Exam 1
food stamps in the 1960s
- JFK promised to re-start a food stamp program if elected president (shifted focus away from eliminating farm surpluses to improving nutrition) - first executive order in 1961 and pilot programs - LBJ signed Food Stamp Act into law in 1964
1977 (concerns with chronic disease)
- US senate selects committe on nutrition and human needs - linking fat and sugar to heart disease, cancer, stroke, etc. - created the dietary goals (quantified fat/sat. fat, carbs, & protein intake as a percent of total calories) - dietary goals also set limits on dietary cholesterol, added sugars, & sodium - very controversial (meat, dairy, egg industry concerns) - USDA and HHS tasked with coming up with guidelines informed by avaible scientific evidence
1940s: WWII
- WWII brought in mandatory food rationing - this increased the need for federal dietary guidance - 7 food groups and first visual representations
Electronic Benefits Transfer (EBT)
- a card much like a debit or credit card used in the United States to issue food stamp benefits - reduces stigma and reduces fraud (created electronic record of transactions) - fully implemented in 2004
1914 smith lever act
- act that established cooperative extension service - connected land-grant colleges & USDA - focused on agriculture, home economics, leadership, youth development, & economic develop - wanted the extend knowledge from scientists to citizens - 50% of population lived in rural areas at this time
Personal Responsibility and Work Opportunity Reconciliation Act (1996)
- act that restricted eligibility for welfare (eliminated eligibility for most legal immigrants) - reduced benefits - tightened work requirements
1920s-1930s US nutrition
- after WWI, there was alot of emphasis on food safety - lack of adequate refrigeration that led to food borne illnesses
1862 morrill act
- aka "land grant college act" - established at least one college in each state to teach agriculture & mechanic arts ("land-grant unviersities, LGU") - each state got 30,000 acres of federal land for each member of their congressional delegation - emphasized need to educate the rural population
paraprofessional
- aka "peer educator" - trained aide who assists a professional person - participated in CES by helping teach courses in nutrition (did not have to have a diploma when it first started)
high level changes over time (1980-1990)
- basic order is the same and seen as hierarchial (top being most important) - moved from "negative" (avoid) to "positive" (choose/use) words - added specific recs for fat & sat. fat (1990)
high level changes over time (1995-2000)
- began to group concepts - added physical activity - separated grains from fruits and veggies - recommended that >50% of grains be whole grains - added safe food handeling
Farm Bill
- bill that authorizes agricultural programs, conservation programs, anti-hunger programs, and many other relevant programs - passed approx. every 5 or 6 years
Farm Bill (Agricultural Act) of 2014
- called for pilot-testing use of mobile devices/online transactions - allowed farmers selling directly to the public to accept EBT cards - created grants to develop programs to incentivize the purchase of fruits and vegetables
policy, systems, environmental (PSE)
- change that can be used to deliver nutrition messages to the SNAP-Ed audience - one of the three approaches outlined in the SNAP-Ed Guidance
national nutrition monitoring and related research act (1990)
- codefined the dual role of USDA and HHS in overseeing dietary guidelines - required revisions every 5 years - specified that USDA/HHS officials could amend guidelines prior to publication - required that all federal policies and publications be consistent with the dietary guidelines
Farm Bill (Food, Conservation, and Energy Act) of 2008
- committed $10 billion over 10 years to the program - changed name to SNAP: Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program ("Food stamps" = negative connotation)
political appointees
- composed of a departmental secretary and three or four tiers of the most important executives - usually replaced when a new president is elected
dietary guidelines advisory committee (DGAC)
- composed of leading scientists - read and consider the systematic evidence reviews to create the dietary guidelines for americans
2015 dietary guidelines
- continued focus on healthy eating patterns - provided examples of amounts of foods to be consumed from 8 different groups per calorie need - designed for use by professionals vs. public - image shows an example of a visual representation of the dietary guidelines that would've been given to the public
omnibus bill
- covers lots of different topics but is voted on as a whole (i.e. agriculture, food and nutrition) - creates tremendous controversy/ compromise (rural areas interested in ag programs & coastal/urban areas interested in food/nutrition) ex. The Farm Bill
program overlap
- criticism of EFNEP - other federal programs have same target pop. and program goals - want to reduce funding and combine agencies - solution is to not reduce funding, but work in tandem with other programs to expand outreach
cost and effectiveness
- criticism of EFNEP - return on investment of the program - variability between states and regions - solution is to evaulate EFNEP via annual reports and meta-analyses
use of paraprofessionals
- criticism of EFNEP - use people from the community to teach their community, but who are not formally trained in nutrition - solution to this is paraprofessional supervision and training/oversight
simplified nutrition assistance program (SNAP)
- demonstration project designed to deliver food assistance to elderly individuals receiving Supplemental Security Income (SSI) - simplified version of FNS in North Carolina - must be 65+ and living in a one person household
early childhood education (ECE)
- education in the early years of life (birth to ~8 yrs) - the field of study that deals mainly with the learning and experiences of children from infancy through the primary years
wilbur o. atwater (1844-1907)
- established the first US agricultural experiment station (1875) - determined the nutritional value of 3000+ foods - determined the caloric contein of water, protein, fat, total carbs & ash for "fuel value" - thought that eating food should be done to survive, not to enjoy (the human body was a "machine")
expanded food and nutrition education program (EFNEP)
- federal extension program that operates through land-grant universities - funded by USDA & NIFA - education and service with adults, youth, & PSE - primary focus is on low-income audiences
Expanded Food and Nutrition Education Program (EFNEP)
- federally funded public nutrition education program - originally an extension program (a type of USDA outreach and education program)
1980s
- first official dietary guidelines for americans was published in the 1980s - contained 7 guidelines (in image) - still a controversial topic - USDA/HHS developed the Advisory Committee of outside experts to review guidelines - assumption that they would be updated periodically
agenda setting
- first step in the policy cycle - the process by which a select few policy issues are chosen from among the many possible issues one could consider
2010 dietary guidelines
- focused on achieving and maintaining health weight, and consumption of nutrient dense foods - included 23 recommendations for the general public & 6 key recommendations for specific populations (i.e. pregnant women) - introduced healthy eating patterns (HEPs)
policy implementation
- fourth step in the policy cycle - the more detailed process of carrying out policy decisions
faith-based organization
- group with a religious identity that is eligible for government aid in delivery of public services - most emergency food pantries are predominately these organzations
food guide pyramid (1995)
- hierarchical/visual representation of food group recommendations - replaced the basic four food groups - separated F and Vs - added fats, oils, & sweets
federal enrichment program
- in 1943( WWII), the federal government required refined cereal grain products to be fortified with iron, thiamin, riboflavin, niacin, and folate (added in 1990s) - created due to the great depression and WWII
2020-2025 dietary guidelines
- includes specific guidance for pregnant/lactating women, infants/toddlers, children/adolescents, & adults/older adults - recognizes that chronic diseases are a major public health problem among Americans, guidelines focus on healthy and overweight/obese individuals - focuses on healthy patterns rather than specific nutrients in isolation - highlights healthy eating patterns for each stage of the life cycle (first time since 1985 that the DGA has recommendations for infants and toddlers)
land-grant university (LGU)
- institution of higher education in the United States designated by a state to receive the benefits of the Morrill Acts of 1862 and 1890 - these acts promoted establishment of institutions of higher learning focused on the agricultural and mechanical arts, without excluding other scientific and classical studies
industrial revolution
- invovled railroads and westward expansion - corn --> pigs, cattle --> meat consumption - wheat --> refined flour --> refined breads - international sugar trade --> "desserts" - led to dyspepsia and the rise of the first wave of food reformers and dietary guidance
policy evaluation
- last step in the policy cycle - completes a feedback loop, as each policy's successes and failures generates new issues of their own, which may influence the policy agenda anew
Thrifty Food Plan (TFP)
- national standard for a nutritious diet at a minimal cost - defines an adequate food bundle for federal policy purposes - a model spending plan appropriate for people on a tight budget - the max SNAP benefit amount is related to the cost of this plan
SNAP-Ed
- nutrition education component of SNAP created as an option for states to implement with federal money - created in 1981
congregate meal sites
- nutritional programs that provide meals to homebound older adults and persons with disabilities - served in community settings such as senior centers, churches or senior housing communities - offer an opportunity to meet new or old friends and engage in social activities while having a nutritious meal
food stamp act (1964)
- part of great society programs - replaced stamps with coupons - administered via county welfare agencies with state-specific rules and eligibility - 22 states participated
market failures
- particular circumstances in which markets fail to serve the public interest - markets need not collapse or cease to function, just fall short of their potential ex. insufficient public goods, externalities, imperfect information, & monopoly or oligopoly
color me healthy
- program developed to reach children ages four and five with fun, interactive learning opportunities on physical activity and healthy eating - designed to stimulate all of the senses of young children: touch, smell, sight, sound, and, of course, taste
kid's club
- program that consists of 8 sessions, 30 minutes in length, that are designed to teach youth about nutrition and physical activity in a fun and engaging way through activities and games - session topics include ways to be active inside and outside, participating in activities to improve heart and bone health, eating more fruits and vegetables, and drinking more water
lifeline
- provides a discount of up to $9.25 per month on either a home telephone or a wireless telephone service for low-income participants - eligible to participants of SNAP (or "FNS")
cooperative extension system (CES)
- provides non-formal education and learning activities for people throughout the country - emphasizes taking knowledge gained through research and education and bringing it directly to the people to create positive change ex. extension state specialists and county agents teach needed skills, such as healthy cooking on a budget and food safety, to individuals and families in their own communities
experimental designs
- randomly assign subjects to a treatment group and control group - offer the greatest ability to discern cause and effect rather than statisitical associations
ChooseMyPlate.gov (2011)
- replaced mypryamid.gov - simpler image - focused on "remind" vs. "recommend"
policy formulation
- second step in the policy cycle - the process of developing policy options
MyPyramid.gov (2005)
- simplified image - removed hierarchical representation - bands = proportion and variety - added physical activity image - web-based guidance - developed interactive diet "tracker" program (discontinued in 2018)
nudges
- some policy innovators are exploring greater options for "nudging" consumers toward more healthful choices - for example, all you can eat buffets or default meal side choice offerings
food taxes
- some public health advocates, researchers, & policy makers suggest that the government should tax less healthy foods & beverages and subsidize their more healthy counterparts - USDA researchers concluded that a tax on SSBs could have a large benefit for average body weight in the population
2005 dietary guidelines
- systemized use of evidence - shifted focus more to policymakers vs. public - companion document was created for public use - 9 main messages, 41 recommendations (18 for specific populations)
dietary pattern
- the combination of foods and beverages that constitutes an individual's complete dietary intake over time - may be a description of a customary way of eating or a description of a combination of foods recommended for consumption
Dietary Guidelines for Americans
- the federal government's most authoritative offical statement on nutrition and health issues - draws on a socaial and ecological framework for understanding food consumption and physical activity decisions
agricultural adjustment act (1933)
- the first "farm bill" - created the federal surplus relief corporation (part of FDR's new deal) - led to the food stamp program initiated in 1939
federal surplus relief corporation
- the government bought the surplus food in the great depression and distributed it (i.e. dry beans, flour, dairy, eggs, fruits, veggies) - if on public assistance, you could buy orange stamps for $1 and for every orange stamp, the USDA gave 50 cents worth of blue stamps - win-win for farmers and poor people - food stamps program reached 20 million people in half of all US counties from 1939-1943
nutrient dense
- these foods and beverages provide vitamins, minerals, and other health-promoting components and have little added sugars, saturated fat, and sodium - includes: veggies, fruits, whole grains, seafood, eggs, beans, peas, and lentils, unsalted nuts and seeds, fat-free and low-fat dairy products, and lean meats and poultry—when prepared with no or little added sugars, saturated fat, and sodium
decision making
- third step in the policy cycle - choosing among the available options
1970s nutrition
- this time period was characterized by changes in life expectancy and changes in the causes of death - more emphasis on chronic disease and diet (i.e. heart disease)
the dietary guidelines for americans (DGAs)
- used as a source of evidence for claims about diet and health on food labels - provides key inputs for USDA's Thrifty Food Plan and other model diets for people at different income levels - informs policies and regulations for nutrition assistance programs, including school lunch and school breakfast
1950s nutrition
- went from 7 to 4 basic food groups (milk, meat, bread/cereal, & veggie/fruit groups) - represented on a "daily food guide" - defined serving sizes - visual representation suggests "equal" importance - use of the word "fitness" but not mention of exercise
pareto optimal
- when a market is in equilibrium, with no external influences and with no external effects - each economic actor is made as well-off as can be accomplished without harming the economic interests of other actors
externalities
- when one actor affects the interest of another actor through some nonmarket mechanism - two types: positive and negative
faithful families
- works directly in communities of faith across the country to promote health for individuals, families, and local communities - open to all faith and religious traditions and engages faith communities in health education, environmental changes to support health, and community-wide health initiatives
take control
- 8 session chronic disease prevention program that provides strategies to help adults manage their health - informs, empowers, and motivates participants to change their eating and physical activity patterns - each 1-hour session contains a basic cooking demonstration of a healthy recipe
USDA food pattern
A USDA publication that categorizes nutritionally similar foods into food groups and makes recommendations regarding the number of servings of each food group that should be consumed daily
SNAP-Ed and EFNEP serve the same types of people and can do more together
At NC State, why does SNAP-Ed partner with EFNEP?
transportation
EFNEP eliminates what barrier as part of its programming?
U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA)
Federal agency responsible for the inspection and quality grading of meat, meat products, poultry, dairy products, eggs and egg products, and fruit and vegetables shipped across state lines.
- school-aged children qualify for free and reduced cost lunch - infants and young children qualify for WIC - families receiving SNAP qualify for a discount on their phone services
For what other benefits do SNAP recipients automatically qualify but may not receive?
conducting surveys about participants behavior before and after a course
How does SNAP-Ed document success?
emergency aid for families who needed short term assitance to buy low-cost nutritious foods
In the 1960s, the Food Stamp Program was designed to be...?
- reduced benefits - restricted eligibility - tightened work requirements
In which of the following ways did The Personal Responsibility and Work Opportunity Reconciliation Act of 1996 (passed under GW Bush's administration) impact the Food Stamp Program?
food security
Over the next few years, what important objective is EFNEP hoping to improve as part of their education?
Farm Security and Rural Investment Act of 2002
Restored eligibility to qualified immigrants who had been in the US for at least 5 years
false
Students generally are not eligible for SNAP because they do not have to deal with food insecurity (T/F)?
- to improve food resource management and food security - to improve food safety skills - to improve dietary intake and daily physical activity
What are the goals of the education provided to EFNEP participants?
extension professionals use the findings of academic research to teach the community evidence-based practices for healthy living
What best describes the relationship between academic research and cooperative extension?
the census stopped reporting the numbers of people with an income that met SNAP criteria
What change in 2010 made it harder for DHHS to determine what percentage of SNAP-eligible citizens received SNAP benefits?
- the county should have an interest in programming within their county - the target audience should have a high level of representation within a county
What criteria does EFNEP evaluate when determining if they should be involved in a particular county?
- county extension offices - USDA - land grant universities
What groups of people are always involved in the administration and implementation of EFNEP?
create online nutrition education videos modeled after the take control program
What is SNAP-Ed proposing to do to reach young adults and families with busy lives?
they are not required to have any formal training in nutrition
What is a challenge associated with using paraprofessionals in EFNEP?
peer educator
What is another term for paraprofessional in EFNEP?
WebNEERS
What is the data reporting and analysis system that EFNEP uses to determine success of programming?
At or below 130% of the poverty level
What is the income cut-off for qualifying for the SNAP program?
a lay leader from the community helps content the spiritual aspect of wellness into faithful families but not in take control
What is the main difference between Faithful Families and Take Control?
meta-analysis
What is the term for when researchers look at data from many different studies and reports to determine overall trends?
- homestead acts - pacific railway acts
What other bills were signed around the same time as the Morrill Act in order to promote economic expansion via government bonds and land grants?
50%
What percentage of participants who completed EFNEP education increased their fruit and vegetable consumption?
97-98%
What percentage of participants who completed education through EFNEP had a single positive change?
hunger and malnutrition
What significant problems did many parts of the United States face in the late 1960s?
- NCSU - NC A&T University
What two land grant universities is EFNEP in North Carolina connected with?
timeliness and accuracy
What two qualities are included in the USDA's score for SNAP quality control?
- education in the field - data analysis - curriculum design - program administration
What types of opportunities exist for those who would like to work with SNAP-Ed?
resources to appropriately implement the policy were not provided until later
What was a big challenge associated with implementing the new PSE policy in SNAP-Ed?
partnering with organizations to be part of preventative care
What was a major topic of conversation during the 50th year of EFNEP celebration?
- food budgeting and meal planning - food storage and food safety - nutrition - food selection and preparation
What was covered in the curriculum during the launch of EFNEP in 1968?
NC grocers association
Which DHHS partner was instrumental in ensuring there was enough food available in stores for hurricane survivors who received emergency SNAP benefits?
- salvation army - the inter-faith food shuttle - raleigh parks and rec - telamon head start
Which of the following are examples of collaborative partners with SNAP-Ed in Wake county?
The federal government pays 100% of SNAP benefits.
Which of the following best describes who pays for the SNAP benefits paid directly to SNAP participants?
The federal government pays for 50% of SNAP administration and the county pays for 50%.
Which of the following best describes who pays for the administrative costs for running the SNAP program (not including SNAP benefits)?
- preschool children - people from faith-based communities - school-aged children - childcare workers - senior adults
Which of the following groups of people are served by SNAP-Ed in North Carolina?
- incorporating chair bingo at a congregate meal site - rearranging the food pantry at an apartment complex - working with a corner store to stock more nutritional foods - establishing a community wellness committee at a church
Which of the following is an example of PSE changes?
- states could pilot-test use of online transactions and mobile devices for using SNAP benefits - grants were offered to incentivize the purchase of fruits and veggies with SNAP benefits - farmers markets could use EBT cards
Which of the following occurred with the passage of The 2014 Farm Bill (passed under the Obama administration)?
Reagan's decrease in federal funding of social programs and a worldwide economic recession
Which two events were major catalysts for creating the definitions for food insecurity and hunger in the United States?
- school-aged low-income youth - families with youth living in the home - pregnant women
Who are the main target audiences that EFNEP serves?
- local businesses - youth in the community - adults in the community
Who are the targets of EFNEP education and interventions?
paraprofessionals
Who did Leidenfrost suggest to teach low-income families after the results of the EFNEP pilot project were complete?
- they serve similar people groups - they both can use CES and land-grant universities to implement programming - both have goals to improving the health and wellbeing of their participants
Why might policy makers want to combine the SNAP-Ed and EFNEP programs?
- WIC - faith communities - community colleges - housing developments - department of social services (DSS) - head start centers
With what organizations does EFNEP partner to make EFNEP more successful?
Human and Health Services (HHS)
a U.S. department that overlooks many agencies such as the FDA, CDC, and NIH
artificial scarcity
a manufactured inadequacy of food caused by destroying surplus of food supply to increase wholesale prices i.e. during the great depression when people were starving
stigma
a mark of disgrace associated with a particular circumstance, quality, or person
food program
a more specific instituion that provides or distributes food
policy cycle
a schematic model of the policy making process
corner store
a shop that sells a wide variety of goods, especially one in a small town and is usually on a corner
annual report
a yearly statement of the financial condition, progress, and expectations of an organization
discretionary programs
about 20% of federal agricultural spending
mandatory programs
about 80% of federal agricultural spending
1890 2nd morrill act
act that created 17-land grant universities for black students
1994 elementary & secondary education reauthorization act
act that established 29 tribal colleges and universities as land-grant institutions, increasing overall total to 36 institutions
balanced budget act (1997)
act that restored eligibility for certain immigrants who had been living in the US prior to 1996 (i.e. elderly, children, disabled)
SNAP-Ed eligibility requirements
anyone who is enrolled in SNAP can participate in SNAP-Ed
food pantry
community food collection programs that provide groceries to be prepared and eaten at home
cross-sectional designs
compare different people at the same point in time
elderly simplified application project (ESAP)
demonstration project that seeks to increase participation in SNAP among the elderly low-income population by streamlining the application and certification process
revolving door
describes a career path when a writer questions the impartiality of USDA policy decisions
national task force (1960s)
developed guidelines for a national nutrition education system
dyspepsia
difficult digestion; indigestion
food and nutrition service (FNS)
division within the Department of Agriculture that manages the food stamp and school lunch programs
inequality
economic injustice or poverty
civil service
employees who provide continuity from one administration to the next
food policy
encompasses laws, regulations, decisions, and actions by governments and other institutions that influence food production, distribution, and consumption
homestead acts
encouraged westward expansion
baseline
estimate of future costs over 10 years if existing policies were continued essentially unchanged
score
estimate of how much the legislation's costs over 10 years will differ from the baseline
Special Supplemental Nutrition Program for Women, Infants, and Children (WIC)
federal assistance program of the Food and Nutrition Service of the United States Department of Agriculture for healthcare and nutrition of low-income pregnant women, breastfeeding women, and children under the age of five
national institute of food and agriculture (NIFA)
federal program that aims to "invest in and advance agricultural research, education, and extension to solve societal challenges"
pacific railway acts
financing of the transcontinental railway
prospective cohort designs
follow a group of people over time
blue stamps
food stamps used to buy "surplus" food
orange stamps
food stamps used to buy any approved food
political conservatives
generally more suspicious of government regulation and more reluctant to intervene in private-sector markets
political liberals
generally quicker to percieve market failures and to call for government action
public goods
goods that are nonexcludable (anybody can use them) and nonrivalrous (one person's use does not diminish another person's use) ex. roads and national defense
food stamps
government-issued coupons that can be exchanged for food
- decreased unemployment and raised incomes - decreased food surpluses because they were sent overseas to starving allies - the program terminated in 1943
how did WWII in 1942 affect the food stamps program?
- individual/family buys coupons equal to amount normally spent on food (typically ~30% of income) - "bonus"(benefit) based on how much more needed to follow low-cost nutritious meal plan ("Economy Food Plan") - could purchase any food for home consumption (not imported foods and no alcohol or prepared food)
how did the food stamp act in 1964 work?
- lack of time due to work and other expectations - lack of adequate transportation - poor internet access for remote education courses
if SNAP participants were required to participate in SNAP-Ed, which challenges might they face in meeting the requirement?
mandatory; discretionary
in general, agriculture committes have greater authority over funding decisions for ______ programs, while appropriations committees have greater authority over funding decisions for _______ programs
American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009
increased SNAP benefits as a form of economic stimulus after 2008 financial crisis
evidence-based
information based upon documented evidence from critically reviewed research
advocacy coalitions
interest groups that combine to stand for or against particular policies
food marketing chain
linked sequence of industries that are responsible for food production and distribution
return on investment (ROI)
net profit after taxes divided by total assets
poverty vs. SNAP
participants in SNAP in relation to the number in poverty, has risen or shrunk over time as SNAP eligibility has been loosened or tightened
food coupons
permission slips for buying food
polis
political community
extension county agent
primary responsibility for planning, executing, and evaluating the County Extension program within their areas of assignment
National School Lunch Program (NSLP)
program that provides free lunches to students from a certain income level
positive questions
questions about how decisions are actually made
normative questions
questions about how decisions should be made
federalism
refers to the division of authority between the national government and state and local governements
extension associate
responsible for planning and implementing educational extension programs (i.e. EFNEP)
heuristics
rules of thumb to make decisions
health equity
speaks to the process of creating opportunities for all population groups and each person to improve his or her health
Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program (SNAP)
the largest antipoverty program, which provides recipients with a debit card for food at most grocery stores; formerly known as food stamps
healthy eating patterns (HEPs)
the main types of food in this eating pattern include a variety of vegetables; fruits; whole grains; fat-free or low-fat dairy; seafood, poultry, meat, and eggs; and nuts, seeds, and soy products
response rate
the percentage of sampled subjects whose data were actually used in analysis
filtering
the process of reading a large body of research and concisely summarizing its relevant points
retail
the sale of goods in small quantities directly to consumers
representativeness
the subjects of a study may or may not represent the general population
nutrition facts food label (1995)
used dietary guidelines numerical recommendations to create daily values
post WWII nutrition
used same 7 food groups as during WWII with similar messages and visual representations
body mass index (BMI)
weight (kg) / height (m^2)
- Increasing the number of parks, greenways, and trails in the community - Installing signs that promote use of walking and biking paths - Increasing the availability of fresh, healthy foods in schools, restaurants, and cafeterias
what are examples of environmental changes in PSE work?
- Establishing policies for smoke-free zones and public events - Establishing healthy food options in vending machines in public places - Adding a tax to unhealthy food options - Requiring the use of safety equipment in a work setting to avoid injury
what are examples of policy changes in PSE work?
- Developing plans for implementing new interventions and processes - Adapting or replicating a proven health promotion model - Implementing new technologies - Creating training or certification systems that align with policies
what are examples of system changes in PSE work?
- the process of developing the DGs - the failure to include the DGAC's recommendation that dietary pattens be "lower in red and processed meat" - the removal of the specific limit of dietary cholesterol - a conflict of interest with the DGAC's membership
what are some controveries associated with the 2020-2025 DGs?
- the use of paraprofessionals - overlap with other federal programs - cost and effectiveness
what are some main criticisms of EFNEP?
participants must satisfy at least one of the following: 1. receive or be eligible to receive federal food assistance 2. have a monthly household cash income that is at or below 185% of the Federal Poverty Level 3. be a pregnant teen or foster youth in transition, regardless of income or age
what are the eligibility requirements for EFNEP?
1. scientists conduct original research in multiple fields 2. scientists, the food industry and public interest organizations filter this research, seeking to discern broader implications for nutrition and health 3. an external dietary guidelines advisory committee, comissed by the federal government, critically reviews and summarizes the conflicting scientific evidence and distills it into formal committee report 4. federal government agencies write the dietary guidelines for americans 5. these federal agencies prepare accompanying nutrition education materials, such as the MyPlate graphic
what are the five stages in developing federal dietary guidance?
- youth development - agriculture - leadership development - natural resources - family & consumer sciences - community & economic development
what are the program areas of CES?
1. agenda setting 2. policy formulation 3. decision making 4. policy implementation 5. policy evaluation
what are the steps in the policy cycle?
- encourage all americans to eat healthy - alleviate hunger and food insecurity
what are the two critical priorities for SNAP in NC?
- authorizing committees (including agriculture committees in each house) - appropriations committees (decide annual funding levels)
what are the two important types of committees in the US Senate and House?
the farm bill
what bill or act funds SNAP-Ed
national institute of food and agriculture (NIFA)
what branch of the USDA funds and oversees EFNEP?
USDA
what federal agency overseas SNAP?
in partnership with NIFA, CES's goal is translating research into action: bringing cutting-edge discoveries from research laboratories to those who can put knowledge into practice
what is the goal of CES?
the major goals of EFNEP are to help limited-income families and youth acquire knowledge, skills and attitudes, and behavior changes necessary for health/wellness and prevention
what is the goal of EFNEP?
to improve agricultural production
what is the main mission of a land grant university?
food and nutrition services (FNS)
what is the official name for SNAP in NC?
- origin dates back to the depression when farmers had a surplus of crops - people couldn't afford to buy them, so the farmers were losing money - some surplus was destroyed, but this was not good optics when people are starving
what is the origin of SNAP?
improve the likelihood that persons eligible for SNAP will make nutritious food choices within a limited budget and choose physically active lifestyles consistent with the current Dietary Guidelines for Americans
what is the primary goal of SNAP-Ed?
to alleviate hunger and malnutrition by increasing resources for the purchase of food for a nutritious diet
what is the primary goal of SNAP?
1. scientific research 2. filtering 3. dietary guidelines advisory committee 4. dietary guidelines for americans 5. prepare guidance for public
what is the process by which dietary guidance is created?
the great depression
what major historical event eventually led to the creation of the Food Stamp program?
- what educational approaches can be utilized to reach low income families? - who should teach low income families about home economics?
what questions faced Extension in the 1960s?
- widespread availability of arable land, abundant fish & fowl - from early on, american diets have been characterized by gluttony
what was food supply like in the 18th-19th centuries in america?
- pre/post 24-hour recall of participants - continuous monitoring of program data to improve effectiveness, efficiency, and accountability
what was the built-assessment of EFNEP when it launched in 1968?
- decrease the stigma associated with using food stamps - reduce fraud in the food stamp program
what was the purpose of creating EBT cards?
- fruits and veggies - meats and other protein foods - cereal and other starchy foods - sweets and fatty foods *Atwater also recommended variety*
what were the 5 food groups created by Atwater in the early 1900s?
- some LGUs admitted women, especially farmers wives - wanted to help women apply the emerging knowledge in science and business to running the household - included courses on the science of cooking, canning, food safety & nutrition - ultimately led to courses in what was initially called "domestic science" but became home economics - led to LGU departments in home economics - also educated women to work in CES as specialists or "agents"
what were the roles for women during the time of the creation of LGUs and acts such as the morrill and smith lever acts?
monopoly or oligopoly
when a good's production is limited to one actor or a small number of actors, who thereby gain the power to choose noncompetitive prices and production quantities
captured agency
when a writer questions the impartiality of USDA policy decisions, the department is described as this, meaning that it reflects the interests of food and agricultural industries rather than the public interest more boradly
positive externality
when one economic actor benefits others, such as when a farmer's use of land provides a beautiful landscape for others to enjoy
negative externality
when one economic actor harms others, such as when water pollution from a factory causes illness for people who live downstream
imperfect information
when some economic actors lack the info they need to defend their own economic interests in the marketplace
1914 (smith lever act)
when was cooperative extension created?
world war I
when was the first time the federal government made a significant dietary recommendation for the american public?
colonial times
when were the concerns of inadequacy of the american diet first documented?
- all 50 states in the US - federally recognized native american nations/reservations
where does cooperative extension primarily serve?
the smith-lever act of 1914
which act created the cooperative extension service in each state?
- federal - state - county
which government levels are involved in the administration and implementation of SNAP?
- politicians - US farmers - grocers - food insecure families
who benefited from the original food stamp program?
to aid women in applying knowledge from science and business to effectively run the household
why did land grant universities admit women?
- the goal of PSE change efforts in EFNEP is to facilitate sustained change for nutritional health and well-being of low-income families with youth within EFNEP communities - these efforts expand EFNEP's reach beyond direct education through work with community, regional, or state coalitions, committees, and initiatives
why is it important to include PSE in EFNEP?