation of EFNEP?

create online nutrition education videos modeled after the take control program

What is SNAP-Ed proposing to do to reach young adults and families with busy lives?

they are not required to have any formal training in nutrition

What is a challenge associated with using paraprofessionals in EFNEP?

peer educator

What is another term for paraprofessional in EFNEP?

WebNEERS

What is the data reporting and analysis system that EFNEP uses to determine success of programming?

At or below 130% of the poverty level

What is the income cut-off for qualifying for the SNAP program?

a lay leader from the community helps content the spiritual aspect of wellness into faithful families but not in take control

What is the main difference between Faithful Families and Take Control?

meta-analysis

What is the term for when researchers look at data from many different studies and reports to determine overall trends?

- homestead acts - pacific railway acts

What other bills were signed around the same time as the Morrill Act in order to promote economic expansion via government bonds and land grants?

50%

What percentage of participants who completed EFNEP education increased their fruit and vegetable consumption?

97-98%

What percentage of participants who completed education through EFNEP had a single positive change?

hunger and malnutrition

What significant problems did many parts of the United States face in the late 1960s?

- NCSU - NC A&T University

What two land grant universities is EFNEP in North Carolina connected with?

timeliness and accuracy

What two qualities are included in the USDA's score for SNAP quality control?

- education in the field - data analysis - curriculum design - program administration

What types of opportunities exist for those who would like to work with SNAP-Ed?

resources to appropriately implement the policy were not provided until later

What was a big challenge associated with implementing the new PSE policy in SNAP-Ed?

partnering with organizations to be part of preventative care

What was a major topic of conversation during the 50th year of EFNEP celebration?

- food budgeting and meal planning - food storage and food safety - nutrition - food selection and preparation

What was covered in the curriculum during the launch of EFNEP in 1968?

NC grocers association

Which DHHS partner was instrumental in ensuring there was enough food available in stores for hurricane survivors who received emergency SNAP benefits?

- salvation army - the inter-faith food shuttle - raleigh parks and rec - telamon head start

Which of the following are examples of collaborative partners with SNAP-Ed in Wake county?

The federal government pays 100% of SNAP benefits.

Which of the following best describes who pays for the SNAP benefits paid directly to SNAP participants?

The federal government pays for 50% of SNAP administration and the county pays for 50%.

Which of the following best describes who pays for the administrative costs for running the SNAP program (not including SNAP benefits)?

- preschool children - people from faith-based communities - school-aged children - childcare workers - senior adults

Which of the following groups of people are served by SNAP-Ed in North Carolina?

- incorporating chair bingo at a congregate meal site - rearranging the food pantry at an apartment complex - working with a corner store to stock more nutritional foods - establishing a community wellness committee at a church

Which of the following is an example of PSE changes?

- states could pilot-test use of online transactions and mobile devices for using SNAP benefits - grants were offered to incentivize the purchase of fruits and veggies with SNAP benefits - farmers markets could use EBT cards

Which of the following occurred with the passage of The 2014 Farm Bill (passed under the Obama administration)?

Reagan's decrease in federal funding of social programs and a worldwide economic recession

Which two events were major catalysts for creating the definitions for food insecurity and hunger in the United States?

- school-aged low-income youth - families with youth living in the home - pregnant women

Who are the main target audiences that EFNEP serves?

- local businesses - youth in the community - adults in the community

Who are the targets of EFNEP education and interventions?

paraprofessionals

Who did Leidenfrost suggest to teach low-income families after the results of the EFNEP pilot project were complete?

- they serve similar people groups - they both can use CES and land-grant universities to implement programming - both have goals to improving the health and wellbeing of their participants

Why might policy makers want to combine the SNAP-Ed and EFNEP programs?

- WIC - faith communities - community colleges - housing developments - department of social services (DSS) - head start centers

With what organizations does EFNEP partner to make EFNEP more successful?

Human and Health Services (HHS)

a U.S. department that overlooks many agencies such as the FDA, CDC, and NIH

artificial scarcity

a manufactured inadequacy of food caused by destroying surplus of food supply to increase wholesale prices i.e. during the great depression when people were starving

stigma

a mark of disgrace associated with a particular circumstance, quality, or person

food program

a more specific instituion that provides or distributes food

policy cycle

a schematic model of the policy making process

corner store

a shop that sells a wide variety of goods, especially one in a small town and is usually on a corner

annual report

a yearly statement of the financial condition, progress, and expectations of an organization

discretionary programs

about 20% of federal agricultural spending

mandatory programs

about 80% of federal agricultural spending

1890 2nd morrill act

act that created 17-land grant universities for black students

1994 elementary & secondary education reauthorization act

act that established 29 tribal colleges and universities as land-grant institutions, increasing overall total to 36 institutions

balanced budget act (1997)

act that restored eligibility for certain immigrants who had been living in the US prior to 1996 (i.e. elderly, children, disabled)

SNAP-Ed eligibility requirements

anyone who is enrolled in SNAP can participate in SNAP-Ed

food pantry

community food collection programs that provide groceries to be prepared and eaten at home

cross-sectional designs

compare different people at the same point in time

elderly simplified application project (ESAP)

demonstration project that seeks to increase participation in SNAP among the elderly low-income population by streamlining the application and certification process

revolving door

describes a career path when a writer questions the impartiality of USDA policy decisions

national task force (1960s)

developed guidelines for a national nutrition education system

dyspepsia

difficult digestion; indigestion

food and nutrition service (FNS)

division within the Department of Agriculture that manages the food stamp and school lunch programs

inequality

economic injustice or poverty

civil service

employees who provide continuity from one administration to the next

food policy

encompasses laws, regulations, decisions, and actions by governments and other institutions that influence food production, distribution, and consumption

homestead acts

encouraged westward expansion

baseline

estimate of future costs over 10 years if existing policies were continued essentially unchanged

score

estimate of how much the legislation's costs over 10 years will differ from the baseline

Special Supplemental Nutrition Program for Women, Infants, and Children (WIC)

federal assistance program of the Food and Nutrition Service of the United States Department of Agriculture for healthcare and nutrition of low-income pregnant women, breastfeeding women, and children under the age of five

national institute of food and agriculture (NIFA)

federal program that aims to "invest in and advance agricultural research, education, and extension to solve societal challenges"

pacific railway acts

financing of the transcontinental railway

prospective cohort designs

follow a group of people over time

blue stamps

food stamps used to buy "surplus" food

orange stamps

food stamps used to buy any approved food

political conservatives

generally more suspicious of government regulation and more reluctant to intervene in private-sector markets

political liberals

generally quicker to percieve market failures and to call for government action

public goods

goods that are nonexcludable (anybody can use them) and nonrivalrous (one person's use does not diminish another person's use) ex. roads and national defense

food stamps

government-issued coupons that can be exchanged for food

- decreased unemployment and raised incomes - decreased food surpluses because they were sent overseas to starving allies - the program terminated in 1943

how did WWII in 1942 affect the food stamps program?

- individual/family buys coupons equal to amount normally spent on food (typically ~30% of income) - "bonus"(benefit) based on how much more needed to follow low-cost nutritious meal plan ("Economy Food Plan") - could purchase any food for home consumption (not imported foods and no alcohol or prepared food)

how did the food stamp act in 1964 work?

- lack of time due to work and other expectations - lack of adequate transportation - poor internet access for remote education courses

if SNAP participants were required to participate in SNAP-Ed, which challenges might they face in meeting the requirement?

mandatory; discretionary

in general, agriculture committes have greater authority over funding decisions for ______ programs, while appropriations committees have greater authority over funding decisions for _______ programs

American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009

increased SNAP benefits as a form of economic stimulus after 2008 financial crisis

evidence-based

information based upon documented evidence from critically reviewed research

advocacy coalitions

interest groups that combine to stand for or against particular policies

food marketing chain

linked sequence of industries that are responsible for food production and distribution

return on investment (ROI)

net profit after taxes divided by total assets

poverty vs. SNAP

participants in SNAP in relation to the number in poverty, has risen or shrunk over time as SNAP eligibility has been loosened or tightened

food coupons

permission slips for buying food

polis

political community

extension county agent

primary responsibility for planning, executing, and evaluating the County Extension program within their areas of assignment

National School Lunch Program (NSLP)

program that provides free lunches to students from a certain income level

positive questions

questions about how decisions are actually made

normative questions

questions about how decisions should be made

federalism

refers to the division of authority between the national government and state and local governements

extension associate

responsible for planning and implementing educational extension programs (i.e. EFNEP)

heuristics

rules of thumb to make decisions

health equity

speaks to the process of creating opportunities for all population groups and each person to improve his or her health

Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program (SNAP)

the largest antipoverty program, which provides recipients with a debit card for food at most grocery stores; formerly known as food stamps

healthy eating patterns (HEPs)

the main types of food in this eating pattern include a variety of vegetables; fruits; whole grains; fat-free or low-fat dairy; seafood, poultry, meat, and eggs; and nuts, seeds, and soy products

response rate

the percentage of sampled subjects whose data were actually used in analysis

filtering

the process of reading a large body of research and concisely summarizing its relevant points

retail

the sale of goods in small quantities directly to consumers

representativeness

the subjects of a study may or may not represent the general population

nutrition facts food label (1995)

used dietary guidelines numerical recommendations to create daily values

post WWII nutrition

used same 7 food groups as during WWII with similar messages and visual representations

body mass index (BMI)

weight (kg) / height (m^2)

- Increasing the number of parks, greenways, and trails in the community - Installing signs that promote use of walking and biking paths - Increasing the availability of fresh, healthy foods in schools, restaurants, and cafeterias

what are examples of environmental changes in PSE work?

- Establishing policies for smoke-free zones and public events - Establishing healthy food options in vending machines in public places - Adding a tax to unhealthy food options - Requiring the use of safety equipment in a work setting to avoid injury

what are examples of policy changes in PSE work?

- Developing plans for implementing new interventions and processes - Adapting or replicating a proven health promotion model - Implementing new technologies - Creating training or certification systems that align with policies

what are examples of system changes in PSE work?

- the process of developing the DGs - the failure to include the DGAC's recommendation that dietary pattens be "lower in red and processed meat" - the removal of the specific limit of dietary cholesterol - a conflict of interest with the DGAC's membership

what are some controveries associated with the 2020-2025 DGs?

- the use of paraprofessionals - overlap with other federal programs - cost and effectiveness

what are some main criticisms of EFNEP?

participants must satisfy at least one of the following: 1. receive or be eligible to receive federal food assistance 2. have a monthly household cash income that is at or below 185% of the Federal Poverty Level 3. be a pregnant teen or foster youth in transition, regardless of income or age

what are the eligibility requirements for EFNEP?

1. scientists conduct original research in multiple fields 2. scientists, the food industry and public interest organizations filter this research, seeking to discern broader implications for nutrition and health 3. an external dietary guidelines advisory committee, comissed by the federal government, critically reviews and summarizes the conflicting scientific evidence and distills it into formal committee report 4. federal government agencies write the dietary guidelines for americans 5. these federal agencies prepare accompanying nutrition education materials, such as the MyPlate graphic

what are the five stages in developing federal dietary guidance?

- youth development - agriculture - leadership development - natural resources - family & consumer sciences - community & economic development

what are the program areas of CES?

1. agenda setting 2. policy formulation 3. decision making 4. policy implementation 5. policy evaluation

what are the steps in the policy cycle?

- encourage all americans to eat healthy - alleviate hunger and food insecurity

what are the two critical priorities for SNAP in NC?

- authorizing committees (including agriculture committees in each house) - appropriations committees (decide annual funding levels)

what are the two important types of committees in the US Senate and House?

the farm bill

what bill or act funds SNAP-Ed

national institute of food and agriculture (NIFA)

what branch of the USDA funds and oversees EFNEP?

USDA

what federal agency overseas SNAP?

in partnership with NIFA, CES's goal is translating research into action: bringing cutting-edge discoveries from research laboratories to those who can put knowledge into practice

what is the goal of CES?

the major goals of EFNEP are to help limited-income families and youth acquire knowledge, skills and attitudes, and behavior changes necessary for health/wellness and prevention

what is the goal of EFNEP?

to improve agricultural production

what is the main mission of a land grant university?

food and nutrition services (FNS)

what is the official name for SNAP in NC?

- origin dates back to the depression when farmers had a surplus of crops - people couldn't afford to buy them, so the farmers were losing money - some surplus was destroyed, but this was not good optics when people are starving

what is the origin of SNAP?

improve the likelihood that persons eligible for SNAP will make nutritious food choices within a limited budget and choose physically active lifestyles consistent with the current Dietary Guidelines for Americans

what is the primary goal of SNAP-Ed?

to alleviate hunger and malnutrition by increasing resources for the purchase of food for a nutritious diet

what is the primary goal of SNAP?

1. scientific research 2. filtering 3. dietary guidelines advisory committee 4. dietary guidelines for americans 5. prepare guidance for public

what is the process by which dietary guidance is created?

the great depression

what major historical event eventually led to the creation of the Food Stamp program?

- what educational approaches can be utilized to reach low income families? - who should teach low income families about home economics?

what questions faced Extension in the 1960s?

- widespread availability of arable land, abundant fish & fowl - from early on, american diets have been characterized by gluttony

what was food supply like in the 18th-19th centuries in america?

- pre/post 24-hour recall of participants - continuous monitoring of program data to improve effectiveness, efficiency, and accountability

what was the built-assessment of EFNEP when it launched in 1968?

- decrease the stigma associated with using food stamps - reduce fraud in the food stamp program

what was the purpose of creating EBT cards?

- fruits and veggies - meats and other protein foods - cereal and other starchy foods - sweets and fatty foods *Atwater also recommended variety*

what were the 5 food groups created by Atwater in the early 1900s?

- some LGUs admitted women, especially farmers wives - wanted to help women apply the emerging knowledge in science and business to running the household - included courses on the science of cooking, canning, food safety & nutrition - ultimately led to courses in what was initially called "domestic science" but became home economics - led to LGU departments in home economics - also educated women to work in CES as specialists or "agents"

what were the roles for women during the time of the creation of LGUs and acts such as the morrill and smith lever acts?

monopoly or oligopoly

when a good's production is limited to one actor or a small number of actors, who thereby gain the power to choose noncompetitive prices and production quantities

captured agency

when a writer questions the impartiality of USDA policy decisions, the department is described as this, meaning that it reflects the interests of food and agricultural industries rather than the public interest more boradly

positive externality

when one economic actor benefits others, such as when a farmer's use of land provides a beautiful landscape for others to enjoy

negative externality

when one economic actor harms others, such as when water pollution from a factory causes illness for people who live downstream

imperfect information

when some economic actors lack the info they need to defend their own economic interests in the marketplace

1914 (smith lever act)

when was cooperative extension created?

world war I

when was the first time the federal government made a significant dietary recommendation for the american public?

colonial times

when were the concerns of inadequacy of the american diet first documented?

- all 50 states in the US - federally recognized native american nations/reservations

where does cooperative extension primarily serve?

the smith-lever act of 1914

which act created the cooperative extension service in each state?

- federal - state - county

which government levels are involved in the administration and implementation of SNAP?

- politicians - US farmers - grocers - food insecure families

who benefited from the original food stamp program?

to aid women in applying knowledge from science and business to effectively run the household

why did land grant universities admit women?

- the goal of PSE change efforts in EFNEP is to facilitate sustained change for nutritional health and well-being of low-income families with youth within EFNEP communities - these efforts expand EFNEP's reach beyond direct education through work with community, regional, or state coalitions, committees, and initiatives

why is it important to include PSE in EFNEP?


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